2011 AIME II 第 12 题

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12.

九名代表围坐在一张可坐九人的圆桌旁,他们来自三个不同国家,每国三人,座位随机选择。设每名代表都至少挨着一名来自其他国家的代表的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Nine delegates, three each from three different countries, randomly select chairs at a round table that seats nine people. Let the probability that each delegate sits next to at least one delegate from another country be mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:97
知识点:环形排列补集计数容斥原理
难度评级:3060
解答:

只需要考虑九个座位上的国家模式,所有 9!3!3!3!=1680\frac{9!}{3!\,3!\,3!} = 1680 个模式等可能。 条件失败当且仅当某名代表的两个邻座都是同胞,也就是某个国家的三名代表占据三个连续座位。令 AiA_i 为国家 ii 的代表连续就坐的模式集合。

圆桌上有 99 组三个连续座位,所以 Ai=9(63)=180|A_i| = 9\binom{6}{3} = 180,这里是在剩余 66 个座位中选择哪 33 个给另一个国家。对于两个国家,放好第一个连续块后(99 种方式), 剩余六个座位形成一段弧,其中包含 44 组三个连续座位,所以 AiAj=94=36|A_i \cap A_j| = 9 \cdot 4 = 36。对于三个国家,圆必须分成三个连续三座块(33 种方式),再按 3!3! 种顺序分配给三个国家: A1A2A3=18|A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3| = 18。由容斥, A1A2A3=3180336+18=450. \begin{aligned} |A_1 \cup A_2 \cup A_3| &= 3 \cdot 180 - 3 \cdot 36 \\ &\quad {}+ 18 = 450. \end{aligned}

所求概率为 14501680=11556=41561 - \frac{450}{1680} = 1 - \frac{15}{56} = \frac{41}{56},所以 m+n=41+56=97m + n = 41 + 56 = 97

Only the pattern of countries in the nine chairs matters, and all 9!3!3!3!=1680\frac{9!}{3!\,3!\,3!} = 1680 patterns are equally likely. The condition fails for some delegate exactly when both of his neighbors are compatriots, which happens exactly when some country's three delegates occupy three consecutive chairs. Let AiA_i be the set of patterns in which country ii's delegates are consecutive.

There are 99 triples of consecutive chairs, so Ai=9(63)=180,|A_i| = 9\binom{6}{3} = 180, choosing which 33 of the remaining 66 chairs go to one of the other countries. For two countries, after placing the first block (99 ways) the remaining six chairs form an arc containing 44 triples of consecutive chairs, so AiAj=94=36.|A_i \cap A_j| = 9 \cdot 4 = 36. For all three, the circle must split into three consecutive triples (33 ways) assigned to the countries in 3!3! orders: A1A2A3=18.|A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3| = 18. By inclusion-exclusion, A1A2A3=3180336+18=450. \begin{aligned} |A_1 \cup A_2 \cup A_3| &= 3 \cdot 180 - 3 \cdot 36 \\ &\quad {}+ 18 = 450. \end{aligned}

The probability is 14501680=11556=4156,1 - \frac{450}{1680} = 1 - \frac{15}{56} = \frac{41}{56}, so m+n=41+56=97.m + n = 41 + 56 = 97.

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