1973 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
在一个圆中,一条弦是长度为 的一条半径的垂直平分线,则该弦的长度为
A chord which is the perpendicular bisector of a radius of length in a circle has length
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
该弦在半径的中点处与半径垂直相交
The chord meets the radius halfway from the center and at a right angle
大提示:
用勾股定理求出半弦长,再求其两倍
Find half the chord with the Pythagorean theorem, then double it
解答:
设 既是弦的中点,也是该半径的中点。圆心 到 的距离为 ,而圆的半径为 。若 是弦的一个端点,则 整条弦的长度为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let be the midpoint of the chord and also the midpoint of the radius. The distance from the center to is while the circle’s radius is If is one endpoint of the chord, then The full chord has length
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
2.
将一千个单位立方体粘成一个棱长为 个单位的大立方体;把大立方体涂色后,再拆成原来的小立方体。至少有一个面被涂色的单位立方体个数为
One thousand unit cubes are fastened together to form a large cube with edge length units; this is painted and then separated into the original cubes. The number of these unit cubes which have at least one face painted is
小提示:
改为计算没有任何一面被涂色的小立方体个数
Count the cubes with no painted face instead
大提示:
去掉外层后,剩下一个 的立方体
Removing the outer layer leaves an cube
解答:
没有被涂色的小立方体恰好组成内部的 立方体。因此至少有一个面被涂色的小立方体个数为
所以正确答案是 C。
The unpainted cubes are precisely the interior cube. Therefore the number having at least one painted face is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
3.
强哥德巴赫猜想认为,任意大于 的偶数都可以表示成两个不同质数之和。在偶数 的这类表示中,两个质数之差的最大可能值为
注:通常的哥德巴赫猜想认为,任意大于 的偶数都可以表示成两个质数之和。这个猜想及其加强版都尚未得到证明或否证。
The stronger Goldbach conjecture states that any even integer greater than can be written as the sum of two different prime numbers. For such representations of the even number the largest possible difference between the two primes is
Note: The regular Goldbach conjecture states that any even integer greater than is expressible as a sum of two primes. Neither this conjecture nor the stronger version has been settled.
小提示:
当和固定时,要使差最大,应使较小的质数尽可能小
For a fixed sum, maximize the difference by minimizing the smaller prime
大提示:
依次检验质数 、、、、、,直到它与 的差也是质数
Test the primes until the complement to is prime
解答:
对满足 且 的质数,差 在 尽可能小时最大。、、、 相应的补数分别为 、、、,它们都不是质数。当 时,另一个数为 ,它是质数。因此最大差为
所以正确答案是 B。
For primes with the difference is largest when is as small as possible. The complements of and are and none prime. For the complement is which is prime. Thus the largest difference is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
4.
将两个全等的 -- 三角形摆放成部分重叠且斜边重合。若每个三角形的斜边长为 ,则两个三角形公共部分的面积为
Two congruent -- triangles are placed so that they overlap partly and their hypotenuses coincide. If the hypotenuse of each triangle is the area common to both triangles is
小提示:
将公共斜边放在 轴上,并让两个三角形的 角分别位于斜边的不同端点
Place the common hypotenuse on the -axis and reverse which endpoint has the angle
大提示:
重叠区域的上边界由两条与斜边成 角的直线组成
The upper boundary of the overlap consists of two lines making angles with the hypotenuse
解答:
将公共斜边取为从 到 。两个三角形的第三个顶点分别为 和 。它们的公共区域是以 为底的三角形,其顶点为 与 的交点。交点横坐标为 ,高度为 。因此公共面积为
所以正确答案是 D。
Put the common hypotenuse from to The two triangles have their third vertices at and Their common region is the triangle with base and apex where and meet. This occurs at with height Hence the common area is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
5.
关于取平均数(算术平均值)这一二元运算,下列从 到 的五个叙述为:
:取平均数满足结合律
:取平均数满足交换律
:取平均数对加法满足分配律
:加法对取平均数满足分配律
:取平均数运算有单位元
其中恒成立的是
Of the following five statements, to about the binary operation of averaging (arithmetic mean),
Averaging is associative
Averaging is commutative
Averaging distributes over addition
Addition distributes over averaging
Averaging has an identity element
those which are always true are
全部
All
仅 和
and only
仅 和
and only
仅 和
and only
仅 和
and only
小提示:
将取平均数运算写成
Write the averaging operation as
大提示:
展开每个拟议的恒等式;一个反例就足以否定某条性质
Expand each proposed identity; one counterexample is enough to reject a property
解答:
令 。交换律显然成立。此外, 所以加法对取平均数满足分配律。
结合律不成立,因为 取平均数对加法不满足分配律,因为一般有 最后,若单位元为 ,则对每个 都必须有 ,即 ,这不可能由一个固定的 满足。因此只有 和 恒成立。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let Commutativity is immediate. Also so addition distributes over averaging.
Associativity fails because Averaging does not distribute over addition since generally Finally, an identity would require for every or which is impossible for a fixed Thus only and always hold.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
6.
若以 为底时,数码串 表示数码串 在 进制中所表示的数的平方,则把 写成 进制等于
If is the base representation of the square of the number whose base representation is then when written in base equals
小提示:
将 与 转化为十进制的多项式表达式
Translate and into base-ten polynomial expressions
大提示:
解出所得二次方程后,注意含有数字 的进位制底数必须大于
After solving the resulting quadratic, enforce that a base containing digit must exceed
解答:
在十进制中, 因此 底数为正且必须大于 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 C。
In base ten, Therefore A base is positive and must exceed so
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
7.
介于 与 之间、末位数字为 的所有整数之和为
The sum of all the integers between and which end in is
小提示:
这些整数构成从 到 的等差数列
The integers form an arithmetic sequence from through
大提示:
用公差求项数,再把首项与末项配对
Use the common difference to count the terms, then pair the first and last
解答:
该数列为 它共有 项。因此它的和为
所以正确答案是 A。
The sequence is It has terms. Its sum is therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
8.
若给一座高 英尺的雕像涂漆需要 品脱油漆,则以相同厚度给 座与原雕像相似、但只有 英尺高的雕像涂漆,需要的油漆品脱数为
If pint of paint is needed to paint a statue ft. high, then the number of pints it will take to paint (to the same thickness) statues similar to the original but only ft. high is
小提示:
所需油漆随表面积缩放,而不是随体积缩放
Paint required scales with surface area, not volume
大提示:
每个长度缩小 倍时,每座雕像所需油漆按该比例的平方缩小
Reducing every length by a factor of reduces the paint per statue by the square of that factor
解答:
一座 英尺高的雕像相对于原雕像的线性比例为 ,所以它的表面积与油漆需求都是原来的 。因此 座小雕像需要 品脱油漆。
所以正确答案是 E。
A -ft. statue has linear scale relative to the original, so its surface area and paint requirement are as large. The small statues therefore require pints.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
9.
在直角位于 的 中,高 与中线 将该直角三等分。若 的面积为 ,则 的面积为
In with right angle at altitude and median trisect the right angle. If the area of is then the area of is
小提示:
利用三等分角比较直角三角形 与
Compare the right triangles and using the trisection angles
大提示:
确定 与 在 上的位置后,比较 与整条底边
After locating and on compare with the whole base
解答:
由于 , 与 都在 处为直角。三等分使它们在 处的锐角相等,并且两三角形共用边 ,所以它们全等。因此 。
因为 是 的中点,所以 。沿斜边各点的顺序为 ,并且 。因此 三角形 与 的底边在同一直线上,并且从 到这条直线的高相同,所以面积比为 。因此 的面积为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Since both and are right at The trisection gives equal acute angles at and the triangles share side so they are congruent. Hence
Because is the midpoint of Along the hypotenuse the order is and Thus Triangles and have bases on the same line and the same altitude from so their areas are in the ratio Therefore the area of is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
10.
若 为实数,则联立方程组 无解当且仅当 等于
If is a real number, then the simultaneous system has no solution if and only if is equal to
或
or
小提示:
将三个方程相加,观察 的系数
Add all three equations and inspect the coefficient of
大提示:
对其余每个 值,尝试对称取值
For every remaining value of try the symmetric choice
解答:
将三个方程相加,得到 当 时,这变为 ,所以无解。若 ,对称取值 满足全部三个方程。因此方程组恰在 时无解。
所以正确答案是 A。
Adding the equations gives When this becomes so no solution exists. If the symmetric assignment satisfies all three equations. Hence the system has no solution exactly when
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
11.
在直角坐标系中,原点为 ,正 轴与正 轴分别为 与 。以下每幅图 至 都画出了一个圆及其外接正方形和内接正方形,三者均以原点为中心。
不等式 的几何表示对应编号为下列哪一幅图:
几何表示:若不等式 对所有 、 成立,则其几何表示是一幅对一个典型实数 展示下列包含关系的图:
A circle with a circumscribed and an inscribed square centered at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system with positive - and -axes and is shown in each figure to below.
The inequalities are represented geometrically by the figure numbered
Geometric representation: An inequality for all is represented by a figure showing, for a typical real number the containment
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
确定 、 和 的次水平集形状
Identify the shapes of the sublevel sets for and
大提示:
不等式会使对应次水平集的包含顺序反向
The inequality reverses the order of containment of the corresponding sublevel sets
解答:
对固定的正数 ,集合 是边与坐标轴平行的正方形。集合 是它的外接圆,而 是该圆的外接菱形。因此所需的嵌套顺序是内部的轴向正方形、圆、外部菱形,对应图 。
所以正确答案是 B。
For a fixed positive the set is an axis-aligned square. The set is its circumscribed circle, and is the diamond circumscribed about that circle. Thus the required nesting is an inner axis-aligned square, then a circle, then an outer diamond, which is figure
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
12.
一个由医生和律师组成的群体平均年龄(算术平均值)为 。若医生的平均年龄为 ,律师的平均年龄为 ,则医生人数与律师人数之比为
The average (arithmetic mean) age of a group consisting of doctors and lawyers is If the doctors average and the lawyers years old, then the ratio of the number of doctors to the number of lawyers is
13.
分数 等于
The fraction is equal to
小提示:
所有量都为正,因此比较该分数的平方与各选项的平方
All quantities are positive, so compare the square of the fraction with the squares of the choices
大提示:
利用
Use
解答:
该分数为正,其平方为 因此原分数为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The fraction is positive, and its square is Therefore the original fraction is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
14.
阀门 、、 打开时,各自以恒定速率向水箱注水。三个阀门全开时,水箱在 小时内注满;仅打开 与 时需 小时;仅打开 与 时需 小时。仅打开 与 时,注满水箱所需的小时数为
Each valve and when open, releases water into a tank at its own constant rate. With all three valves open, the tank fills in hour, with only valves and open it takes hours, and with only valves and open it takes hours. The number of hours required with only valves and open is
小提示:
设三个阀门每小时分别注满水箱的 、、 部分
Let be the fractions of the tank filled per hour by the three valves
大提示:
联立 、 和 ,求
Combine and to find
解答:
设 、、 为三个阀门每小时注满的水箱数。则 第一式的两倍减去另外两式,得到 因此阀门 与 注满水箱需要 小时。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let be the hourly rates in tankfuls. Then Twice the first equation minus the other two gives Thus valves and fill the tank in hours.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
15.
从半径为 的圆中截取一个圆心角为锐角 的扇形。该扇形的外接圆半径为
A sector with acute central angle is cut from a circle of radius The radius of the circle circumscribed about the sector is
小提示:
将扇形的两条半径与弦看作一个等腰三角形
Treat the sector’s two radii and chord as an isosceles triangle
大提示:
用 表示弦长,再应用正弦定理的扩展形式
Express the chord using then apply the extended sine rule
解答:
两条半径与扇形的弦组成一个腰长为 、顶角为 的等腰三角形。其底边长为 。若 为该三角形的外接圆半径,则扩展正弦定理给出 由于 ,
所以正确答案是 D。
The two radii and the sector’s chord form an isosceles triangle with equal sides and vertex angle Its base has length If is the triangle’s circumradius, the extended sine rule gives Since
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
16.
若一个凸多边形除一个内角外的所有内角之和为 ,则该多边形的边数必为
If the sum of all the angles except one of a convex polygon is then the number of sides of the polygon must be
小提示:
设省略的内角为 ,边数为
Let the omitted interior angle be and the number of sides be
大提示:
利用 ,把整数 限制在长度为 的区间内
Use to trap the integer in an interval of length
解答:
若省略的角为 ,则由凸性可得 。因此 所以 即 唯一可能的整数是 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
If the omitted angle is then convexity gives Hence so This is The only possible integer is so
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
17.
若 为锐角,且 则 等于
If is an acute angle and then equals
18.
若 为质数,则 整除
If is a prime number, then divides without remainder
从不成立
never
仅有时成立
sometimes only
恒成立
always
仅当 时成立
only if
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
因式分解
Factor
大提示:
在三个连续整数 、、 中找出因子 与 的来源
Among the three consecutive integers locate factors of and
解答:
质数 为奇数,所以 与 是两个连续偶数。其中一个能被 整除,因此它们的乘积能被 整除。在三个连续整数 、、 中,有一个能被 整除。它不可能是 ,因为 是质数,所以 也整除 。由于 与 互质, 恒能被 整除。
所以正确答案是 C。
A prime is odd, so and are consecutive even integers. One is divisible by making their product divisible by Among the three consecutive integers one is divisible by It cannot be since is prime, so also divides Because and are relatively prime, is always divisible by
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
19.
对正数 与 ,定义 为 其中 是满足 的最大整数。则商 等于
Define for positive and to be where is the greatest integer for which Then the quotient is equal to
小提示:
将两个广义阶乘都写成九个明确的因子
Write both generalized factorials as nine explicit factors
大提示:
从分子的每个因子中提出 ,从分母的每个因子中提出
Factor from every numerator term and from every denominator term
解答:
两个乘积为 因此它们的商为
所以正确答案是 D。
The two products are Their quotient is therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
20.
一名牛仔位于一条正向东流的河流以南 英里处。他还位于自己的小屋以西 英里、以北 英里处。他想先到河边让马饮水,再回家。完成这段行程的最短路程(英里)为
A cowboy is miles south of a stream which flows due east. He is also miles west and miles north of his cabin. He wishes to water his horse at the stream and return home. The shortest distance (in miles) he can travel and accomplish this is
小提示:
将牛仔的起点关于笔直的河流作镜像
Reflect the cowboy’s starting point across the straight stream
大提示:
镜像后,途经河流的两段路程变成通向小屋的一条直线段
After reflection, the two-leg trip through the stream becomes one straight segment to the cabin
解答:
将河流取为 轴,并把牛仔置于 。则小屋位于 。将 关于河流反射到 。对河流上的任意点 ,有 ,所以使 最小等价于使 最小。当 、、 共线时取得最小值。最短路程为
所以正确答案是 C。
Take the stream as the -axis and put the cowboy at His cabin is then Reflect across the stream to For any point on the stream, so minimizing is the same as minimizing This occurs when are collinear. The minimum distance is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
21.
和为 的、由两个或更多连续正整数组成的集合个数为
The number of sets of two or more consecutive positive integers whose sum is is
小提示:
若从 开始共有 项,将总和乘以二,得到
If there are terms beginning with double the sum to obtain
大提示:
检验满足 的约数,并要求 为正整数
Check divisors and enforce that is a positive integer
解答:
对从 开始的 个连续正整数, 由正性可得 ,所以 的可能约数 为 由 只有 与 使右边为正偶数。它们分别给出集合 和 。因此共有 个集合。
所以正确答案是 B。
For consecutive positive integers starting at Positivity gives so the possible divisors of are From only and give positive even right-hand sides. They yield the sets and Hence there are sets.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
22.
不等式 的所有实数解组成的集合为
The set of all real solutions of the inequality is
(空集)
(empty)
小提示:
将两个绝对值解释为 到 与 的距离
Interpret the two absolute values as the distances from to and to
大提示:
在 与 之间,距离和恒定;在该区间外,距离和的增量是到较近端点距离的两倍
Between and the sum is constant; outside that interval it increases by twice the distance from the nearer endpoint
解答:
当 时, 到 与 的距离之和为 。若 位于该区间外,且到区间的距离为 ,则距离和为 。因此 将区间 的两端各延伸 ,得到
所以正确答案是 A。
For the sum of the distances from to and is If lies a distance outside this interval, the sum is Thus Extending the interval by at each end gives
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
23.
有两张卡片;一张两面都是红色,另一张一面红、一面蓝。两张卡片被选中的概率相同,均为 。随机选一张放在桌上。若朝上的一面是红色,则朝下的一面也是红色的概率为
There are two cards; one is red on both sides and the other is red on one side and blue on the other. The cards have the same probability of being chosen, and one is chosen and placed on the table. If the upper side of the card on the table is red, then the probability that the under-side is also red is
小提示:
按所有可能朝上的红色卡面分别考虑
Condition on the individual card sides that could be showing red
大提示:
共有三个等可能朝上的红色卡面;判断每个卡面的背面颜色
There are three equally likely visible red faces; determine the color behind each
解答:
在朝上一面为红色的结果中,可能朝上的是双红卡的两个红面之一,或红蓝卡的红面。这三个可见的红面等可能出现。前两种情况下背面为红色,第三种情况下背面为蓝色,所以条件概率为
所以正确答案是 D。
Among outcomes having a red upper side, either of the two red faces of the red-red card or the red face of the red-blue card can be uppermost. These three visible red faces are equally likely. The underside is red in the first two cases and blue in the third, so the conditional probability is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
24.
在同一家店里,包含 份三明治、 杯咖啡和一块派的一顿午餐账单为 。包含 份三明治、 杯咖啡和一块派的一顿午餐账单为 。一份三明治、一杯咖啡和一块派的午餐费用为
The check for a luncheon of sandwiches, cups of coffee and one piece of pie came to The check for a luncheon consisting of sandwiches, cups of coffee and one piece of pie came to at the same place. The cost of a luncheon consisting of one sandwich, one cup of coffee and one piece of pie at the same place will come to
小提示:
设三种食品的价格分别为 、、;只需求
Let be the three item prices; only is required
大提示:
对 与 作适当线性组合,可单独得到所求的和
A suitable linear combination of and isolates the desired sum
解答:
设一份三明治、一杯咖啡和一块派的价格分别为 、、。两张账单给出 第一式的三倍减去第二式的两倍,得到 所求午餐费用为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let be the prices of a sandwich, coffee, and pie. The checks give Three times the first equation minus twice the second gives The requested luncheon costs
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
25.
一块直径为 英尺的圆形草地被一条宽 英尺的笔直碎石路切过,其中一条路边经过草地中心。剩余草地的面积(平方英尺)为
A circular grass plot feet in diameter is cut by a straight gravel path feet wide, one edge of which passes through the center of the plot. The number of square feet in the remaining grass area is
小提示:
用与小路垂直的圆直径将小路平分
Bisect the path by the perpendicular diameter of the circular plot
大提示:
小路的每一半由一个 扇形和一个 -- 三角形组成
Each half of the path is a sector together with a -- triangle
解答:
草地半径为 。在小路的另一条边上,圆心到该边的垂直距离为 ,所以通向交点的半径与经过圆心的路边成 角。小路的一半由半径为 的 扇形和直角边长为 与 的直角三角形组成。其面积为 因此整条小路的面积为 ,剩余草地面积为
所以正确答案是 E。
The plot has radius At the path’s other edge, the perpendicular distance from the center is so the radius to an intersection point makes a angle with the edge through the center. Half of the path consists of a sector of radius and a right triangle with legs and Its area is Thus the whole path has area and the remaining grass area is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
26.
一个等差数列的项数为偶数。奇数编号各项之和与偶数编号各项之和分别为 与 。若末项比首项大 ,则该等差数列的项数为
The number of terms in an A.P. (Arithmetic Progression) is even. The sums of the odd- and even-numbered terms are and respectively. If the last term exceeds the first by the number of terms in the A.P. is
小提示:
将项数写成 ,公差写成
Write the number of terms as and the common difference as
大提示:
将每个奇数编号项与紧随其后的偶数编号项配对,得到
Pair each odd-numbered term with the following even-numbered term to get
解答:
设数列有 项,公差为 。将每个奇数编号项与后一项配对,可得 末项与首项之差为 因为 ,相减得到 。于是 ,该数列共有 项。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let the progression have terms and common difference Pairing each odd-numbered term with its successor shows that The difference between the last and first terms is Since subtraction gives Hence and the progression has terms.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
27.
汽车 与 行驶相同的路程。汽车 以每小时 英里的速度行驶一半路程,以每小时 英里的速度行驶另一半。汽车 以每小时 英里的速度行驶一半时间,以每小时 英里的速度行驶另一半。汽车 的平均速度为每小时 英里,汽车 的平均速度为每小时 英里。则恒有
Cars and travel the same distance. Car travels half that distance at miles per hour and half at miles per hour. Car travels half the time at miles per hour and half at miles per hour. The average speed of Car is miles per hour and that of Car is miles per hour. Then we always have
小提示:
汽车 的平均速度是 与 的调和平均数,而汽车 的平均速度是它们的算术平均数
Car ’s average is the harmonic mean of and while Car ’s is their arithmetic mean
大提示:
将两个平均数相减,并把分子因式分解为平方
Subtract the two means and factor the numerator as a square
解答:
汽车 的等距离平均速度与汽车 的等时间平均速度分别为 两者之差为 因此 ,当 时可取等号。
所以正确答案是 A。
Car ’s equal-distance average and Car ’s equal-time average are Their difference is Thus with equality possible when
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
28.
若 、、 成等比数列,满足 ,且 为整数,则 、、 组成一个数列,
If and are in geometric progression (G.P.) with and is an integer, then form a sequence
该数列为等比数列
which is a G.P.
该数列为等差数列
which is an arithmetic progression (A.P.)
该数列各项的倒数组成等差数列
in which the reciprocals of the terms form an A.P.
该数列的第二项与第三项分别是第一项与第二项的 次幂
in which the second and third terms are the th powers of the first and second respectively
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
取倒数,并利用
Take reciprocals and use
大提示:
对等比数列关系 取对数
Apply logarithms to the geometric-progression relation
解答:
由换底公式, 因为 、、 成等比数列,所以 。两边取以 为底的对数,得到 因此所给三项的倒数组成等差数列。
所以正确答案是 C。
By change of base, Since are in geometric progression, Taking logarithms to base gives Hence the reciprocals of the three given terms form an arithmetic progression.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
29.
两个男孩从圆形跑道上的同一点 出发,沿相反方向运动。他们的速度分别为每秒 英尺和每秒 英尺。若他们同时出发,并在首次同时回到 点相遇时结束,则除去起点与终点,他们相遇的次数为
Two boys start moving from the same point on a circular track but in opposite directions. Their speeds are ft. per sec. and ft. per sec. If they start at the same time and finish when they first meet at the point again, then the number of times they meet, excluding the start and finish, is
无穷多次
infinity
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
因为 与 互质,确定两人首次都完成整数圈数的时刻
Because and are relatively prime, determine when both boys first complete whole numbers of laps
大提示:
在终止时刻之前,每当两人合计行程增加一整圈时就会相遇
Before that finish time, meetings occur whenever their combined distance is another whole lap
解答:
设跑道长度为 。由于 ,两人首次同时回到 的正时刻为 :他们分别完成了 圈与 圈。相对速度为 ,所以在时刻 之前,他们在 时相遇。因此除去起点与终点,共相遇 次。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let the track length be Since the first positive time when both boys are back at is : they have completed and laps. Their relative speed is so before time they meet at Thus there are meetings excluding the start and finish.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
30.
设 表示不超过 的最大整数,其中 ,并且 则有
Let denote the greatest integer not exceeding where and Then we have
对任意 ,点 都不属于
the point does not belong to for any
对所有 ,都有
for all
对所有 , 都包含在第一象限内
is contained in the first quadrant for all
对任意 , 的圆心都在直线 上
the center of for any is on the line
其他叙述都不正确
none of the other statements is true
小提示:
看出 是 的小数部分
Recognize as the fractional part of
大提示:
将 的方程解释为一个圆盘,并确定其圆心与半径
Interpret the equation for as a disk and identify its center and radius
解答:
小数部分满足 。集合 是以 为圆心、 为半径的闭圆盘。其面积为 所以 ,从而特别有 。原点位于每个这样的圆盘上;当 时,圆盘延伸到 轴下方;而它的圆心一般不在 上。
所以正确答案是 B。
The fractional part satisfies The set is the closed disk centered at with radius Its area is so which in particular gives The origin lies on every such disk, the disk extends below the -axis when and its center is generally not on
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
31.
在下列等式中,每个字母都唯一表示一个不同的十进制数字:则 等于
In the following equation, each of the letters represents uniquely a different digit in base ten: The sum equals
小提示:
利用
Use
大提示:
质数 必须整除一个两位数因子;检验其末位为公共数字 的两位数倍数
The prime must divide one of the two-digit factors; test its two-digit multiples ending in the common digit
解答:
由于 质数 整除 与 中的一个。 的两位数倍数为 或 。 不可能:另一个末位为 的两位数因子至少是 ,而 。因此一个因子为 ,所以 。
乘积的个位数字等于 的个位数字,所以 。因此乘积为 ,另一个因子为 四个数字为 、、、,它们的和为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since the prime divides one of and A two-digit multiple of is or The value is impossible: the other two-digit factor ending in is at least and Hence one factor is so
The units digit of the product is the units digit of so Thus the product is and the other factor is The four digits are whose sum is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
32.
一个棱锥的底面是边长为 的等边三角形,其余各棱长均为 。则该棱锥的体积为
The volume of a pyramid whose base is an equilateral triangle of side length and whose other edges are each of length is
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
从顶点作的高与底面交于等边三角形的外心
The altitude from the apex meets the base at the equilateral triangle’s circumcenter
大提示:
利用底面的外接圆半径 与侧棱 求高
Use the base circumradius and a lateral edge to find the height
解答:
底面积为 因为顶点到三个底面顶点的距离相等,所以其垂直投影是底面的外心。等边三角形底面的外接圆半径为 。若 为棱锥的高,则 所以 。体积为
所以正确答案是 A。
The base area is Because the apex is equally distant from all three base vertices, its perpendicular projection is the base circumcenter. The circumradius of the equilateral base is If is the pyramid’s height, then so The volume is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
33.
向酸与水的混合物中加入一盎司水后,新混合物中酸占 。再向新混合物中加入一盎司酸后,所得混合物中酸占 。原混合物中酸的百分比为
When one ounce of water is added to a mixture of acid and water, the new mixture is acid. When one ounce of acid is added to the new mixture, the result is acid. The percentage of acid in the original mixture is
小提示:
设原混合物中的水与酸分别为 盎司与 盎司
Let and be the original ounces of water and acid
大提示:
加水后写一个浓度方程,再为随后加酸后的情况写另一个浓度方程
Write one concentration equation after adding water and another after subsequently adding acid
解答:
设原混合物含 盎司水和 盎司酸。两次添加给出 化简得 因此 ,。原混合物中酸的百分比为
所以正确答案是 C。
Let the original mixture contain ounces of water and ounces of acid. The two additions give These simplify to Hence and The original acid percentage was
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
34.
一架飞机逆风直飞两座城镇之间,耗时 分钟;顺风返回所需时间比无风时少 分钟。返程所需的分钟数(有两个答案)为
A plane flew straight against a wind between two towns in minutes and returned with that wind in minutes less than it would take in still air. The number of minutes (two answers) for the return trip was
或
or
或
or
或
or
或
or
或
or
小提示:
设返程时间为 ;则无风时的飞行时间为
Let be the return time; the still-air time is then
大提示:
飞机在无风时的速度是逆风与顺风地速的平均值
The plane’s still-air speed is the average of its against-wind and with-wind ground speeds
解答:
设两城距离为 ,返程时间为 分钟。逆风与顺风速度分别为 与 。它们的平均值是无风速度 。因此 清除分母,得到 两个正值都符合题设条件,所以两个返程时间为 分钟与 分钟。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let the distance be and the return time be minutes. The against-wind and with-wind speeds are and Their average is the still-air speed Therefore Clearing denominators gives Both positive values are consistent with the stated conditions, so the two return times are and minutes.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
35.
在图示单位圆中,弦 与 都平行于以 为圆心的圆的单位半径 。弦 、、 的长度均为 个单位,弦 的长度为 个单位。
在三个等式 中,必然成立的是
In the unit circle shown in the figure, chords and are parallel to the unit radius of the circle with center at Chords and are each units long and chord is units long.
Of the three equations those which are necessarily true are
仅
only
仅
only
仅
only
仅 与
and only
、 与
and
小提示:
利用关于竖直直径的对称性,看出上半圆被五条相等的弦分割
Use symmetry across the vertical diameter to see that the upper semicircle is divided into five equal chords
大提示:
写出 与 ,再将每个量与另一个量的平方联系起来
Write and then relate each to the square of the other
解答:
设 为水平直径的左端点。关于竖直直径的反射表明 ,且 。结合题目给出的相等弦,上半圆被分成五段相等的弧。每段弧在 处所对的圆心角为 。因此
利用倍角恒等式, 两式相加,得到 因为 ,所以 。将 代入 ,得到 因此 且 三个等式都必然成立。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let be the left endpoint of the horizontal diameter. Reflection across the vertical diameter shows that and Together with the given equal chords, the upper semicircle is split into five equal arcs. Each subtends at Thus
Using the double-angle identities, Adding these equations gives Since it follows that Substituting into yields Therefore and All three equations are necessarily true.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.