1973 AMC 12 真题

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1.

在一个圆中,一条弦是长度为 1212 的一条半径的垂直平分线,则该弦的长度为

A chord which is the perpendicular bisector of a radius of length 1212 in a circle has length

333\sqrt3

2727

636\sqrt3

12312\sqrt3

以上都不是

none of these

答案:D
知识点:勾股定理
难度评级:1330
小提示:

该弦在半径的中点处与半径垂直相交

The chord meets the radius halfway from the center and at a right angle

大提示:

用勾股定理求出半弦长,再求其两倍

Find half the chord with the Pythagorean theorem, then double it

解答:

MM 既是弦的中点,也是该半径的中点。圆心 OOMM 的距离为 66,而圆的半径为 1212。若 AA 是弦的一个端点,则 AM=12262=63 AM=\sqrt{12^2-6^2}=6\sqrt3\text{。}整条弦的长度为 2AM=1232AM=12\sqrt3

所以正确答案是 D

Let MM be the midpoint of the chord and also the midpoint of the radius. The distance from the center OO to MM is 6,6, while the circle’s radius is 12.12. If AA is one endpoint of the chord, then AM=12262=63. AM=\sqrt{12^2-6^2}=6\sqrt3. The full chord has length 2AM=123.2AM=12\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

2.

将一千个单位立方体粘成一个棱长为 1010 个单位的大立方体;把大立方体涂色后,再拆成原来的小立方体。至少有一个面被涂色的单位立方体个数为

One thousand unit cubes are fastened together to form a large cube with edge length 1010 units; this is painted and then separated into the original cubes. The number of these unit cubes which have at least one face painted is

600600

520520

488488

480480

400400

答案:C
难度评级:1230
小提示:

改为计算没有任何一面被涂色的小立方体个数

Count the cubes with no painted face instead

大提示:

去掉外层后,剩下一个 8×8×88\times8\times8 的立方体

Removing the outer layer leaves an 8×8×88\times8\times8 cube

解答:

没有被涂色的小立方体恰好组成内部的 8×8×88\times8\times8 立方体。因此至少有一个面被涂色的小立方体个数为 10383=1000512=488 10^3-8^3=1000-512=488\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The unpainted cubes are precisely the interior 8×8×88\times8\times8 cube. Therefore the number having at least one painted face is 10383=1000512=488. 10^3-8^3=1000-512=488.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

3.

强哥德巴赫猜想认为,任意大于 77 的偶数都可以表示成两个不同质数之和。在偶数 126126 的这类表示中,两个质数之差的最大可能值为

注:通常的哥德巴赫猜想认为,任意大于 33 的偶数都可以表示成两个质数之和。这个猜想及其加强版都尚未得到证明或否证。

The stronger Goldbach conjecture states that any even integer greater than 77 can be written as the sum of two different prime numbers. For such representations of the even number 126,126, the largest possible difference between the two primes is

Note: The regular Goldbach conjecture states that any even integer greater than 33 is expressible as a sum of two primes. Neither this conjecture nor the stronger version has been settled.

112112

100100

9292

8888

8080

答案:B
难度评级:1360
小提示:

当和固定时,要使差最大,应使较小的质数尽可能小

For a fixed sum, maximize the difference by minimizing the smaller prime

大提示:

依次检验质数 33557711111313\ldots,直到它与 126126 的差也是质数

Test the primes 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, 11,11, 13,13, \ldots until the complement to 126126 is prime

解答:

对满足 p<qp\lt qp+q=126p+q=126 的质数,差 qp=1262pq-p=126-2ppp 尽可能小时最大。3355771111 相应的补数分别为 123123121121119119115115,它们都不是质数。当 p=13p=13 时,另一个数为 113113,它是质数。因此最大差为 11313=100 113-13=100\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

For primes p<qp\lt q with p+q=126,p+q=126, the difference qp=1262pq-p=126-2p is largest when pp is as small as possible. The complements of 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, and 1111 are 123,123, 121,121, 119,119, and 115,115, none prime. For p=13,p=13, the complement is 113,113, which is prime. Thus the largest difference is 11313=100. 113-13=100.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

4.

将两个全等的 3030^\circ-6060^\circ-9090^\circ 三角形摆放成部分重叠且斜边重合。若每个三角形的斜边长为 1212,则两个三角形公共部分的面积为

Two congruent 3030^\circ-6060^\circ-9090^\circ triangles are placed so that they overlap partly and their hypotenuses coincide. If the hypotenuse of each triangle is 12,12, the area common to both triangles is

636\sqrt3

838\sqrt3

939\sqrt3

12312\sqrt3

2424

答案:D
难度评级:1670
小提示:

将公共斜边放在 xx 轴上,并让两个三角形的 3030^\circ 角分别位于斜边的不同端点

Place the common hypotenuse on the xx-axis and reverse which endpoint has the 3030^\circ angle

大提示:

重叠区域的上边界由两条与斜边成 3030^\circ 角的直线组成

The upper boundary of the overlap consists of two lines making 3030^\circ angles with the hypotenuse

解答:

将公共斜边取为从 A=(0,0)A=(0,0)B=(12,0)B=(12,0)。两个三角形的第三个顶点分别为 (9,33)(9,3\sqrt3)(3,33)(3,3\sqrt3)。它们的公共区域是以 ABAB 为底的三角形,其顶点为 y=x3y=\frac{x}{\sqrt3}y=12x3y=\frac{12-x}{\sqrt3} 的交点。交点横坐标为 x=6x=6,高度为 232\sqrt3。因此公共面积为 12(12)(23)=123 \frac12(12)(2\sqrt3)=12\sqrt3\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Put the common hypotenuse from A=(0,0)A=(0,0) to B=(12,0).B=(12,0). The two triangles have their third vertices at (9,33)(9,3\sqrt3) and (3,33).(3,3\sqrt3). Their common region is the triangle with base ABAB and apex where y=x3y=\frac{x}{\sqrt3} and y=12x3y=\frac{12-x}{\sqrt3} meet. This occurs at x=6,x=6, with height 23.2\sqrt3. Hence the common area is 12(12)(23)=123. \frac12(12)(2\sqrt3)=12\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

5.

关于取平均数(算术平均值)这一二元运算,下列从 I\mathrm{I}V\mathrm{V} 的五个叙述为:

I\mathrm{I}:取平均数满足结合律

II\mathrm{II}:取平均数满足交换律

III\mathrm{III}:取平均数对加法满足分配律

IV\mathrm{IV}:加法对取平均数满足分配律

V\mathrm{V}:取平均数运算有单位元

其中恒成立的是

Of the following five statements, I\mathrm{I} to V,\mathrm{V}, about the binary operation of averaging (arithmetic mean),

I.\mathrm{I}. Averaging is associative

II.\mathrm{II}. Averaging is commutative

III.\mathrm{III}. Averaging distributes over addition

IV.\mathrm{IV}. Addition distributes over averaging

V.\mathrm{V}. Averaging has an identity element

those which are always true are

全部

All

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}

I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II} only

II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} only

II\mathrm{II}IV\mathrm{IV}

II\mathrm{II} and IV\mathrm{IV} only

II\mathrm{II}V\mathrm{V}

II\mathrm{II} and V\mathrm{V} only

答案:D
难度评级:1750
小提示:

将取平均数运算写成 ab=a+b2a*b=\frac{a+b}{2}

Write the averaging operation as ab=a+b2a*b=\frac{a+b}{2}

大提示:

展开每个拟议的恒等式;一个反例就足以否定某条性质

Expand each proposed identity; one counterexample is enough to reject a property

解答:

ab=a+b2a*b=\frac{a+b}{2}。交换律显然成立。此外, a+(bc)=2a+b+c2=(a+b)(a+c) \begin{aligned} a+(b*c) &=\frac{2a+b+c}{2}\\ &=(a+b)*(a+c) \end{aligned}\text{。}所以加法对取平均数满足分配律。

结合律不成立,因为 (ab)c=a+b+2c4,a(bc)=2a+b+c4 \begin{aligned} (a*b)*c&=\frac{a+b+2c}{4},\\ a*(b*c)&=\frac{2a+b+c}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}取平均数对加法不满足分配律,因为一般有 a(b+c)(ab)+(ac) a*(b+c)\ne(a*b)+(a*c)\text{。}最后,若单位元为 ee,则对每个 aa 都必须有 e+a2=a\frac{e+a}{2}=a,即 e=ae=a,这不可能由一个固定的 ee 满足。因此只有 II\mathrm{II}IV\mathrm{IV} 恒成立。

所以正确答案是 D

Let ab=a+b2.a*b=\frac{a+b}{2}. Commutativity is immediate. Also a+(bc)=2a+b+c2=(a+b)(a+c). \begin{aligned} a+(b*c) &=\frac{2a+b+c}{2}\\ &=(a+b)*(a+c). \end{aligned} so addition distributes over averaging.

Associativity fails because (ab)c=a+b+2c4,a(bc)=2a+b+c4. \begin{aligned} (a*b)*c&=\frac{a+b+2c}{4},\\ a*(b*c)&=\frac{2a+b+c}{4}. \end{aligned} Averaging does not distribute over addition since generally a(b+c)(ab)+(ac). a*(b+c)\ne(a*b)+(a*c). Finally, an identity ee would require e+a2=a\frac{e+a}{2}=a for every a,a, or e=a,e=a, which is impossible for a fixed e.e. Thus only II\mathrm{II} and IV\mathrm{IV} always hold.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

6.

若以 bb 为底时,数码串 554554 表示数码串 2424bb 进制中所表示的数的平方,则把 bb 写成 1010 进制等于

If 554554 is the base bb representation of the square of the number whose base bb representation is 24,24, then b,b, when written in base 10,10, equals

66

88

1212

1414

1616

答案:C
难度评级:1670
小提示:

24b24_b554b554_b 转化为十进制的多项式表达式

Translate 24b24_b and 554b554_b into base-ten polynomial expressions

大提示:

解出所得二次方程后,注意含有数字 55 的进位制底数必须大于 55

After solving the resulting quadratic, enforce that a base containing digit 55 must exceed 55

解答:

在十进制中, 24b=2b+4,554b=5b2+5b+4 \begin{aligned} 24_b&=2b+4,\\ 554_b&=5b^2+5b+4 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 (2b+4)2=5b2+5b+4,b211b12=0,(b12)(b+1)=0 \begin{aligned} (2b+4)^2&=5b^2+5b+4,\\ b^2-11b-12&=0,\\ (b-12)(b+1)&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}底数为正且必须大于 55,所以 b=12b=12

所以正确答案是 C

In base ten, 24b=2b+4,554b=5b2+5b+4. \begin{aligned} 24_b&=2b+4,\\ 554_b&=5b^2+5b+4. \end{aligned} Therefore (2b+4)2=5b2+5b+4,b211b12=0,(b12)(b+1)=0. \begin{aligned} (2b+4)^2&=5b^2+5b+4,\\ b^2-11b-12&=0,\\ (b-12)(b+1)&=0. \end{aligned} A base is positive and must exceed 5,5, so b=12.b=12.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

7.

介于 5050350350 之间、末位数字为 11 的所有整数之和为

The sum of all the integers between 5050 and 350350 which end in 11 is

58805880

55395539

52085208

48774877

45664566

答案:A
知识点:等差数列求和
难度评级:1180
小提示:

这些整数构成从 5151341341 的等差数列

The integers form an arithmetic sequence from 5151 through 341341

大提示:

用公差求项数,再把首项与末项配对

Use the common difference to count the terms, then pair the first and last

解答:

该数列为 51,61,,341 51,61,\ldots,341\text{。}它共有 3415110+1=30 \frac{341-51}{10}+1=30 项。因此它的和为 30(51+341)2=15392=5880 \begin{aligned} \frac{30(51+341)}2 &=15\cdot392\\ &=5880 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The sequence is 51,61,,341. 51,61,\ldots,341. It has 3415110+1=30 \frac{341-51}{10}+1=30 terms. Its sum is therefore 30(51+341)2=15392=5880. \begin{aligned} \frac{30(51+341)}2 &=15\cdot392\\ &=5880. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

8.

若给一座高 66 英尺的雕像涂漆需要 11 品脱油漆,则以相同厚度给 540540 座与原雕像相似、但只有 11 英尺高的雕像涂漆,需要的油漆品脱数为

If 11 pint of paint is needed to paint a statue 66 ft. high, then the number of pints it will take to paint (to the same thickness) 540540 statues similar to the original but only 11 ft. high is

9090

7272

4545

3030

1515

答案:E
难度评级:1250
小提示:

所需油漆随表面积缩放,而不是随体积缩放

Paint required scales with surface area, not volume

大提示:

每个长度缩小 66 倍时,每座雕像所需油漆按该比例的平方缩小

Reducing every length by a factor of 66 reduces the paint per statue by the square of that factor

解答:

一座 11 英尺高的雕像相对于原雕像的线性比例为 16\frac{1}{6},所以它的表面积与油漆需求都是原来的 136\frac{1}{36}。因此 540540 座小雕像需要 540136=15 540\cdot\frac1{36}=15 品脱油漆。

所以正确答案是 E

A 11-ft. statue has linear scale 16\frac{1}{6} relative to the original, so its surface area and paint requirement are 136\frac{1}{36} as large. The 540540 small statues therefore require 540136=15 540\cdot\frac1{36}=15 pints.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

9.

在直角位于 CCABC\triangle ABC 中,高 CHCH 与中线 CMCM 将该直角三等分。若 CHM\triangle CHM 的面积为 KK,则 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为

In ABC\triangle ABC with right angle at C,C, altitude CHCH and median CMCM trisect the right angle. If the area of CHM\triangle CHM is K,K, then the area of ABC\triangle ABC is

6K6K

43K4\sqrt3K

33K3\sqrt3K

3K3K

4K4K

答案:E
难度评级:1870
小提示:

利用三等分角比较直角三角形 CHMCHMCHBCHB

Compare the right triangles CHMCHM and CHBCHB using the trisection angles

大提示:

确定 MMHHABAB 上的位置后,比较 HMHM 与整条底边 ABAB

After locating MM and HH on AB,AB, compare HMHM with the whole base ABAB

解答:

由于 CHABCH\perp ABCHM\triangle CHMCHB\triangle CHB 都在 HH 处为直角。三等分使它们在 CC 处的锐角相等,并且两三角形共用边 CHCH,所以它们全等。因此 HM=HBHM=HB

因为 MMABAB 的中点,所以 AM=MBAM=MB。沿斜边各点的顺序为 A,M,H,BA,M,H,B,并且 MB=MH+HB=2MHMB=MH+HB=2MH。因此 AB=2MB=4MH AB=2MB=4MH\text{。}三角形 ABCABCCHMCHM 的底边在同一直线上,并且从 CC 到这条直线的高相同,所以面积比为 AB:HM=4:1AB:HM=4:1。因此 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 4K4K

所以正确答案是 E

Since CHAB,CH\perp AB, both CHM\triangle CHM and CHB\triangle CHB are right at H.H. The trisection gives equal acute angles at C,C, and the triangles share side CH,CH, so they are congruent. Hence HM=HB.HM=HB.

Because MM is the midpoint of AB,AB, AM=MB.AM=MB. Along the hypotenuse the order is A,M,H,B,A,M,H,B, and MB=MH+HB=2MH.MB=MH+HB=2MH. Thus AB=2MB=4MH. AB=2MB=4MH. Triangles ABCABC and CHMCHM have bases on the same line and the same altitude from C,C, so their areas are in the ratio AB:HM=4:1.AB:HM=4:1. Therefore the area of ABC\triangle ABC is 4K.4K.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

10.

nn 为实数,则联立方程组 {nx+y=1,ny+z=1,x+nz=1 \begin{cases} nx+y=1,\\ ny+z=1,\\ x+nz=1 \end{cases} 无解当且仅当 nn 等于

If nn is a real number, then the simultaneous system {nx+y=1,ny+z=1,x+nz=1 \begin{cases} nx+y=1,\\ ny+z=1,\\ x+nz=1 \end{cases} has no solution if and only if nn is equal to

1-1

00

11

0011

00 or 11

12\frac12

答案:A
难度评级:1690
小提示:

将三个方程相加,观察 x+y+zx+y+z 的系数

Add all three equations and inspect the coefficient of x+y+zx+y+z

大提示:

对其余每个 nn 值,尝试对称取值 x=y=zx=y=z

For every remaining value of n,n, try the symmetric choice x=y=zx=y=z

解答:

将三个方程相加,得到 (n+1)(x+y+z)=3 (n+1)(x+y+z)=3\text{。}n=1n=-1 时,这变为 0=30=3,所以无解。若 n1n\ne-1,对称取值 x=y=z=1n+1 x=y=z=\frac1{n+1} 满足全部三个方程。因此方程组恰在 n=1n=-1 时无解。

所以正确答案是 A

Adding the equations gives (n+1)(x+y+z)=3. (n+1)(x+y+z)=3. When n=1,n=-1, this becomes 0=3,0=3, so no solution exists. If n1,n\ne-1, the symmetric assignment x=y=z=1n+1 x=y=z=\frac1{n+1} satisfies all three equations. Hence the system has no solution exactly when n=1.n=-1.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

11.

在直角坐标系中,原点为 OO,正 xx 轴与正 yy 轴分别为 OXOXOYOY。以下每幅图 I\mathrm{I}IV\mathrm{IV} 都画出了一个圆及其外接正方形和内接正方形,三者均以原点为中心。

不等式 x+y2(x2+y2)2Max(x,y) \begin{aligned} |x|+|y| &\le \sqrt{2(x^2+y^2)}\\ &\le 2\operatorname{Max}(|x|,|y|) \end{aligned} 的几何表示对应编号为下列哪一幅图:

几何表示:若不等式 f(x,y)g(x,y)f(x,y)\le g(x,y) 对所有 xxyy 成立,则其几何表示是一幅对一个典型实数 aa 展示下列包含关系的图:{(x,y):g(x,y)a}{(x,y):f(x,y)a} \begin{aligned} &\{(x,y):g(x,y)\le a\}\\ &\quad\subset \{(x,y):f(x,y)\le a\} \end{aligned}\text{。}

A circle with a circumscribed and an inscribed square centered at the origin OO of a rectangular coordinate system with positive xx- and yy-axes OXOX and OYOY is shown in each figure I\mathrm{I} to IV\mathrm{IV} below.

The inequalities x+y2(x2+y2)2Max(x,y). \begin{aligned} |x|+|y| &\le \sqrt{2(x^2+y^2)}\\ &\le 2\operatorname{Max}(|x|,|y|). \end{aligned} are represented geometrically by the figure numbered

Geometric representation: An inequality f(x,y)g(x,y)f(x,y)\le g(x,y) for all x,x, yy is represented by a figure showing, for a typical real number a,a, the containment {(x,y):g(x,y)a}{(x,y):f(x,y)a}. \begin{aligned} &\{(x,y):g(x,y)\le a\}\\ &\quad\subset \{(x,y):f(x,y)\le a\}. \end{aligned}

I\mathrm{I}

II\mathrm{II}

III\mathrm{III}

IV\mathrm{IV}

以上都不是

none of these

答案:B
难度评级:2190
小提示:

确定 x+y|x|+|y|2(x2+y2)\sqrt{2(x^2+y^2)}2Max(x,y)2\operatorname{Max}(|x|,|y|) 的次水平集形状

Identify the shapes of the sublevel sets for x+y,|x|+|y|, 2(x2+y2),\sqrt{2(x^2+y^2)}, and 2Max(x,y)2\operatorname{Max}(|x|,|y|)

大提示:

不等式会使对应次水平集的包含顺序反向

The inequality reverses the order of containment of the corresponding sublevel sets

解答:

对固定的正数 aa,集合 2Max(x,y)a 2\operatorname{Max}(|x|,|y|)\le a 是边与坐标轴平行的正方形。集合 2(x2+y2)a \sqrt{2(x^2+y^2)}\le a 是它的外接圆,而 x+ya |x|+|y|\le a 是该圆的外接菱形。因此所需的嵌套顺序是内部的轴向正方形、圆、外部菱形,对应图 II\mathrm{II}

所以正确答案是 B

For a fixed positive a,a, the set 2Max(x,y)a 2\operatorname{Max}(|x|,|y|)\le a is an axis-aligned square. The set 2(x2+y2)a \sqrt{2(x^2+y^2)}\le a is its circumscribed circle, and x+ya |x|+|y|\le a is the diamond circumscribed about that circle. Thus the required nesting is an inner axis-aligned square, then a circle, then an outer diamond, which is figure II.\mathrm{II}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

12.

一个由医生和律师组成的群体平均年龄(算术平均值)为 4040。若医生的平均年龄为 3535,律师的平均年龄为 5050,则医生人数与律师人数之比为

The average (arithmetic mean) age of a group consisting of doctors and lawyers is 40.40. If the doctors average 3535 and the lawyers 5050 years old, then the ratio of the number of doctors to the number of lawyers is

3:23:2

3:13:1

2:32:3

2:12:1

1:21:2

答案:D
难度评级:1290
小提示:

设医生与律师的人数分别为 dd\ell

Let dd and \ell be the numbers of doctors and lawyers

大提示:

令总年龄 35d+5035d+50\ell 等于 40(d+)40(d+\ell)

Equate the total age 35d+5035d+50\ell to 40(d+)40(d+\ell)

解答:

若有 dd 名医生和 \ell 名律师,则 35d+50=40(d+) 35d+50\ell=40(d+\ell)\text{。}因此 5d=105d=10\ell,所以 d:=2:1 d:\ell=2:1\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

If there are dd doctors and \ell lawyers, then 35d+50=40(d+). 35d+50\ell=40(d+\ell). Thus 5d=10,5d=10\ell, so d:=2:1. d:\ell=2:1.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

13.

分数 2(2+6)32+3 \frac{2(\sqrt2+\sqrt6)}{3\sqrt{2+\sqrt3}} 等于

The fraction 2(2+6)32+3 \frac{2(\sqrt2+\sqrt6)}{3\sqrt{2+\sqrt3}} is equal to

223\dfrac{2\sqrt2}{3}

11

233\dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}

43\dfrac43

169\dfrac{16}{9}

答案:D
知识点:根式代数变形
难度评级:1530
小提示:

所有量都为正,因此比较该分数的平方与各选项的平方

All quantities are positive, so compare the square of the fraction with the squares of the choices

大提示:

利用 (2+6)2=8+43(\sqrt2+\sqrt6)^2=8+4\sqrt3

Use (2+6)2=8+43(\sqrt2+\sqrt6)^2=8+4\sqrt3

解答:

该分数为正,其平方为 4(2+6)29(2+3)=4(8+43)9(2+3)=16(2+3)9(2+3)=169 \begin{aligned} &\frac{4(\sqrt2+\sqrt6)^2} {9(2+\sqrt3)}\\ &\quad=\frac{4(8+4\sqrt3)} {9(2+\sqrt3)}\\ &\quad=\frac{16(2+\sqrt3)} {9(2+\sqrt3)}\\ &\quad=\frac{16}{9} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此原分数为 43\frac{4}{3}

所以正确答案是 D

The fraction is positive, and its square is 4(2+6)29(2+3)=4(8+43)9(2+3)=16(2+3)9(2+3)=169. \begin{aligned} &\frac{4(\sqrt2+\sqrt6)^2} {9(2+\sqrt3)}\\ &\quad=\frac{4(8+4\sqrt3)} {9(2+\sqrt3)}\\ &\quad=\frac{16(2+\sqrt3)} {9(2+\sqrt3)}\\ &\quad=\frac{16}{9}. \end{aligned} Therefore the original fraction is 43.\frac{4}{3}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

14.

阀门 AABBCC 打开时,各自以恒定速率向水箱注水。三个阀门全开时,水箱在 11 小时内注满;仅打开 AACC 时需 1.51.5 小时;仅打开 BBCC 时需 22 小时。仅打开 AABB 时,注满水箱所需的小时数为

Each valve A,A, B,B, and C,C, when open, releases water into a tank at its own constant rate. With all three valves open, the tank fills in 11 hour, with only valves AA and CC open it takes 1.51.5 hours, and with only valves BB and CC open it takes 22 hours. The number of hours required with only valves AA and BB open is

1.11.1

1.151.15

1.21.2

1.251.25

1.751.75

答案:C
难度评级:1560
小提示:

设三个阀门每小时分别注满水箱的 aabbcc 部分

Let a,a, b,b, cc be the fractions of the tank filled per hour by the three valves

大提示:

联立 a+b+c=1a+b+c=1a+c=23a+c=\frac{2}{3}b+c=12b+c=\frac{1}{2},求 a+ba+b

Combine a+b+c=1,a+b+c=1, a+c=23,a+c=\frac{2}{3}, and b+c=12b+c=\frac{1}{2} to find a+ba+b

解答:

aabbcc 为三个阀门每小时注满的水箱数。则 a+b+c=1,a+c=23,b+c=12 \begin{aligned} a+b+c&=1,\\ a+c&=\frac23,\\ b+c&=\frac12 \end{aligned}\text{。}第一式的两倍减去另外两式,得到 a+b=22312=56 a+b=2-\frac23-\frac12=\frac56\text{。}因此阀门 AABB 注满水箱需要 1a+b=65=1.2 \frac1{a+b}=\frac65=1.2 小时。

所以正确答案是 C

Let a,a, b,b, cc be the hourly rates in tankfuls. Then a+b+c=1,a+c=23,b+c=12. \begin{aligned} a+b+c&=1,\\ a+c&=\frac23,\\ b+c&=\frac12. \end{aligned} Twice the first equation minus the other two gives a+b=22312=56. a+b=2-\frac23-\frac12=\frac56. Thus valves AA and BB fill the tank in 1a+b=65=1.2 \frac1{a+b}=\frac65=1.2 hours.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

15.

从半径为 66 的圆中截取一个圆心角为锐角 θ\theta 的扇形。该扇形的外接圆半径为

A sector with acute central angle θ\theta is cut from a circle of radius 6.6. The radius of the circle circumscribed about the sector is

3cosθ3\cos\theta

3secθ3\sec\theta

3cos12θ3\cos\frac12\theta

3sec12θ3\sec\frac12\theta

33

答案:D
难度评级:2100
小提示:

将扇形的两条半径与弦看作一个等腰三角形

Treat the sector’s two radii and chord as an isosceles triangle

大提示:

θ2\frac{\theta}{2} 表示弦长,再应用正弦定理的扩展形式

Express the chord using θ2,\frac{\theta}{2}, then apply the extended sine rule

解答:

两条半径与扇形的弦组成一个腰长为 66、顶角为 θ\theta 的等腰三角形。其底边长为 12sin(θ2)12\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})。若 RR 为该三角形的外接圆半径,则扩展正弦定理给出 2R=12sin(θ2)sinθ 2R=\frac{12\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})}{\sin\theta}\text{。}由于 sinθ=2sin(θ2)cos(θ2)\sin\theta=2\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})\cos(\frac{\theta}{2})R=3secθ2 R=3\sec\frac{\theta}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The two radii and the sector’s chord form an isosceles triangle with equal sides 66 and vertex angle θ.\theta. Its base has length 12sin(θ2).12\sin(\frac{\theta}{2}). If RR is the triangle’s circumradius, the extended sine rule gives 2R=12sin(θ2)sinθ. 2R=\frac{12\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})}{\sin\theta}. Since sinθ=2sin(θ2)cos(θ2),\sin\theta=2\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})\cos(\frac{\theta}{2}), R=3secθ2. R=3\sec\frac{\theta}{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

16.

若一个凸多边形除一个内角外的所有内角之和为 21902190^\circ,则该多边形的边数必为

If the sum of all the angles except one of a convex polygon is 2190,2190^\circ, then the number of sides of the polygon must be

1313

1515

1717

1919

2121

答案:B
难度评级:1600
小提示:

设省略的内角为 xx^\circ,边数为 nn

Let the omitted interior angle be xx^\circ and the number of sides be nn

大提示:

利用 0<x<1800\lt x\lt180,把整数 n2n-2 限制在长度为 11 的区间内

Use 0<x<1800\lt x\lt180 to trap the integer n2n-2 in an interval of length 11

解答:

若省略的角为 xx^\circ,则由凸性可得 0<x<1800\lt x\lt180。因此 180(n2)=2190+x 180(n-2)=2190+x\text{,}所以 2190180<n2<2370180 \frac{2190}{180} \lt n-2 \lt\frac{2370}{180}\text{。}1216<n2<1316 12\frac16\lt n-2\lt13\frac16\text{。}唯一可能的整数是 n2=13n-2=13,所以 n=15n=15

所以正确答案是 B

If the omitted angle is x,x^\circ, then convexity gives 0<x<180.0\lt x\lt180. Hence 180(n2)=2190+x, 180(n-2)=2190+x, so 2190180<n2<2370180. \frac{2190}{180} \lt n-2 \lt\frac{2370}{180}. This is 1216<n2<1316. 12\frac16\lt n-2\lt13\frac16. The only possible integer is n2=13,n-2=13, so n=15.n=15.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

17.

θ\theta 为锐角,且 sin12θ=x12x \sin\frac12\theta=\sqrt{\frac{x-1}{2x}}\text{,}tanθ\tan\theta 等于

If θ\theta is an acute angle and sin12θ=x12x, \sin\frac12\theta=\sqrt{\frac{x-1}{2x}}, then tanθ\tan\theta equals

xx

1x\dfrac1x

x1x+1\dfrac{\sqrt{x-1}}{x+1}

x21x\dfrac{\sqrt{x^2-1}}x

x21\sqrt{x^2-1}

答案:E
难度评级:1930
小提示:

利用 cosθ=12sin2(θ2)\cos\theta=1-2\sin^2(\frac{\theta}{2})

Use cosθ=12sin2(θ2)\cos\theta=1-2\sin^2(\frac{\theta}{2})

大提示:

求得 cosθ\cos\theta 后,应用 tan2θ=sec2θ1\tan^2\theta=\sec^2\theta-1,并利用 θ\theta 为锐角

Once cosθ\cos\theta is known, apply tan2θ=sec2θ1\tan^2\theta=\sec^2\theta-1 and use that θ\theta is acute

解答:

半角恒等式给出 cosθ=12sin2θ2=1x1x=1x \begin{aligned} \cos\theta &=1-2\sin^2\frac{\theta}{2}\\ &=1-\frac{x-1}{x}\\ &=\frac1x \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 tan2θ=sec2θ1=x21 \tan^2\theta=\sec^2\theta-1=x^2-1\text{。}因为 θ\theta 为锐角,其正切值为正,所以 tanθ=x21 \tan\theta=\sqrt{x^2-1}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

The half-angle identity gives cosθ=12sin2θ2=1x1x=1x. \begin{aligned} \cos\theta &=1-2\sin^2\frac{\theta}{2}\\ &=1-\frac{x-1}{x}\\ &=\frac1x. \end{aligned} Therefore tan2θ=sec2θ1=x21. \tan^2\theta=\sec^2\theta-1=x^2-1. Because θ\theta is acute, its tangent is positive, so tanθ=x21. \tan\theta=\sqrt{x^2-1}.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

18.

p5p\ge5 为质数,则 2424 整除 p21p^2-1

If p5p\ge5 is a prime number, then 2424 divides p21p^2-1 without remainder

从不成立

never

仅有时成立

sometimes only

恒成立

always

仅当 p=5p=5 时成立

only if p=5p=5

以上都不是

none of these

答案:C
难度评级:1610
小提示:

因式分解 p21=(p1)(p+1)p^2-1=(p-1)(p+1)

Factor p21=(p1)(p+1)p^2-1=(p-1)(p+1)

大提示:

在三个连续整数 p1p-1ppp+1p+1 中找出因子 3388 的来源

Among the three consecutive integers p1,p-1, p,p, p+1,p+1, locate factors of 33 and 88

解答:

质数 p5p\ge5 为奇数,所以 p1p-1p+1p+1 是两个连续偶数。其中一个能被 44 整除,因此它们的乘积能被 88 整除。在三个连续整数 p1p-1ppp+1p+1 中,有一个能被 33 整除。它不可能是 pp,因为 p5p\ge5 是质数,所以 33 也整除 (p1)(p+1)(p-1)(p+1)。由于 3388 互质, (p1)(p+1)=p21 (p-1)(p+1)=p^2-1 恒能被 2424 整除。

所以正确答案是 C

A prime p5p\ge5 is odd, so p1p-1 and p+1p+1 are consecutive even integers. One is divisible by 4,4, making their product divisible by 8.8. Among the three consecutive integers p1,p-1, p,p, p+1,p+1, one is divisible by 3.3. It cannot be p,p, since p5p\ge5 is prime, so 33 also divides (p1)(p+1).(p-1)(p+1). Because 33 and 88 are relatively prime, (p1)(p+1)=p21 (p-1)(p+1)=p^2-1 is always divisible by 24.24.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

19.

对正数 nnaa,定义 na!n_a!na!=n(na)(n2a)(n3a)(nka) \begin{aligned} n_a!={}&n(n-a)(n-2a)\\ &\cdot(n-3a)\cdots(n-ka) \end{aligned}\text{,}其中 kk 是满足 n>kan\gt ka 的最大整数。则商 728!182! \frac{72_8!}{18_2!} 等于

Define na!n_a! for positive nn and aa to be na!=n(na)(n2a)(n3a)(nka), \begin{aligned} n_a!={}&n(n-a)(n-2a)\\ &\cdot(n-3a)\cdots(n-ka), \end{aligned} where kk is the greatest integer for which n>ka.n\gt ka. Then the quotient 728!182! \frac{72_8!}{18_2!} is equal to

454^5

464^6

484^8

494^9

4124^{12}

答案:D
难度评级:1530
小提示:

将两个广义阶乘都写成九个明确的因子

Write both generalized factorials as nine explicit factors

大提示:

从分子的每个因子中提出 88,从分母的每个因子中提出 22

Factor 88 from every numerator term and 22 from every denominator term

解答:

两个乘积为 728!=72648=89(9!),182!=18162=29(9!) \begin{aligned} 72_8!&=72\cdot64\cdots8 =8^9(9!),\\ 18_2!&=18\cdot16\cdots2 =2^9(9!) \end{aligned}\text{。}因此它们的商为 89(9!)29(9!)=49 \frac{8^9(9!)}{2^9(9!)}=4^9\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The two products are 728!=72648=89(9!),182!=18162=29(9!). \begin{aligned} 72_8!&=72\cdot64\cdots8 =8^9(9!),\\ 18_2!&=18\cdot16\cdots2 =2^9(9!). \end{aligned} Their quotient is therefore 89(9!)29(9!)=49. \frac{8^9(9!)}{2^9(9!)}=4^9.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

20.

一名牛仔位于一条正向东流的河流以南 44 英里处。他还位于自己的小屋以西 88 英里、以北 77 英里处。他想先到河边让马饮水,再回家。完成这段行程的最短路程(英里)为

A cowboy is 44 miles south of a stream which flows due east. He is also 88 miles west and 77 miles north of his cabin. He wishes to water his horse at the stream and return home. The shortest distance (in miles) he can travel and accomplish this is

4+1854+\sqrt{185}

1616

1717

1818

32+137\sqrt{32}+\sqrt{137}

答案:C
难度评级:1850
小提示:

将牛仔的起点关于笔直的河流作镜像

Reflect the cowboy’s starting point across the straight stream

大提示:

镜像后,途经河流的两段路程变成通向小屋的一条直线段

After reflection, the two-leg trip through the stream becomes one straight segment to the cabin

解答:

将河流取为 xx 轴,并把牛仔置于 C=(0,4)C=(0,-4)。则小屋位于 H=(8,11)H=(8,-11)。将 CC 关于河流反射到 D=(0,4)D=(0,4)。对河流上的任意点 SS,有 CS=DSCS=DS,所以使 CS+SHCS+SH 最小等价于使 DS+SHDS+SH 最小。当 DDSSHH 共线时取得最小值。最短路程为 DH=82+152=289=17 DH=\sqrt{8^2+15^2}=\sqrt{289}=17\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Take the stream as the xx-axis and put the cowboy at C=(0,4).C=(0,-4). His cabin is then H=(8,11).H=(8,-11). Reflect CC across the stream to D=(0,4).D=(0,4). For any point SS on the stream, CS=DS,CS=DS, so minimizing CS+SHCS+SH is the same as minimizing DS+SH.DS+SH. This occurs when D,D, S,S, HH are collinear. The minimum distance is DH=82+152=289=17. DH=\sqrt{8^2+15^2}=\sqrt{289}=17.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

21.

和为 100100 的、由两个或更多连续正整数组成的集合个数为

The number of sets of two or more consecutive positive integers whose sum is 100100 is

11

22

33

44

55

答案:B
难度评级:1970
小提示:

若从 aa 开始共有 kk 项,将总和乘以二,得到 200=k(2a+k1)200=k(2a+k-1)

If there are kk terms beginning with a,a, double the sum to obtain 200=k(2a+k1)200=k(2a+k-1)

大提示:

检验满足 k<200k\lt\sqrt{200} 的约数,并要求 aa 为正整数

Check divisors k<200k\lt\sqrt{200} and enforce that aa is a positive integer

解答:

对从 aa 开始的 k2k\ge2 个连续正整数, 200=k(2a+k1) 200=k(2a+k-1)\text{。}由正性可得 k<200k\lt\sqrt{200},所以 200200 的可能约数 kk2,4,5,8,10 2,4,5,8,10\text{。}2a=200kk+1 2a=\frac{200}{k}-k+1\text{,}只有 k=5k=5k=8k=8 使右边为正偶数。它们分别给出集合 18,19,20,21,2218,19,20,21,229,10,,169,10,\ldots,16。因此共有 22 个集合。

所以正确答案是 B

For k2k\ge2 consecutive positive integers starting at a,a, 200=k(2a+k1). 200=k(2a+k-1). Positivity gives k<200,k\lt\sqrt{200}, so the possible divisors kk of 200200 are 2,4,5,8,10. 2,4,5,8,10. From 2a=200kk+1, 2a=\frac{200}{k}-k+1, only k=5k=5 and k=8k=8 give positive even right-hand sides. They yield the sets 18,19,20,21,2218,19,20,21,22 and 9,10,,16.9,10,\ldots,16. Hence there are 22 sets.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

22.

不等式 x1+x+2<5 |x-1|+|x+2|\lt5 的所有实数解组成的集合为

The set of all real solutions of the inequality x1+x+2<5 |x-1|+|x+2|\lt5 is

{x:3<x<2}\{x:-3\lt x\lt2\}

{x:1<x<2}\{x:-1\lt x\lt2\}

{x:2<x<1}\{x:-2\lt x\lt1\}

{x:32<x<72}\left\{x:-\dfrac32\lt x\lt\dfrac72\right\}

\varnothing(空集)

\varnothing (empty)

答案:A
知识点:绝对值不等式
难度评级:1470
小提示:

将两个绝对值解释为 xx112-2 的距离

Interpret the two absolute values as the distances from xx to 11 and to 2-2

大提示:

2-211 之间,距离和恒定;在该区间外,距离和的增量是到较近端点距离的两倍

Between 2-2 and 11 the sum is constant; outside that interval it increases by twice the distance from the nearer endpoint

解答:

2x1-2\le x\le1 时,xx2-211 的距离之和为 33。若 xx 位于该区间外,且到区间的距离为 uu,则距离和为 3+2u3+2u。因此 3+2u<5u<1 3+2u\lt5 \quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad u\lt1\text{。}将区间 [2,1][-2,1] 的两端各延伸 11,得到 3<x<2 -3\lt x\lt2\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

For 2x1,-2\le x\le1, the sum of the distances from xx to 2-2 and 11 is 3.3. If xx lies a distance uu outside this interval, the sum is 3+2u.3+2u. Thus 3+2u<5u<1. 3+2u\lt5 \quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad u\lt1. Extending the interval [2,1][-2,1] by 11 at each end gives 3<x<2. -3\lt x\lt2.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

23.

有两张卡片;一张两面都是红色,另一张一面红、一面蓝。两张卡片被选中的概率相同,均为 (12)(\frac{1}{2})。随机选一张放在桌上。若朝上的一面是红色,则朝下的一面也是红色的概率为

There are two cards; one is red on both sides and the other is red on one side and blue on the other. The cards have the same probability (12)(\frac{1}{2}) of being chosen, and one is chosen and placed on the table. If the upper side of the card on the table is red, then the probability that the under-side is also red is

14\dfrac14

13\dfrac13

12\dfrac12

23\dfrac23

34\dfrac34

答案:D
难度评级:1670
小提示:

按所有可能朝上的红色卡面分别考虑

Condition on the individual card sides that could be showing red

大提示:

共有三个等可能朝上的红色卡面;判断每个卡面的背面颜色

There are three equally likely visible red faces; determine the color behind each

解答:

在朝上一面为红色的结果中,可能朝上的是双红卡的两个红面之一,或红蓝卡的红面。这三个可见的红面等可能出现。前两种情况下背面为红色,第三种情况下背面为蓝色,所以条件概率为 23 \frac23\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Among outcomes having a red upper side, either of the two red faces of the red-red card or the red face of the red-blue card can be uppermost. These three visible red faces are equally likely. The underside is red in the first two cases and blue in the third, so the conditional probability is 23. \frac23.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

24.

在同一家店里,包含 33 份三明治、77 杯咖啡和一块派的一顿午餐账单为 $3.15\$3.15。包含 44 份三明治、1010 杯咖啡和一块派的一顿午餐账单为 $4.20\$4.20。一份三明治、一杯咖啡和一块派的午餐费用为

The check for a luncheon of 33 sandwiches, 77 cups of coffee and one piece of pie came to $3.15.\$3.15. The check for a luncheon consisting of 44 sandwiches, 1010 cups of coffee and one piece of pie came to $4.20\$4.20 at the same place. The cost of a luncheon consisting of one sandwich, one cup of coffee and one piece of pie at the same place will come to

$1.70\$1.70

$1.65\$1.65

$1.20\$1.20

$1.05\$1.05

$0.95\$0.95

答案:D
难度评级:1580
小提示:

设三种食品的价格分别为 ssccpp;只需求 s+c+ps+c+p

Let s,s, c,c, pp be the three item prices; only s+c+ps+c+p is required

大提示:

3s+7c+p=3.153s+7c+p=3.154s+10c+p=4.204s+10c+p=4.20 作适当线性组合,可单独得到所求的和

A suitable linear combination of 3s+7c+p=3.153s+7c+p=3.15 and 4s+10c+p=4.204s+10c+p=4.20 isolates the desired sum

解答:

设一份三明治、一杯咖啡和一块派的价格分别为 ssccpp。两张账单给出 3s+7c+p=3.15,4s+10c+p=4.20 \begin{aligned} 3s+7c+p&=3.15,\\ 4s+10c+p&=4.20 \end{aligned}\text{。}第一式的三倍减去第二式的两倍,得到 s+c+p=3(3.15)2(4.20)=1.05 \begin{aligned} s+c+p &=3(3.15)-2(4.20)\\ &=1.05 \end{aligned}\text{。}所求午餐费用为 $1.05\$1.05

所以正确答案是 D

Let s,s, c,c, pp be the prices of a sandwich, coffee, and pie. The checks give 3s+7c+p=3.15,4s+10c+p=4.20. \begin{aligned} 3s+7c+p&=3.15,\\ 4s+10c+p&=4.20. \end{aligned} Three times the first equation minus twice the second gives s+c+p=3(3.15)2(4.20)=1.05. \begin{aligned} s+c+p &=3(3.15)-2(4.20)\\ &=1.05. \end{aligned} The requested luncheon costs $1.05.\$1.05.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

25.

一块直径为 1212 英尺的圆形草地被一条宽 33 英尺的笔直碎石路切过,其中一条路边经过草地中心。剩余草地的面积(平方英尺)为

A circular grass plot 1212 feet in diameter is cut by a straight gravel path 33 feet wide, one edge of which passes through the center of the plot. The number of square feet in the remaining grass area is

36π3436\pi-34

30π1530\pi-15

36π3336\pi-33

35π9335\pi-9\sqrt3

30π9330\pi-9\sqrt3

答案:E
难度评级:2230
小提示:

用与小路垂直的圆直径将小路平分

Bisect the path by the perpendicular diameter of the circular plot

大提示:

小路的每一半由一个 3030^\circ 扇形和一个 3030^\circ-6060^\circ-9090^\circ 三角形组成

Each half of the path is a 3030^\circ sector together with a 3030^\circ-6060^\circ-9090^\circ triangle

解答:

草地半径为 66。在小路的另一条边上,圆心到该边的垂直距离为 33,所以通向交点的半径与经过圆心的路边成 3030^\circ 角。小路的一半由半径为 663030^\circ 扇形和直角边长为 33333\sqrt3 的直角三角形组成。其面积为 30360π(62)+12(3)(33)=3π+932 \begin{aligned} &\frac{30}{360}\pi(6^2) +\frac12(3)(3\sqrt3)\\ &\qquad=3\pi+\frac{9\sqrt3}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此整条小路的面积为 6π+936\pi+9\sqrt3,剩余草地面积为 36π(6π+93)=30π93 36\pi-(6\pi+9\sqrt3) =30\pi-9\sqrt3\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

The plot has radius 6.6. At the path’s other edge, the perpendicular distance from the center is 3,3, so the radius to an intersection point makes a 3030^\circ angle with the edge through the center. Half of the path consists of a 3030^\circ sector of radius 66 and a right triangle with legs 33 and 33.3\sqrt3. Its area is 30360π(62)+12(3)(33)=3π+932. \begin{aligned} &\frac{30}{360}\pi(6^2) +\frac12(3)(3\sqrt3)\\ &\qquad=3\pi+\frac{9\sqrt3}{2}. \end{aligned} Thus the whole path has area 6π+93,6\pi+9\sqrt3, and the remaining grass area is 36π(6π+93)=30π93. 36\pi-(6\pi+9\sqrt3) =30\pi-9\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

26.

一个等差数列的项数为偶数。奇数编号各项之和与偶数编号各项之和分别为 24243030。若末项比首项大 10.510.5,则该等差数列的项数为

The number of terms in an A.P. (Arithmetic Progression) is even. The sums of the odd- and even-numbered terms are 2424 and 30,30, respectively. If the last term exceeds the first by 10.5,10.5, the number of terms in the A.P. is

2020

1818

1212

1010

88

答案:E
难度评级:1850
小提示:

将项数写成 2n2n,公差写成 dd

Write the number of terms as 2n2n and the common difference as dd

大提示:

将每个奇数编号项与紧随其后的偶数编号项配对,得到 nd=6nd=6

Pair each odd-numbered term with the following even-numbered term to get nd=6nd=6

解答:

设数列有 2n2n 项,公差为 dd。将每个奇数编号项与后一项配对,可得 nd=3024=6 nd=30-24=6\text{。}末项与首项之差为 (2n1)d=10.5 (2n-1)d=10.5\text{。}因为 2nd=122nd=12,相减得到 d=1.5d=1.5。于是 n=61.5=4n=\frac{6}{1.5}=4,该数列共有 2n=82n=8 项。

所以正确答案是 E

Let the progression have 2n2n terms and common difference d.d. Pairing each odd-numbered term with its successor shows that nd=3024=6. nd=30-24=6. The difference between the last and first terms is (2n1)d=10.5. (2n-1)d=10.5. Since 2nd=12,2nd=12, subtraction gives d=1.5.d=1.5. Hence n=61.5=4,n=\frac{6}{1.5}=4, and the progression has 2n=82n=8 terms.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

27.

汽车 AABB 行驶相同的路程。汽车 AA 以每小时 uu 英里的速度行驶一半路程,以每小时 vv 英里的速度行驶另一半。汽车 BB 以每小时 uu 英里的速度行驶一半时间,以每小时 vv 英里的速度行驶另一半。汽车 AA 的平均速度为每小时 xx 英里,汽车 BB 的平均速度为每小时 yy 英里。则恒有

Cars AA and BB travel the same distance. Car AA travels half that distance at uu miles per hour and half at vv miles per hour. Car BB travels half the time at uu miles per hour and half at vv miles per hour. The average speed of Car AA is xx miles per hour and that of Car BB is yy miles per hour. Then we always have

xyx\le y

xyx\ge y

x=yx=y

x<yx\lt y

x>yx\gt y

答案:A
难度评级:1800
小提示:

汽车 AA 的平均速度是 uuvv 的调和平均数,而汽车 BB 的平均速度是它们的算术平均数

Car AA’s average is the harmonic mean of uu and v,v, while Car BB’s is their arithmetic mean

大提示:

将两个平均数相减,并把分子因式分解为平方

Subtract the two means and factor the numerator as a square

解答:

汽车 AA 的等距离平均速度与汽车 BB 的等时间平均速度分别为 x=2uvu+v,y=u+v2 x=\frac{2uv}{u+v}, \qquad y=\frac{u+v}{2}\text{。}两者之差为 yx=(u+v)24uv2(u+v)=(uv)22(u+v)0 \begin{aligned} y-x &=\frac{(u+v)^2-4uv}{2(u+v)}\\ &=\frac{(u-v)^2}{2(u+v)}\\ &\ge0 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 xyx\le y,当 u=vu=v 时可取等号。

所以正确答案是 A

Car AA’s equal-distance average and Car BB’s equal-time average are x=2uvu+v,y=u+v2. x=\frac{2uv}{u+v}, \qquad y=\frac{u+v}{2}. Their difference is yx=(u+v)24uv2(u+v)=(uv)22(u+v)0. \begin{aligned} y-x &=\frac{(u+v)^2-4uv}{2(u+v)}\\ &=\frac{(u-v)^2}{2(u+v)}\\ &\ge0. \end{aligned} Thus xy,x\le y, with equality possible when u=v.u=v.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

28.

aabbcc 成等比数列,满足 1<a<b<c1\lt a\lt b\lt c,且 n>1n\gt1 为整数,则 logan\log_a nlogbn\log_b nlogcn\log_c n 组成一个数列,

If a,a, b,b, and cc are in geometric progression (G.P.) with 1<a<b<c1\lt a\lt b\lt c and n>1n\gt1 is an integer, then logan,\log_a n, logbn,\log_b n, logcn\log_c n form a sequence

该数列为等比数列

which is a G.P.

该数列为等差数列

which is an arithmetic progression (A.P.)

该数列各项的倒数组成等差数列

in which the reciprocals of the terms form an A.P.

该数列的第二项与第三项分别是第一项与第二项的 nn 次幂

in which the second and third terms are the nnth powers of the first and second respectively

以上都不是

none of these

答案:C
难度评级:2060
小提示:

取倒数,并利用 1logan=logna\dfrac1{\log_a n}=\log_n a

Take reciprocals and use 1logan=logna\dfrac1{\log_a n}=\log_n a

大提示:

对等比数列关系 b2=acb^2=ac 取对数

Apply logarithms to the geometric-progression relation b2=acb^2=ac

解答:

由换底公式, 1logan=logna,1logbn=lognb,1logcn=lognc \begin{aligned} \frac1{\log_a n}&=\log_n a,\\ \frac1{\log_b n}&=\log_n b,\\ \frac1{\log_c n}&=\log_n c \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 aabbcc 成等比数列,所以 b2=acb^2=ac。两边取以 nn 为底的对数,得到 2lognb=logna+lognc 2\log_n b=\log_n a+\log_n c\text{。}因此所给三项的倒数组成等差数列。

所以正确答案是 C

By change of base, 1logan=logna,1logbn=lognb,1logcn=lognc. \begin{aligned} \frac1{\log_a n}&=\log_n a,\\ \frac1{\log_b n}&=\log_n b,\\ \frac1{\log_c n}&=\log_n c. \end{aligned} Since a,a, b,b, cc are in geometric progression, b2=ac.b^2=ac. Taking logarithms to base nn gives 2lognb=logna+lognc. 2\log_n b=\log_n a+\log_n c. Hence the reciprocals of the three given terms form an arithmetic progression.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

29.

两个男孩从圆形跑道上的同一点 AA 出发,沿相反方向运动。他们的速度分别为每秒 55 英尺和每秒 99 英尺。若他们同时出发,并在首次同时回到 AA 点相遇时结束,则除去起点与终点,他们相遇的次数为

Two boys start moving from the same point AA on a circular track but in opposite directions. Their speeds are 55 ft. per sec. and 99 ft. per sec. If they start at the same time and finish when they first meet at the point AA again, then the number of times they meet, excluding the start and finish, is

1313

2525

4444

无穷多次

infinity

以上都不是

none of these

答案:A
难度评级:1830
小提示:

因为 5599 互质,确定两人首次都完成整数圈数的时刻

Because 55 and 99 are relatively prime, determine when both boys first complete whole numbers of laps

大提示:

在终止时刻之前,每当两人合计行程增加一整圈时就会相遇

Before that finish time, meetings occur whenever their combined distance is another whole lap

解答:

设跑道长度为 LL。由于 gcd(5,9)=1\gcd(5,9)=1,两人首次同时回到 AA 的正时刻为 t=Lt=L:他们分别完成了 55 圈与 99 圈。相对速度为 5+9=145+9=14,所以在时刻 LL 之前,他们在 t=kL14,k=1,2,,13 t=\frac{kL}{14}, \qquad k=1,2,\ldots,13 时相遇。因此除去起点与终点,共相遇 1313 次。

所以正确答案是 A

Let the track length be L.L. Since gcd(5,9)=1,\gcd(5,9)=1, the first positive time when both boys are back at AA is t=Lt=L: they have completed 55 and 99 laps. Their relative speed is 5+9=14,5+9=14, so before time LL they meet at t=kL14,k=1,2,,13. t=\frac{kL}{14}, \qquad k=1,2,\ldots,13. Thus there are 1313 meetings excluding the start and finish.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

30.

[t][t] 表示不超过 tt 的最大整数,其中 t0t\ge0,并且 S={(x,y):(xT)2+y2T2},T=t[t] \begin{aligned} S=\{(x,y):{}&(x-T)^2+y^2\\ &\le T^2\},\\ T&=t-[t] \end{aligned}\text{。}则有

Let [t][t] denote the greatest integer not exceeding t,t, where t0,t\ge0, and S={(x,y):(xT)2+y2T2},T=t[t]. \begin{aligned} S=\{(x,y):{}&(x-T)^2+y^2\\ &\le T^2\},\\ T&=t-[t]. \end{aligned} Then we have

对任意 tt,点 (0,0)(0,0) 都不属于 SS

the point (0,0)(0,0) does not belong to SS for any tt

对所有 tt,都有 0AreaSπ0\le\operatorname{Area} S\le\pi

0AreaSπ0\le\operatorname{Area} S\le\pi for all tt

对所有 t5t\ge5SS 都包含在第一象限内

SS is contained in the first quadrant for all t5t\ge5

对任意 ttSS 的圆心都在直线 y=xy=x

the center of SS for any tt is on the line y=xy=x

其他叙述都不正确

none of the other statements is true

答案:B
难度评级:1720
小提示:

看出 T=t[t]T=t-[t]tt 的小数部分

Recognize T=t[t]T=t-[t] as the fractional part of tt

大提示:

SS 的方程解释为一个圆盘,并确定其圆心与半径

Interpret the equation for SS as a disk and identify its center and radius

解答:

小数部分满足 0T<10\le T\lt1。集合 SS 是以 (T,0)(T,0) 为圆心、TT 为半径的闭圆盘。其面积为 πT2 \pi T^2\text{,}所以 0AreaS<π0\le\operatorname{Area}S\lt\pi,从而特别有 0AreaSπ0\le\operatorname{Area}S\le\pi。原点位于每个这样的圆盘上;当 T>0T\gt0 时,圆盘延伸到 xx 轴下方;而它的圆心一般不在 y=xy=x 上。

所以正确答案是 B

The fractional part satisfies 0T<1.0\le T\lt1. The set SS is the closed disk centered at (T,0)(T,0) with radius T.T. Its area is πT2, \pi T^2, so 0AreaS<π,0\le\operatorname{Area}S\lt\pi, which in particular gives 0AreaSπ.0\le\operatorname{Area}S\le\pi. The origin lies on every such disk, the disk extends below the xx-axis when T>0,T\gt0, and its center is generally not on y=x.y=x.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

31.

在下列等式中,每个字母都唯一表示一个不同的十进制数字:(YE)(ME)=TTT (YE)\cdot(ME)=TTT\text{。}E+M+T+YE+M+T+Y 等于

In the following equation, each of the letters represents uniquely a different digit in base ten: (YE)(ME)=TTT. (YE)\cdot(ME)=TTT. The sum E+M+T+YE+M+T+Y equals

1919

2020

2121

2222

2424

答案:C
难度评级:2190
小提示:

利用 TTT=111T=337TTTT=111T=3\cdot37\cdot T

Use TTT=111T=337TTTT=111T=3\cdot37\cdot T

大提示:

质数 3737 必须整除一个两位数因子;检验其末位为公共数字 EE 的两位数倍数

The prime 3737 must divide one of the two-digit factors; test its two-digit multiples ending in the common digit EE

解答:

由于 TTT=111T=337T TTT=111T=3\cdot37\cdot T\text{,}质数 3737 整除 YEYEMEME 中的一个。3737 的两位数倍数为 373774747474 不可能:另一个末位为 44 的两位数因子至少是 1414,而 7414>99974\cdot14\gt999。因此一个因子为 3737,所以 E=7E=7

乘积的个位数字等于 727^2 的个位数字,所以 T=9T=9。因此乘积为 999999,另一个因子为 99937=27 \frac{999}{37}=27\text{。}四个数字为 22337799,它们的和为 2121

所以正确答案是 C

Since TTT=111T=337T, TTT=111T=3\cdot37\cdot T, the prime 3737 divides one of YEYE and ME.ME. A two-digit multiple of 3737 is 3737 or 74.74. The value 7474 is impossible: the other two-digit factor ending in 44 is at least 14,14, and 7414>999.74\cdot14\gt999. Hence one factor is 37,37, so E=7.E=7.

The units digit of the product is the units digit of 72,7^2, so T=9.T=9. Thus the product is 999,999, and the other factor is 99937=27. \frac{999}{37}=27. The four digits are 2,2, 3,3, 7,7, 9,9, whose sum is 21.21.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

32.

一个棱锥的底面是边长为 66 的等边三角形,其余各棱长均为 15\sqrt{15}。则该棱锥的体积为

The volume of a pyramid whose base is an equilateral triangle of side length 66 and whose other edges are each of length 15\sqrt{15} is

99

92\dfrac92

272\dfrac{27}{2}

932\dfrac{9\sqrt3}{2}

以上都不是

none of these

答案:A
难度评级:2040
小提示:

从顶点作的高与底面交于等边三角形的外心

The altitude from the apex meets the base at the equilateral triangle’s circumcenter

大提示:

利用底面的外接圆半径 232\sqrt3 与侧棱 15\sqrt{15} 求高

Use the base circumradius 232\sqrt3 and a lateral edge 15\sqrt{15} to find the height

解答:

底面积为 34(62)=93 \frac{\sqrt3}{4}(6^2)=9\sqrt3\text{。}因为顶点到三个底面顶点的距离相等,所以其垂直投影是底面的外心。等边三角形底面的外接圆半径为 63=23\frac{6}{\sqrt3}=2\sqrt3。若 hh 为棱锥的高,则 h2+(23)2=(15)2 h^2+(2\sqrt3)^2=(\sqrt{15})^2\text{,}所以 h=3h=\sqrt3。体积为 13(93)(3)=9 \frac13(9\sqrt3)(\sqrt3)=9\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The base area is 34(62)=93. \frac{\sqrt3}{4}(6^2)=9\sqrt3. Because the apex is equally distant from all three base vertices, its perpendicular projection is the base circumcenter. The circumradius of the equilateral base is 63=23.\frac{6}{\sqrt3}=2\sqrt3. If hh is the pyramid’s height, then h2+(23)2=(15)2, h^2+(2\sqrt3)^2=(\sqrt{15})^2, so h=3.h=\sqrt3. The volume is 13(93)(3)=9. \frac13(9\sqrt3)(\sqrt3)=9.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

33.

向酸与水的混合物中加入一盎司水后,新混合物中酸占 20%20\%。再向新混合物中加入一盎司酸后,所得混合物中酸占 3313%33\frac13\%。原混合物中酸的百分比为

When one ounce of water is added to a mixture of acid and water, the new mixture is 20%20\% acid. When one ounce of acid is added to the new mixture, the result is 3313%33\frac13\% acid. The percentage of acid in the original mixture is

22%22\%

24%24\%

25%25\%

30%30\%

3313%33\frac13\%

答案:C
难度评级:1830
小提示:

设原混合物中的水与酸分别为 xx 盎司与 yy 盎司

Let xx and yy be the original ounces of water and acid

大提示:

加水后写一个浓度方程,再为随后加酸后的情况写另一个浓度方程

Write one concentration equation after adding water and another after subsequently adding acid

解答:

设原混合物含 xx 盎司水和 yy 盎司酸。两次添加给出 yx+y+1=15,y+1x+y+2=13 \begin{aligned} \frac{y}{x+y+1}&=\frac15,\\ \frac{y+1}{x+y+2}&=\frac13 \end{aligned}\text{。}化简得 x+1=4y,x=2y+1 x+1=4y, \qquad x=2y+1\text{。}因此 y=1y=1x=3x=3。原混合物中酸的百分比为 100yx+y=10014=25% 100\cdot\frac{y}{x+y} =100\cdot\frac14=25\%\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Let the original mixture contain xx ounces of water and yy ounces of acid. The two additions give yx+y+1=15,y+1x+y+2=13. \begin{aligned} \frac{y}{x+y+1}&=\frac15,\\ \frac{y+1}{x+y+2}&=\frac13. \end{aligned} These simplify to x+1=4y,x=2y+1. x+1=4y, \qquad x=2y+1. Hence y=1y=1 and x=3.x=3. The original acid percentage was 100yx+y=10014=25%. 100\cdot\frac{y}{x+y} =100\cdot\frac14=25\%.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

34.

一架飞机逆风直飞两座城镇之间,耗时 8484 分钟;顺风返回所需时间比无风时少 99 分钟。返程所需的分钟数(有两个答案)为

A plane flew straight against a wind between two towns in 8484 minutes and returned with that wind in 99 minutes less than it would take in still air. The number of minutes (two answers) for the return trip was

54541818

5454 or 1818

60601515

6060 or 1515

63631212

6363 or 1212

72723636

7272 or 3636

75752020

7575 or 2020

答案:C
难度评级:2410
小提示:

设返程时间为 xx;则无风时的飞行时间为 x+9x+9

Let xx be the return time; the still-air time is then x+9x+9

大提示:

飞机在无风时的速度是逆风与顺风地速的平均值

The plane’s still-air speed is the average of its against-wind and with-wind ground speeds

解答:

设两城距离为 dd,返程时间为 xx 分钟。逆风与顺风速度分别为 d84\frac{d}{84}dx\frac{d}{x}。它们的平均值是无风速度 dx+9\frac{d}{x+9}。因此 2x+9=184+1x \frac{2}{x+9}=\frac1{84}+\frac1x\text{。}清除分母,得到 168x=(x+9)(x+84),x275x+756=0,(x63)(x12)=0 \begin{gathered} 168x=(x+9)(x+84),\\ x^2-75x+756=0,\\ (x-63)(x-12)=0 \end{gathered}\text{。}两个正值都符合题设条件,所以两个返程时间为 6363 分钟与 1212 分钟。

所以正确答案是 C

Let the distance be dd and the return time be xx minutes. The against-wind and with-wind speeds are d84\frac{d}{84} and dx.\frac{d}{x}. Their average is the still-air speed dx+9.\frac{d}{x+9}. Therefore 2x+9=184+1x. \frac{2}{x+9}=\frac1{84}+\frac1x. Clearing denominators gives 168x=(x+9)(x+84),x275x+756=0,(x63)(x12)=0. \begin{gathered} 168x=(x+9)(x+84),\\ x^2-75x+756=0,\\ (x-63)(x-12)=0. \end{gathered} Both positive values are consistent with the stated conditions, so the two return times are 6363 and 1212 minutes.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

35.

在图示单位圆中,弦 PQPQMNMN 都平行于以 OO 为圆心的圆的单位半径 OROR。弦 MPMPPQPQNRNR 的长度均为 ss 个单位,弦 MNMN 的长度为 dd 个单位。

在三个等式 I.ds=1,II.ds=1,III.d2s2=5 \begin{array}{rl} \mathrm{I}.&d-s=1,\\ \mathrm{II}.&ds=1,\\ \mathrm{III}.&d^2-s^2=\sqrt5 \end{array} 中,必然成立的是

In the unit circle shown in the figure, chords PQPQ and MNMN are parallel to the unit radius OROR of the circle with center at O.O. Chords MP,MP, PQ,PQ, and NRNR are each ss units long and chord MNMN is dd units long.

Of the three equations I.ds=1,II.ds=1,III.d2s2=5 \begin{array}{rl} \mathrm{I}.&d-s=1,\\ \mathrm{II}.&ds=1,\\ \mathrm{III}.&d^2-s^2=\sqrt5 \end{array} those which are necessarily true are

I\mathrm{I}

I\mathrm{I} only

II\mathrm{II}

II\mathrm{II} only

III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}

I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II} only

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

I,\mathrm{I}, II,\mathrm{II}, and III\mathrm{III}

答案:E
难度评级:2520
小提示:

利用关于竖直直径的对称性,看出上半圆被五条相等的弦分割

Use symmetry across the vertical diameter to see that the upper semicircle is divided into five equal chords

大提示:

写出 s=2sin18s=2\sin18^\circd=2sin54d=2\sin54^\circ,再将每个量与另一个量的平方联系起来

Write s=2sin18s=2\sin18^\circ and d=2sin54,d=2\sin54^\circ, then relate each to the square of the other

解答:

KK 为水平直径的左端点。关于竖直直径的反射表明 KM=NR=sKM=NR=s,且 QN=MP=sQN=MP=s。结合题目给出的相等弦,上半圆被分成五段相等的弧。每段弧在 OO 处所对的圆心角为 3636^\circ。因此 s=2sin18,d=2sin54=2cos36 \begin{aligned} s&=2\sin18^\circ,\\ d&=2\sin54^\circ\\ &=2\cos36^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}

利用倍角恒等式, d=2(12sin218)=2s2,s=2cos72=4cos2362=d22 \begin{aligned} d&=2(1-2\sin^218^\circ)\\ &=2-s^2,\\ s&=2\cos72^\circ\\ &=4\cos^236^\circ-2\\ &=d^2-2 \end{aligned}\text{。}两式相加,得到 d+s=d2s2=(ds)(d+s) d+s=d^2-s^2=(d-s)(d+s)\text{。}因为 d+s>0d+s\gt0,所以 ds=1d-s=1。将 d=s+1d=s+1 代入 d=2s2d=2-s^2,得到 s2+s=1,s=512 s^2+s=1, \qquad s=\frac{\sqrt5-1}{2}\text{。}因此 ds=s(s+1)=1 ds=s(s+1)=1 d2s2=(ds)(d+s)=2s+1=5 \begin{aligned} d^2-s^2 &=(d-s)(d+s)\\ &=2s+1\\ &=\sqrt5 \end{aligned}\text{。}三个等式都必然成立。

所以正确答案是 E

Let KK be the left endpoint of the horizontal diameter. Reflection across the vertical diameter shows that KM=NR=sKM=NR=s and QN=MP=s.QN=MP=s. Together with the given equal chords, the upper semicircle is split into five equal arcs. Each subtends 3636^\circ at O.O. Thus s=2sin18,d=2sin54=2cos36. \begin{aligned} s&=2\sin18^\circ,\\ d&=2\sin54^\circ\\ &=2\cos36^\circ. \end{aligned}

Using the double-angle identities, d=2(12sin218)=2s2,s=2cos72=4cos2362=d22. \begin{aligned} d&=2(1-2\sin^218^\circ)\\ &=2-s^2,\\ s&=2\cos72^\circ\\ &=4\cos^236^\circ-2\\ &=d^2-2. \end{aligned} Adding these equations gives d+s=d2s2=(ds)(d+s). d+s=d^2-s^2=(d-s)(d+s). Since d+s>0,d+s\gt0, it follows that ds=1.d-s=1. Substituting d=s+1d=s+1 into d=2s2d=2-s^2 yields s2+s=1,s=512. s^2+s=1, \qquad s=\frac{\sqrt5-1}{2}. Therefore ds=s(s+1)=1 ds=s(s+1)=1 and d2s2=(ds)(d+s)=2s+1=5. \begin{aligned} d^2-s^2 &=(d-s)(d+s)\\ &=2s+1\\ &=\sqrt5. \end{aligned} All three equations are necessarily true.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.