1997 AIME 第 12 题

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12.

函数 ff 定义为 f(x)=ax+bcx+df(x) = \frac{ax + b}{cx + d},其中 aabbccdd 是非零实数。它满足 f(19)=19f(19) = 19f(97)=97f(97) = 97,并且除自变量等于 dc\frac{-d}{c} 时外,对所有可取的自变量都有 f(f(x))=xf(f(x)) = x。求唯一不在 ff 值域中的数。

The function ff defined by f(x)=ax+bcx+d,f(x) = \frac{ax + b}{cx + d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are nonzero real numbers, has the properties f(19)=19,f(19) = 19, f(97)=97,f(97) = 97, and f(f(x))=xf(f(x)) = x for all values except dc.\frac{-d}{c}. Find the unique number that is not in the range of f.f.

答案:58
知识点:函数方程分式方程韦达定理
难度评级:2560
解答:

复合可得 f(f(x))=(a2+bc)x+b(a+d)c(a+d)x+(bc+d2)f(f(x)) = \frac{(a^2 + bc)x + b(a + d)}{c(a + d)x + (bc + d^2)},它恒等于 xx 时,必须有 c(a+d)=0c(a + d) = 0。由于 c0c \ne 0,得到 d=ad = -a,所以 f(x)=ax+bcxaf(x) = \frac{ax + b}{cx - a}

不动点满足 cx2ax=ax+bcx^2 - ax = ax + b,即 cx22axb=0cx^2 - 2ax - b = 0,其根为 19199797。由韦达定理,19+97=2ac19 + 97 = \frac{2a}{c},所以 ac=58\frac{a}{c} = 58

最后,yy 在值域中当且仅当 y=ax+bcxay = \frac{ax + b}{cx - a} 有解,也就是 x(cya)=ay+bx(cy - a) = ay + b。除非 cya=0cy - a = 0;否则可解出 xx;而当 y=acy = \frac{a}{c} 时,右边 a2c+b=a2+bcc\frac{a^2}{c} + b = \frac{a^2 + bc}{c} 非零(否则 ff 会是常数)。所以唯一不在值域中的数是 ac=58\frac{a}{c} = 58

Composing, f(f(x))=(a2+bc)x+b(a+d)c(a+d)x+(bc+d2),f(f(x)) = \frac{(a^2 + bc)x + b(a + d)}{c(a + d)x + (bc + d^2)}, and this equals xx identically only if c(a+d)=0.c(a + d) = 0. Since c0,c \ne 0, we get d=a,d = -a, so f(x)=ax+bcxa.f(x) = \frac{ax + b}{cx - a}.

A fixed point satisfies cx2ax=ax+b,cx^2 - ax = ax + b, i.e. cx22axb=0,cx^2 - 2ax - b = 0, whose roots are 1919 and 97.97. By Vieta's formulas, 19+97=2ac,19 + 97 = \frac{2a}{c}, so ac=58.\frac{a}{c} = 58.

Finally, yy is in the range exactly when y=ax+bcxay = \frac{ax + b}{cx - a} has a solution, i.e. x(cya)=ay+b.x(cy - a) = ay + b. This solves for xx unless cya=0;cy - a = 0; and when y=ac,y = \frac{a}{c}, the right side a2c+b=a2+bcc\frac{a^2}{c} + b = \frac{a^2 + bc}{c} is nonzero (otherwise ff would be constant). So the unique number not in the range is ac=58.\frac{a}{c} = 58.

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