2001 AIME I 第 10 题

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10.

S\mathcal{S} 为所有坐标 xxyyzz 均为整数,且满足 0x20 \le x \le 20y30 \le y \le 30z40 \le z \le 4 的点的集合。从 S\mathcal{S} 中随机选取两个不同的点。它们确定的线段中点也属于 S\mathcal{S} 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let S\mathcal{S} be the set of points whose coordinates x,x, y,y, and zz are integers that satisfy 0x2,0 \le x \le 2, 0y3,0 \le y \le 3, and 0z4.0 \le z \le 4. Two distinct points are randomly chosen from S.\mathcal{S}. The probability that the midpoint of the segment they determine also belongs to S\mathcal{S} is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:200
知识点:奇偶性基本概率数对计数格点
难度评级:2500
解答:

中点是格点,当且仅当所选两点在每个坐标上的奇偶性相同。先允许两点相同,按坐标计算有序点对。对 x{0,1,2}x \in \{0, 1, 2\},有 22 个偶数值和 11 个奇数值,因此同奇偶有序对数为 22+12=52^2 + 1^2 = 5。对 y{0,,3}y \in \{0, \ldots, 3\},得到 22+22=82^2 + 2^2 = 8。对 z{0,,4}z \in \{0, \ldots, 4\},得到 32+22=133^2 + 2^2 = 13

因此共有 5813=5205 \cdot 8 \cdot 13 = 520 个有序点对,其中包括 6060 个两点相同的点对,所以有 52060=460520 - 60 = 460 个不同点的有序点对,即 230230 个无序点对。全部无序点对数为 (602)=1770\binom{60}{2} = 1770

概率为 2301770=23177\frac{230}{1770} = \frac{23}{177}。由于 177=359177 = 3 \cdot 59,该分数已最简。因此 m+n=23+177=200m + n = 23 + 177 = 200

The midpoint is a lattice point exactly when the two chosen points agree in parity in each coordinate. Count ordered pairs (allowing equality) coordinate by coordinate. For x{0,1,2}x \in \{0, 1, 2\} there are 22 even and 11 odd values, giving 22+12=52^2 + 1^2 = 5 same-parity ordered pairs. For y{0,,3}:y \in \{0, \ldots, 3\}: 22+22=8.2^2 + 2^2 = 8. For z{0,,4}:z \in \{0, \ldots, 4\}: 32+22=13.3^2 + 2^2 = 13.

That gives 5813=5205 \cdot 8 \cdot 13 = 520 ordered pairs, including the 6060 pairs where the two points are equal, so 52060=460520 - 60 = 460 ordered pairs of distinct points, or 230230 unordered pairs. The total number of unordered pairs is (602)=1770.\binom{60}{2} = 1770.

The probability is 2301770=23177,\frac{230}{1770} = \frac{23}{177}, and since 177=359,177 = 3 \cdot 59, this is in lowest terms. Thus m+n=23+177=200.m + n = 23 + 177 = 200.

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