2014 AIME II 第 12 题

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12.

假设 ABC\triangle ABC 的角满足 cos(3A)+cos(3B)\cos(3A) + \cos(3B) +cos(3C)=1+ \cos(3C) = 1。该三角形的两条边长为 10101313。存在正整数 mm,使得 ABC\triangle ABC 剩余一边的最大可能长度为 m\sqrt{m}。求 mm

Suppose that the angles of ABC\triangle ABC satisfy cos(3A)+cos(3B)\cos(3A) + \cos(3B) +cos(3C)=1.+ \cos(3C) = 1. Two sides of the triangle have lengths 1010 and 13.13. There is a positive integer mm so that the maximum possible length for the remaining side of ABC\triangle ABC is m.\sqrt{m}. Find m.m.

答案:399
知识点:三角恒等式因式分解余弦定理
难度评级:2990
解答:

使用 1cos3A=2sin23A21 - \cos 3A = 2\sin^2\frac{3A}{2}cos3B+cos3C=\cos 3B + \cos 3C = 2cos3(B+C)2cos3(BC)22\cos\frac{3(B+C)}{2}\cos\frac{3(B-C)}{2},又因为 3(B+C)2=2703A2\frac{3(B+C)}{2} = 270^\circ - \frac{3A}{2},所以 cos3(B+C)2=sin3A2\cos\frac{3(B+C)}{2} = -\sin\frac{3A}{2},于是条件变为 0=2sin3A2(sin3A2+cos3(BC)2)=2sin3A2(cos3(BC)2cos3(B+C)2)=4sin3A2sin3B2sin3C2. \begin{aligned} 0 &= 2\sin\tfrac{3A}{2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\sin\tfrac{3A}{2} + \cos\tfrac{3(B-C)}{2}\right) \\ &= 2\sin\tfrac{3A}{2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\cos\tfrac{3(B-C)}{2} - \cos\tfrac{3(B+C)}{2}\right) \\ &= 4\sin\tfrac{3A}{2}\sin\tfrac{3B}{2}\sin\tfrac{3C}{2}. \end{aligned}

对三角形的任意角 XX3X2\frac{3X}{2} 严格位于 00^\circ270270^\circ 之间,所以 sin3X2=0\sin\frac{3X}{2} = 0 当且仅当 X=120X = 120^\circ。因此该三角形有一个角为 120120^\circ

120120^\circ 角夹在长为 10101313 的两边之间时,剩余边最长(如果 120120^\circ 角对着其中一条已知边,则剩余边会比那条边短)。由余弦定理,该边长为 102+132+1013=399\sqrt{10^2 + 13^2 + 10 \cdot 13} = \sqrt{399},所以 m=399m = 399

Using 1cos3A=2sin23A21 - \cos 3A = 2\sin^2\frac{3A}{2} and cos3B+cos3C=\cos 3B + \cos 3C = 2cos3(B+C)2cos3(BC)2,2\cos\frac{3(B+C)}{2}\cos\frac{3(B-C)}{2}, together with 3(B+C)2=2703A2\frac{3(B+C)}{2} = 270^\circ - \frac{3A}{2} so that cos3(B+C)2=sin3A2,\cos\frac{3(B+C)}{2} = -\sin\frac{3A}{2}, the condition becomes 0=2sin3A2(sin3A2+cos3(BC)2)=2sin3A2(cos3(BC)2cos3(B+C)2)=4sin3A2sin3B2sin3C2. \begin{aligned} 0 &= 2\sin\tfrac{3A}{2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\sin\tfrac{3A}{2} + \cos\tfrac{3(B-C)}{2}\right) \\ &= 2\sin\tfrac{3A}{2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\cos\tfrac{3(B-C)}{2} - \cos\tfrac{3(B+C)}{2}\right) \\ &= 4\sin\tfrac{3A}{2}\sin\tfrac{3B}{2}\sin\tfrac{3C}{2}. \end{aligned}

For an angle XX of a triangle, 3X2\frac{3X}{2} lies strictly between 00^\circ and 270,270^\circ, so sin3X2=0\sin\frac{3X}{2} = 0 exactly when X=120.X = 120^\circ. Hence one angle of the triangle is 120.120^\circ.

The remaining side is longest when the 120120^\circ angle sits between the sides of lengths 1010 and 1313 (if 120120^\circ were opposite one of them, the remaining side would be shorter than that side). By the law of cosines its length is 102+132+1013=399,\sqrt{10^2 + 13^2 + 10 \cdot 13} = \sqrt{399}, so m=399.m = 399.

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