2011 AIME II 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
加里买了一大杯饮料,但只喝了其中的 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。如果加里只买原来一半的饮料,并喝掉原先饮用量的两倍,他浪费的饮料量就只有原来的 。求 。
Gary purchased a large beverage, but drank only of this beverage, where and are relatively prime positive integers. If Gary had purchased only half as much and drunk twice as much, he would have wasted only as much beverage. Find
小提示:
设买的量为 ,喝掉的量为 ;浪费的量就是 。
Let be the amount purchased and the amount drunk; the wasted amount is
大提示:
第二种情况浪费 ,所以列出 ,并求出 。
The second scenario wastes so set and solve for
解答:
设加里买了 单位饮料,喝了 单位,于是浪费 。在第二种情况中,他会买 单位并喝掉 单位,于是浪费 。条件为
两边乘以 得 ,所以 ,从而 。因为 ,答案是 。
Say Gary purchased an amount and drank an amount wasting In the second scenario he would have purchased and drunk wasting The condition is
Multiplying by gives so and Since the answer is
2.
在正方形 中,点 在边 上,点 在边 上,且 。求正方形 的面积。
On square point lies on side and point lies on side so that Find the area of square
小提示:
设 、、、,并令 、。
Put and write
大提示:
迫使 ,然后 迫使 ;最后用 。
forces and then forces finish with
解答:
设边长为 ,并取 、、、。令 、。于是 ,,且 。
由 得 ,所以 。再由 得 ,其解为 和 (后一个解会把分别命名的点 、 与角点 、 重合,使三条线段都成为同一条对角线)。所以 。
现在 ,所以面积为 。
Let the side length be and place Write and Then and
From we get so Then gives whose solutions are and (the latter identifies the separately named points and with corners and making all three segments the same diagonal). So
Now so the area is
3.
一个凸 边形的各角度数组成一个递增的等差数列,并且每个角度都是整数。求最小角的度数。
The degree measures of the angles of a convex -sided polygon form an increasing arithmetic sequence with integer values. Find the degree measure of the smallest angle.
小提示:
一个 边形的内角和为 度。
The interior angles of an -gon sum to degrees
大提示:
若最小角为 ,公差为 ,则 ,所以 是偶数;凸性限制最大角小于 。
With smallest angle and common difference so is even; convexity caps the largest angle below
解答:
一个 边形的内角和为 度。若最小角为 ,公差为 ,则 ,即 。因为 和 都是整数, 必须为偶数,所以 是偶数;又因为数列递增,。
凸性要求最大角 小于 ,所以 ,从而 。因此 ,且 。
The interior angles of an -gon sum to degrees. If the smallest angle is and the common difference is then i.e. Since and are integers, must be even, so is even, and because the sequence is increasing.
Convexity requires the largest angle to be less than so and Thus and
4.
在三角形 中,。角 的角平分线与 交于点 。点 是 的中点。令 为 与直线 的交点。 与 的比可以表示为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
In triangle The angle bisector of angle intersects at point and point is the midpoint of Let be the point of intersection of and line The ratio of to can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
角平分线定理给出 。
The angle bisector theorem gives
大提示:
质量点法:在 放质量 ,在 放质量 ,则 带有质量 ;在 放质量 会使中点 平衡。
Mass points: masses at and at make carry placing at balances the midpoint
解答:
根据角平分线定理,。使用质量点法:在 放质量 ,在 放质量 ,于是以 分割 的点 是它们的平衡点,带有质量 。在 放质量 ,就会使 和 的平衡点正好是 的中点 。
因此整个系统的质心在直线 上,同时也在从 到 与 的平衡点的线段上。这个平衡点正是直线 与 的交点 ,并满足 。
所以 ,已经是最简形式,。
By the angle bisector theorem, Use mass points: place mass at and mass at so that which divides with is their balance point and carries mass Placing mass at makes the balance point of and exactly the midpoint of
The center of mass of the whole system therefore lies on line and it also lies on the segment from to the balance point of and That balance point is precisely where line crosses namely and it satisfies
Hence which is in lowest terms, and
5.
一个等比数列前 项的和为 。同一个数列前 项的和为 。求该数列前 项的和。
The sum of the first terms of a geometric series is The sum of the first terms of the same series is Find the sum of the first terms of the series.
小提示:
第 项到第 项中的每一项,都是前 项中对应项的 倍。
Terms through are times the first terms
大提示:
每一块连续 项的和都是前一块的 倍;从两个给定和中求出这个比值。
Each successive block of terms is the previous block times find that ratio from the two given sums
解答:
将数列分成每块 个连续项。第二块的每一项都是第一块对应项的 倍,所以各块和构成公比为 的等比数列。第一块和为 ,第二块和为 ,所以 。
第三块的和为 ,所以前 项的和为 。
Group the series into blocks of consecutive terms. Each term of the second block is times the corresponding term of the first block, so the block sums form a geometric sequence with ratio The first block sums to and the second block sums to so
The third block then sums to so the sum of the first terms is
6.
如果一个有序整数四元组 满足 且 ,则称它为有趣的。有多少个有趣的有序四元组?
Define an ordered quadruple of integers to be interesting if and How many interesting ordered quadruples are there?
小提示:
条件 等价于 。
The condition is the same as
大提示:
映射 会交换 和 ;数出满足 的四元组,再利用对称性。
The map swaps with count the quadruples with and use symmetry
解答:
条件 等价于 。总共有 个四元组,而对合映射 会交换外侧间隔 和 。因此满足 的四元组与满足 的四元组数量相等,答案为 ,其中 是满足 的四元组数量。
若 且 ,则四元组由 决定,其中 且 。当 、、、 时, 的上界依次为 、、、;相应数量分别为 、、、,所以 。
因此有趣四元组的数量为 。
The condition is equivalent to There are quadruples in all, and the involution exchanges the outer gaps and So the quadruples with and those with are equinumerous, and the answer is where counts quadruples with
If and the quadruple is determined by with and For and respectively, the bounds on are and the corresponding counts are and so
Therefore the number of interesting quadruples is
7.
埃德有五颗相同的绿色弹珠,还有大量相同的红色弹珠。他把这些绿色弹珠和一些红色弹珠排成一排,发现右侧相邻弹珠颜色相同的弹珠数,恰好等于右侧相邻弹珠颜色不同的弹珠数。例如,GGRRRGGRG 就是一种这样的排列。令 为能使这种排列存在的红色弹珠最大数量,令 为埃德排列这 颗弹珠并满足要求的方法数。求 除以 的余数。
Ed has five identical green marbles, and a large supply of identical red marbles. He arranges the green marbles and some of the red ones in a row and finds that the number of marbles whose right hand neighbor is the same color as themselves equals the number of marbles whose right hand neighbor is the other color. An example of such an arrangement is GGRRRGGRG. Let be the maximum number of red marbles for which such an arrangement is possible, and let be the number of ways in which Ed can arrange the marbles to satisfy the requirement. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
如果这一排由 个极大单色段组成,则异色相邻对的数量为 。
If the row consists of maximal single-color runs, the number of different-color neighbor pairs is
大提示:
五颗绿色弹珠最多允许 个色段,所以最多有 次颜色变化。相同与不同的相邻对数量相等会迫使有 颗红色弹珠;数出把 分成 个正部分的组成数。
Five greens allow at most runs, so at most color changes. Matching same and different pairs then forces reds; count compositions of into positive parts.
解答:
将这一排分成极大单色段。如果有 个色段,则恰好有 个异色相邻对。因为色段颜色交替,且五颗绿色弹珠最多形成 个绿色段,所以最多有 个红色段,因此最多有 个色段和最多 个异色相邻对。若有 颗红色弹珠,总共有 个相邻对,而题目要求其中一半是异色对,所以 ,即 。因此 。
当有 颗红色弹珠、总共 颗弹珠时,异色相邻对必须恰好为 个,所以恰好有 个色段:颜色必须按红色、绿色、红色、、红色交替,其中有 个红色段,且中间有 颗单独的绿色弹珠。排列对应于把 分成 个正部分的组成,数量为 。
因此 ,除以 的余数为 。
Break the row into maximal single-color runs. If there are runs, there are exactly different-color neighbor pairs. Since runs alternate colors and the five green marbles form at most runs, there are at most red runs, hence at most runs and at most different-color pairs. With red marbles there are neighbor pairs in all, and the requirement says half of them are different-color pairs, so i.e. Thus
With reds and marbles, the count of different-color pairs must be exactly so there are exactly runs: the colors must alternate as red–green–red––red with red runs and single green marbles between them. The arrangements correspond to compositions of into positive parts, of which there are
Hence and the remainder upon division by is
8.
设 、、、、 为多项式 的 个零点。对每个 ,令 等于 或 。那么 的实部的最大可能值可以写成 ,其中 和 是正整数。求 。
Let be the zeroes of the polynomial For each let be one of or Then the maximum possible value of the real part of can be written as where and are positive integers. Find
小提示:
这些零点是 ,且 的实部是 的虚部的相反数。
The zeroes are and the real part of is minus the imaginary part of
大提示:
对每个 独立地选取 和 中较大的那个。
For each independently take the larger of and
解答:
这些零点为 ,其中 、、,并且 。因为各个选择彼此独立,和的实部最大值为 。
比较两个值, 恰好在 、、 时更大。保留的余弦值对应 、、、、、,其和为 保留的 值对应 、、,其和为
最大值为 所以 。
The zeroes are for and Since the choices are independent, the maximum real part of the sum is
Comparing the two values, is larger exactly for The cosines kept, for and sum to and the values kept, for sum to
The maximum is so
9.
设 、、、 为非负实数,满足 ,且 。设 和 为互质正整数,使得 是下列表达式的最大可能值: 求 。
Let be nonnegative real numbers such that and Let and be positive relatively prime integers such that is the maximum possible value of Find
答案:559
小提示:
这个循环和加上约束中的量 可以因式分解为 。
The cyclic sum plus the constrained quantity factors as
大提示:
AM-GM 将这个乘积限制在 以内,而且约束取等时这个上界可以达到。
AM-GM bounds that product by and equality together with a tight constraint is achievable
解答:
令 ,并令 为题目中的循环和。展开 会得到八个三项乘积,正好是 的六项加上 的两项。因此 ,由 AM-GM 可知它至多为 。
因此 等号需要 ,且 :取 ,,,。于是 ,符合要求。
所以最大值为 ,。
Let and let be the cyclic sum in question. Expanding produces eight triple products, which are exactly the six terms of together with the two terms of So and by AM-GM this is at most
Therefore Equality needs with take Then as required.
So the maximum is and
10.
一个圆以 为圆心,半径为 。长度为 的弦 和长度为 的弦 相交于点 。两条弦的中点之间的距离为 。 可以表示为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 除以 的余数。
A circle with center has radius Chord of length and chord of length intersect at point The distance between the midpoints of the two chords is The quantity can be represented as where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
设 和 为两条弦的中点;则 ,,且 ,。
Let and be the chords’ midpoints; then and
大提示:
和 处的直角使它们位于以 为直径的圆上;在那里 ,而 可由余弦定理求出。
The right angles at and put them on the circle with diameter there with from the law of cosines
解答:
设 和 分别为 和 的中点。从圆心到弦中点的线段垂直于该弦,所以 ,,且 。
因为 在两条弦上,,所以 和 在以 为直径的圆上。在三角形 中,余弦定理给出 因此 。在经过 、、、 的圆中,扩展正弦定理说明弦 等于直径 乘以 ,所以
于是 ,除以 的余数为 。
Let and be the midpoints of and The segment from the center to a chord’s midpoint is perpendicular to the chord, so and with
Since lies on both chords, so and lie on the circle with diameter In triangle the law of cosines gives so In the circle through the extended law of sines says the chord equals the diameter times so
Then which leaves remainder upon division by
11.
设 为如下 矩阵:对于 ,;对于 ,; 中所有其他元素都是零。设 为矩阵 的行列式。那么 可以表示为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
注: 矩阵 的行列式为 ,而 矩阵 的行列式为 ;当 时,若一个 矩阵的第一行或第一列为 ,则其行列式等于 ,其中 是删去包含 的行和列后形成的 矩阵的行列式。
Let be the matrix with entries as follows: for for all other entries in are zero. Let be the determinant of matrix Then can be represented as where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
Note: The determinant of the matrix is and the determinant of the matrix is for the determinant of an matrix with first row or first column is equal to where is the determinant of the matrix formed by eliminating the row and column containing
小提示:
沿第一行作余子式展开,得到 。
Cofactor expansion along the first row gives
大提示:
用 , 解这个递推,得到 ,所以该级数是等比级数。
Solving the recurrence with gives so the series is geometric
解答:
沿第一行展开 ,得到 减去 乘以一个余子式;该余子式的第一列为 ;再沿其第一列展开会留下 。因此 且 ,。
特征方程 的根为 和 ,代入初值可得 。因此 ,并且
所以 ,且 。
Expanding along the first row gives minus times a cofactor whose first column is expanding that cofactor down its first column leaves Hence with and
The characteristic equation has roots and and fitting the initial values gives Therefore and
Thus and
12.
九名代表围坐在一张可坐九人的圆桌旁,他们来自三个不同国家,每国三人,座位随机选择。设每名代表都至少挨着一名来自其他国家的代表的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Nine delegates, three each from three different countries, randomly select chairs at a round table that seats nine people. Let the probability that each delegate sits next to at least one delegate from another country be where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
一名代表的两侧邻座都是同胞,当且仅当他所在国家的三名代表占据三个连续座位;计算补事件。
A delegate sits next to only compatriots exactly when his country’s three delegates occupy three consecutive chairs; count the complement
大提示:
只需考虑国家排列模式: 个模式等可能;对三个连续块事件使用容斥。
Only the country pattern matters: equally likely patterns; apply inclusion-exclusion to the three consecutive-block events
解答:
只需要考虑九个座位上的国家模式,所有 个模式等可能。条件失败当且仅当某名代表的两个邻座都是同胞,也就是某个国家的三名代表占据三个连续座位。令 为国家 的代表连续就坐的模式集合。
圆桌上有 组三个连续座位,所以 ,这里是在剩余 个座位中选择哪 个给另一个国家。对于两个国家,放好第一个连续块后( 种方式),剩余六个座位形成一段弧,其中包含 组三个连续座位,所以 。对于三个国家,圆必须分成三个连续三座块( 种方式),再按 种顺序分配给三个国家:。由容斥,
所求概率为 ,所以 。
Only the pattern of countries in the nine chairs matters, and all patterns are equally likely. The condition fails for some delegate exactly when both of his neighbors are compatriots, which happens exactly when some country’s three delegates occupy three consecutive chairs. Let be the set of patterns in which country ’s delegates are consecutive.
There are triples of consecutive chairs, so choosing which of the remaining chairs go to one of the other countries. For two countries, after placing the first block ( ways) the remaining six chairs form an arc containing triples of consecutive chairs, so For all three, the circle must split into three consecutive triples ( ways) assigned to the countries in orders: By inclusion-exclusion,
The probability is so
13.
点 在正方形 的对角线 上,且 。令 和 分别为三角形 和 的外心。已知 且 ,则 ,其中 和 是正整数。求 。
Point lies on the diagonal of square with Let and be the circumcenters of triangles and respectively. Given that and then where and are positive integers. Find
答案:96
小提示:
使用坐标:两个外心都在竖直直线 上;若 ,它们分别为 和 。
Use coordinates: both circumcenters lie on the vertical line and with they work out to and
大提示:
对从 指向两个外心的向量应用余弦公式,并求解 。
Apply the cosine formula to the vectors from to the two centers and solve
解答:
取 ,,,,并令 ,其中 。因为 到 和 距离相等,它在 上;设 ,令 ,得到 ,所以 。同理,到 和 等距的 为 。
从 指向两个圆心的向量为 和 ,所以 由此 ,所以 ,且 。
因而 ,所以 。
Place and with Since is equidistant from and it lies on setting and equating gives so Similarly equidistant from and is
The vectors from to the centers are and so which gives so and
Then so
14.
集合 、、、 的排列中,有 个排列 满足如下条件:对于 以及所有满足 的整数 , 都整除 。求 除以 的余数。
There are permutations of such that for divides for all integers with Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
条件说明,对 、、 中的每一个值, 只取决于 。
The conditions say that depends only on for each of and
大提示:
由中国剩余定理,位置和值都对应于模 、、 的余数三元组;一个有效排列正好是对每个模数各选择一个余数排列。
By CRT, positions and values both correspond to triples of residues mod a valid permutation is exactly a choice of one residue permutation for each modulus
解答:
对每个 ,条件 表示 模 的余数只取决于 ,从而定义了一个从位置余数到数值余数的映射 。每个位置余数类有 个位置,每个数值余数类也有 个数值;若 把两个位置类映到同一个数值类,那么这个数值类就必须填入 个位置,这是不可能的。所以每个 都是模 余数的一个排列。
反过来,由中国剩余定理,每个位置 都对应唯一的三元组 ,数值也同理。因此任意选择 都会确定一个 的唯一有效排列,它把位置三元组送到指定的数值三元组。
所以 ,除以 的余数为 。
For each the condition means the residue of modulo depends only on defining a map from residues to residues. Each residue class of positions has members, and so does each residue class of values; if sent two position classes to the same value class, that class’s values would have to fill positions, which is impossible. So each is a permutation of the residues modulo
Conversely, by the Chinese remainder theorem each position corresponds to a unique triple and likewise for values. Any choice of permutations therefore determines a unique valid permutation of sending the position triple to the prescribed value triple.
Hence and the remainder upon division by is
15.
设 。从区间 中随机选择一个实数 。等式 成立的概率为 ,其中 、、、、 是正整数。求 。
Let A real number is chosen at random from the interval The probability that is equal to where and are positive integers. Find
小提示:
对 ,右边是 ,它必须是整数:找出使 为完全平方数的 。
For the right side is which must be an integer: find the with a perfect square
大提示:
只有 、、 可行;在每个这样的区间上,解 得到有效子区间。
Only and work; on each such interval solve for the valid subinterval
解答:
对 ,右边为 ,必须是整数,所以 必须是完全平方数。当 、、、 时,这些值依次为 、、、、、、、、、:其中只有 、、 给出平方数,对应 、、。
在 上递增,所以对 ,自动有 ,而 当且仅当 ,即 。当 、、 时,分界点分别为 ,,,它们都落在对应的单位区间内,所以成功子区间长度分别为 ,,。
区间 的长度为 ,所以概率为 因而 。
For the right-hand side is which must be an integer, so must be a perfect square. For the values are only and give squares, with and respectively.
is increasing on so for we automatically have and holds exactly when i.e. For and the cutoffs are each lying inside the corresponding unit interval, so the successful subintervals have lengths
The interval has length so the probability is giving