1980 AMC 12 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
使其七倍小于 的最大非负整数是
The largest whole number such that seven times the number is less than is
小提示:
把“这个数的七倍小于 ”写成不等式
Translate “seven times the number is less than ” into an inequality
大提示:
确定 位于哪两个相邻非负整数之间
Locate between two consecutive whole numbers
解答:
这个数必须小于 。小于该数的最大非负整数是 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The number must be less than The largest whole number below this value is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
2.
把 看作关于 的多项式,它的次数是
The degree of as a polynomial in is
小提示:
求每个括号内因式所贡献的最高次数
Find the highest power contributed by each parenthesized factor
大提示:
两个非零多项式相乘时,次数相加
Degrees add when nonzero polynomials are multiplied
解答:
第一个因式的次数为 ,第二个因式的次数为 。因此乘积的次数为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The first factor has degree and the second has degree Their product therefore has degree
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
3.
若 与 之比为 ,则 与 之比是多少?
If the ratio of to is what is the ratio of to
4.
在所附图形中, 是等边三角形, 和 是正方形。 的度数是
In the adjoining figure, is an equilateral triangle and and are squares. The measure of is
5.
若 与 是圆 的两条互相垂直的直径, 在 上,且 ,则 的长度除以 的长度等于
If and are perpendicular diameters of circle in and then the length of divided by the length of is
小提示:
利用两条垂直直径,在 中找出直角
Use the perpendicular diameters to identify a right angle in
大提示:
利用所得 -- 三角形中短直角边与长直角边的关系
Relate the short and long legs of the resulting -- triangle
解答:
三角形 在 处为直角,且 ,所以它是一个 -- 三角形。由于 ,
因此,正确答案是 B。
Triangle is right at and has so it is a -- triangle. Since
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
6.
正数 满足不等式 的充要条件是
A positive number satisfies the inequality if and only if
7.
凸多边形 的边 、、 和 的长度依次为 、、 和 ,且 是直角。该四边形的面积是
Sides and of convex polygon have lengths and respectively; and is a right angle. The area of the quadrilateral is
小提示:
画出对角线 ,并利用 求出它的长度
Draw diagonal and find its length from
大提示:
根据边长 、 和 识别另一个直角三角形
Recognize a second right triangle using the side lengths and
解答:
三角形 是一个 -- 直角三角形,所以 ,其面积为 。因为 ,三角形 在 处为直角,面积为 。四边形的面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Triangle is a -- right triangle, so and its area is Since triangle is right at and has area The quadrilateral’s area is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
8.
有多少对非零实数 满足方程
How many pairs of nonzero real numbers satisfy the equation
没有
none
每个 对应一对
one pair for each
每个 对应两对
two pairs for each
小提示:
在注意 、 和 均不为零的前提下消去分母
Clear the denominators, noting that and must be nonzero
大提示:
把所得齐次二次方程看作关于比值 的方程
Treat the resulting homogeneous quadratic as an equation in the ratio
解答:
消去分母可得 即 。因为 ,令 。于是 ,其判别式为 。因此没有实数对满足条件。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Clearing denominators gives or Since let Then whose discriminant is Thus there are no real pairs.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
9.
一人向正西走 英里,然后向左转 ,再沿新方向走 英里。若终点与起点相距 英里,则 的值是
A man walks miles due west, turns to his left and walks miles in the new direction. If he finishes at a point miles from his starting point, then is
由所给信息不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined by the given information
小提示:
把第二段路程分解为水平分量和竖直分量
Resolve the second walk into horizontal and vertical components
大提示:
距离方程是关于 的二次方程;检查两个正根是否都有效
The distance equation is quadratic in ; check whether both positive roots are valid
解答:
取向东为水平方向的正方向。转弯后, 英里的位移分量为 。因此 所以 ,得到 或 。因此该值不能唯一确定。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Take east as the positive horizontal direction. After the turn, the -mile displacement has components Therefore Hence giving or The value is not unique.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
10.
三个互相啮合的圆形齿轮 、、 的齿数分别为 、、。(所有齿轮的齿大小相同,并且如图所示均匀排列。)、、 的角速度(单位为每分钟转数)之比为
The number of teeth in three meshed circular gears are respectively. (The teeth on all gears are the same size and regularly spaced as in the figure.) The angular speeds, in revolutions per minute, of are in the proportion
小提示:
齿轮啮合处的切向速度大小相同
Meshed teeth have the same tangential speed at their points of contact
大提示:
角速度与圆周长成反比,因而与齿数成反比
Angular speed is inversely proportional to circumference and hence to the number of teeth
解答:
各齿轮的圆周长分别与 、、 成正比,而它们的切向速度大小相等。因此它们的角速度之比为 三项同时乘以 ,得到 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The gears’ circumferences are proportional to and while their tangential speeds have equal magnitude. Their angular speeds are therefore proportional to Multiplying all three terms by gives
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
11.
已知某等差数列前 项之和为 ,前 项之和为 ,则前 项之和为
If the sum of the first terms and the sum of the first terms of a given arithmetic progression are and respectively, then the sum of the first terms is
12.
直线 和 的方程分别为 和 。设 与水平方向的夹角(从正 轴起逆时针测量)是 与水平方向夹角的两倍,并且 的斜率是 斜率的 倍。若 不是水平线,则 等于
The equations of and are and respectively. Suppose makes twice as large an angle with the horizontal (measured counterclockwise from the positive -axis) as does and that has times the slope of If is not horizontal, then is
由所给信息不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined by the given information
13.
一只可忽略其大小的小虫从坐标平面的原点出发。它先向右移动 个单位到达 。然后逆时针转 ,再移动 个单位到达 。此后它继续以同样方式移动,每次逆时针转 ,并且移动距离是前一次的一半。它最接近下列哪个点?
A bug (of negligible size) starts at the origin on the coordinate plane. First it moves unit right to Then it makes a turn counterclockwise and travels a unit to If it continues in this fashion, each time making a turn counterclockwise and traveling half as far as in the previous move, to which of the following points will it come closest?
小提示:
用乘以 表示逆时针旋转
Represent a counterclockwise turn by multiplication by
大提示:
各段位移向量构成公比为 的无穷等比级数
The displacement vectors form an infinite geometric series with ratio
解答:
把位移向量表示为复数,依次为 它们的和是 因此小虫趋近于 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
As complex numbers, the successive displacement vectors are Their sum is Thus the bug approaches
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
14.
若 是常数,且由 定义的函数 对除 外的所有实数 都满足 ,则 等于
If is a constant and the function defined by satisfies for all real numbers except then is
由所给信息不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined by the given information
小提示:
把 化为一个有理式
Compute as a single rational expression
大提示:
要使结果恒等于 ,比较分母中 的系数
For the result to equal identically, compare the coefficient of in the denominator
解答:
直接复合可得 要使其恒等于 ,分母必须为常数 。因此 ,且 ,两者共同给出 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Direct composition gives For this to equal identically, the denominator must be the constant Thus and both of which give
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
15.
某商店以精确到分的金额给一件商品定价,使得加上 的销售税后,无须四舍五入便恰好为 美元,其中 为正整数。 的最小值是
A store prices an item in dollars and cents so that when sales tax is added no rounding is necessary because the result is exactly dollars, where is a positive integer. The smallest value of is
小提示:
设未税价格为整数 分
Let the untaxed price be an integer number of cents
大提示:
把方程 化为关于 的整除条件
Reduce the equation to a divisibility condition on
解答:
设价格为 分,则 所以 。由于 与 互质, 必须整除 。最小的正整数取值是 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the price be cents. Then so Since and are relatively prime, must divide The smallest positive possibility is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
16.
立方体的八个顶点中,有四个是一个正四面体的顶点。求立方体表面积与正四面体表面积之比。
Four of the eight vertices of a cube are vertices of a regular tetrahedron. Find the ratio of the surface area of the cube to the surface area of the tetrahedron.
小提示:
若立方体棱长为 ,则正四面体的每条棱都是立方体的一个面对角线
If the cube edge is each tetrahedron edge is a face diagonal
大提示:
比较 与四个边长为 的等边三角形的总面积
Compare with four equilateral triangles of side
解答:
设立方体棱长为 。正四面体的每条棱都是立方体的面对角线,所以长度为 。正四面体的表面积为 立方体的表面积为 ,所以所求比为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the cube edge be Each tetrahedron edge is a cube face diagonal, so it has length The tetrahedron’s surface area is The cube’s surface area is so the ratio is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
17.
已知 ,有多少个整数 使 为整数?
Given that for how many integers is an integer?
没有
none
小提示:
展开 ,并分离出虚部
Expand and isolate its imaginary part
大提示:
整数的虚部为零,因此解所得三次因式分解方程
An integer has imaginary part zero, so solve the resulting cubic factorization
解答:
展开得 当且仅当 、 或 时,虚部为零。对这三个整数,实部都是整数,所以共有 个取值。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Expansion gives The imaginary part vanishes exactly when or For each of these three integers the real part is an integer, so there are values.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
18.
19.
设 、、 是圆心同侧的三条平行弦。 与 之间的距离等于 与 之间的距离。三条弦的长度分别为 、 和 。该圆的半径是
Let and be three parallel chords of a circle on the same side of the center. The distance between and is the same as the distance between and The lengths of the chords are and The radius of the circle is
由所给信息不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined by the given information
小提示:
从圆心向弦作垂线,该垂线平分弦
A perpendicular from the center bisects each chord
大提示:
设最近的弦到圆心的距离为 ,相邻弦之间的共同间距为
Let the nearest chord be distance from the center and the common spacing be
解答:
设半径为 ,长为 的弦到圆心的距离为 ,相邻弦之间的共同间距为 。则 相邻两式依次相减,得到 和 ,所以 ,且 。因此 从而 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let be the radius, the distance to the -unit chord, and the common spacing. Then Consecutive subtraction gives and so and Hence and
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
20.
一个盒子里有 枚一美分硬币、 枚五美分硬币和 枚十美分硬币。在不放回且每枚硬币被选中的概率相同的情况下抽取六枚硬币。抽到的硬币总值至少为 美分的概率是多少?
A box contains pennies, nickels and dimes. Six coins are drawn without replacement, with each coin having an equal probability of being chosen. What is the probability that the value of the coins drawn is at least cents?
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
共有 种等可能的六枚硬币组合
There are equally likely sets of six coins
大提示:
按照抽到六枚、五枚或四枚十美分硬币分类计数有利情形
Classify favorable selections by whether they contain six, five, or four dimes
解答:
共有 种选法。总值至少为 美分的情形包括:六枚都是十美分硬币;五枚十美分硬币加任意一枚其他硬币;或四枚十美分硬币加两枚五美分硬币。有利选法数为 因此概率为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
There are selections. A value of at least cents occurs with six dimes; with five dimes and any one other coin; or with four dimes and two nickels. The favorable count is Thus the probability is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
21.
在三角形 中,, 是边 的中点, 是边 上的一点且满足 ; 与 交于 。 的面积与四边形 的面积之比为
In triangle is the midpoint of side and is a point on side such that and intersect at The ratio of the area of to the area of quadrilateral is
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
仿射变换不改变面积比,因此可以选用方便的坐标
Area ratios are unchanged by an affine transformation, so convenient coordinates may be used
大提示:
先求比 ,再将两个小三角形与 比较
Find the ratio , then compare the small triangles with
解答:
把 的总面积定为 。因为 ,所以 ,且 。中点和三等分条件给出 。因此 此外,所以 ,所求比为 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Scale the total area of to Since we have and The midpoint and trisection conditions give Hence Also Therefore and the requested ratio is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
22.
对每个实数 ,令 为 、 和 三者中的最小值。则 的最大值为
For each real number let be the minimum of the numbers and Then the maximum value of is
小提示:
画出三条直线,并观察它们的下包络线
Sketch the three lines and follow their lower envelope
大提示:
最大值出现在起作用的递增直线与递减直线的交点处
The maximum occurs where the active increasing line meets the decreasing line
解答:
下包络线先取 ,直到它与 于 相交;随后取 ,直到它与 于 相交;此后则取 。因此最大值在 处取得,等于
因此,正确答案是 E。
The lower envelope is until it meets at then is until that line meets at and thereafter is Thus its maximum occurs at and equals
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
23.
从一个直角三角形中斜边所对的顶点,向斜边的两个三等分点各作一条线段。两条线段的长度分别为 和 ,其中 是满足 的实数。斜边的长度为
Line segments drawn from the vertex opposite the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the points trisecting the hypotenuse have lengths and where is a real number such that The length of the hypotenuse is
由所给信息不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined by the given information
小提示:
把斜边放在 轴上,并为直角顶点设坐标
Put the hypotenuse on the -axis and assign coordinates to the right-angle vertex
大提示:
把从直角顶点到两个三等分点的线段长度的平方相加,使未知的水平位置消去
Add the squares of the two trisector-segment lengths so the unknown horizontal position cancels
解答:
设斜边端点为 和 ,直角顶点为 。直角条件给出 。到 与 的距离平方之和为 另一方面,这个和也等于 。因此 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let the hypotenuse have endpoints and and let the right-angle vertex be The right-angle condition gives The squared distances to and sum to This also equals Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
24.
对某个实数 ,多项式 可被 整除。下列哪个数最接近 ?
For some real number the polynomial is divisible by Which of the following numbers is closest to
小提示:
重根会以一次因式的平方出现
A repeated root appears as a squared linear factor
大提示:
把三次多项式完全因式分解,再把重根与所列小数比较
Factor the cubic completely and then compare the repeated root with the listed decimals
解答:
该多项式可分解为 因此重根为 ,所列数中最接近它的是 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The polynomial factors as Thus the repeated root is and the nearest listed number is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
25.
在非递减的奇整数数列 中,每个正奇数 出现 次。已知存在整数 、 和 ,使得对所有正整数 ,其中 表示不超过 的最大整数。 的值为
In the nondecreasing sequence of odd integers each positive odd integer appears times. It is a fact that there are integers and such that, for all positive integers where denotes the largest integer not exceeding The sum equals
26.
四个半径为 的球两两相切,其中三个放在地面上,第四个放在其余三个球上。用一个每条棱长均为 的正四面体外切于这四个球,则 等于
Four balls of radius are mutually tangent, three resting on the floor and the fourth resting on the others. A tetrahedron, each of whose edges has length is circumscribed around the balls. Then equals
答案:E
小提示:
四个球心组成棱长为 的正四面体
The four ball centers form a regular tetrahedron of edge
大提示:
外部正四面体的每个面都与相应的球心四面体面平行,并向外相距一个半径
The outer faces are parallel to the corresponding center-tetrahedron faces and one radius farther away
解答:
四个球心组成一个棱长为 的正四面体。它的内切球半径为 外切正四面体的每个面都与球心四面体的相应面平行,并且比该面到共同中心的距离多一个单位。由相似关系,因此 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The ball centers form a regular tetrahedron of edge Its inradius is Each face of the circumscribed tetrahedron is parallel to the corresponding face of this center tetrahedron and lies one unit farther from the common center. By similarity, Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
27.
下式 等于
The sum equals
以上都不是
none of these
28.
当 等于下列哪个数时,多项式 不能被 整除?
The polynomial is not divisible by if equals
小提示:
把非实三次单位根 代入该多项式
Evaluate the polynomial at a nonreal cube root of unity
大提示:
利用 ,并按 模 的余数分类
Use and consider modulo
解答:
令 。由于 ,把 代入多项式可得 该式通常为 ;仅当 时,它才等于 。后一种情形恰好在 是 的倍数时发生。选项中只有 能被 整除,所以此时整除性不成立。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let Since the polynomial evaluated at is This is unless in which case it is The latter occurs exactly when is divisible by Among the choices only is divisible by so that is the value for which divisibility fails.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
29.
有多少个整数有序三元组 满足下列方程组:
How many ordered triples of integers satisfy the system of equations below?
大于二的有限数
a finite number greater than two
无穷多个
infinitely many
小提示:
在尝试解出变量之前,先把三个方程相加
Add all three equations before trying to solve for the variables
大提示:
把所得二次型改写为两个平方之和,再模 考察
Rewrite the resulting quadratic form as a sum of two squares and reduce modulo
解答:
三个方程相加得到 即 一个平方同余于 或 ,所以两个平方之和不可能同余于 。但 ,矛盾。因此不存在整数有序三元组。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Adding the three equations gives or A square is congruent to or so a sum of two squares cannot be congruent to But a contradiction. Thus there are no integer triples.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
30.
一个六位数( 进制)称为准平方数,如果它满足下列条件:
(i)每一位都不是零;
(ii)它是完全平方数;并且
(iii)把这个数的前两位、中间两位和后两位分别看作两位数时,它们都是完全平方数。
共有多少个准平方数?
A six digit number (base ) is squarish if it satisfies the following conditions:
(i) none of its digits is zero;
(ii) it is a perfect square; and
(iii) the first two digits, the middle two digits and the last two digits of the number are all perfect squares when considered as two digit numbers.
How many squarish numbers are there?
小提示:
列出所有不含零的两位完全平方数
List the two-digit perfect squares having no zero digit
大提示:
用前两位把平方根限制在一个很短的区间内,再按最后两位筛选
Use the first pair to restrict the square root to a short interval, then filter by the final pair
解答:
每个两位数块都必须属于 先用前两位限制平方根,再只保留最后两位合格的平方数,可得下列可能的中间两位:
前两位 可能的中间两位 、、、、、 、、、、、 、、、、 、、、 、、 、
只有中间两位 合格,由此得到 因此共有 个准平方数。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Each two-digit block must belong to Restricting the square root by the first block and retaining only squares with an allowed final block leaves the following possible middle blocks:
first block possible middle blocks
Only the middle block is allowed, producing Thus there are squarish numbers.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.