1999 AMC 12 真题

向下滚动并点击“开始”即可作答!或前往可打印 PDF答案,或由 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 精心整理的专业解答

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

或直接跳转到某一道题及其解答: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30

想通过互动视频课程系统学习吗?

了解 LIVE课程

计时

1:15:00

1.

12+34+98+99=? \begin{aligned} &1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + \cdots - 98 \\ &\quad {}+ 99 = \, ? \end{aligned}

50-50

49-49

00

4949

5050

答案:E
知识点:求和配对与分组
难度评级:800
小提示:

将连续的项两两分组。

Group the terms in consecutive pairs

大提示:

每一组 (2k1)2k(2k-1) - 2k 都等于 1-1

Each pair (2k1)2k(2k-1) - 2k equals 1-1

解答:

两两分组可得 (12)+(34)++(9798)+99 \begin{aligned} &(1-2) + (3-4) + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ (97-98) + 99\text{。} \end{aligned} 共有 4949 组,每组等于 1-1,所以总和为 49+99=50-49 + 99 = 50

所以正确答案是 E

Pairing consecutive terms gives (12)+(34)++(9798)+99. \begin{aligned} &(1-2) + (3-4) + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ (97-98) + 99. \end{aligned} There are 4949 pairs, each equal to 1,-1, so the sum is 49+99=50.-49 + 99 = 50.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

下列哪一个命题是假的?

Which one of the following statements is false?

所有等边三角形都彼此全等。

All equilateral triangles are congruent to each other.

所有等边三角形都是凸的。

All equilateral triangles are convex.

所有等边三角形都是等角的。

All equilateral triangles are equiangular.

所有等边三角形都是正多边形。

All equilateral triangles are regular polygons.

所有等边三角形都彼此相似。

All equilateral triangles are similar to each other.

答案:A
难度评级:880
小提示:

全等表示形状和大小都相同。

Congruent means the same shape and the same size

大提示:

等边三角形可以有不同边长。

Equilateral triangles can have different side lengths

解答:

边长为 11 和边长为 22 的等边三角形形状相同但大小不同,所以它们相似但不全等。每个等边三角形都是凸的、等角的(每个角都是 6060^\circ),也是正多边形,因此唯一错误的命题是所有等边三角形都彼此全等。

所以正确答案是 A

Equilateral triangles with side lengths 11 and 22 have the same shape but different sizes, so they are similar but not congruent. Every equilateral triangle is convex, equiangular (all angles 6060^\circ), and a regular polygon, so the only false statement is that they are all congruent.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

18\tfrac18110\tfrac{1}{10} 正中间的数是

The number halfway between 18\tfrac18 and 110\tfrac{1}{10} is

180\dfrac{1}{80}

140\dfrac{1}{40}

118\dfrac{1}{18}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

980\dfrac{9}{80}

答案:E
知识点:分数平均数
难度评级:880
小提示:

两个数正中间的数就是它们的平均数。

The number halfway between two values is their average

大提示:

计算 12(18+110)\dfrac12\left(\dfrac18 + \dfrac{1}{10}\right)

Compute 12(18+110)\dfrac12\left(\dfrac18 + \dfrac{1}{10}\right)

解答:

正中间的数为 12(18+110)=121880=980 \dfrac12\left(\dfrac18 + \dfrac{1}{10}\right) = \dfrac12 \cdot \dfrac{18}{80} = \dfrac{9}{80}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

The halfway point is the average 12(18+110)=121880=980. \dfrac12\left(\dfrac18 + \dfrac{1}{10}\right) = \dfrac12 \cdot \dfrac{18}{80} = \dfrac{9}{80}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

11100100 之间所有质数的和,这些质数同时满足:比某个 44 的倍数大 11,并且比某个 55 的倍数小 11

Find the sum of all prime numbers between 11 and 100100 that are simultaneously 11 greater than a multiple of 44 and 11 less than a multiple of 5.5.

118118

137137

158158

187187

245245

答案:A
难度评级:1240
小提示:

55 的倍数小 11 的数个位为 4499

A number 11 less than a multiple of 55 has units digit 44 or 99

大提示:

同时满足 1(mod4)\equiv 1 \pmod 4,会迫使该数 9(mod20)\equiv 9 \pmod{20}

Being also 1(mod4)\equiv 1 \pmod 4 forces the number to be 9(mod20)\equiv 9 \pmod{20}

解答:

55 的倍数小 11 的数个位为 4499,而比 44 的倍数大 11 的数是奇数,所以这些数必须满足 9(mod20)\equiv 9 \pmod{20}。符合条件的数是 9,29,49,69,899, 29, 49, 69, 89

其中质数只有 29298989,和为 29+89=11829 + 89 = 118

所以正确答案是 A

A number that is 11 less than a multiple of 55 ends in 44 or 9,9, and one that is 11 greater than a multiple of 44 is odd. Together these give numbers 9(mod20),\equiv 9 \pmod{20}, namely 9,29,49,69,89.9, 29, 49, 69, 89.

Among these, only 2929 and 8989 are prime, and their sum is 29+89=118.29 + 89 = 118.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

5.

一本书的标价比建议零售价低 30%30\%。Alice 在五十周年促销中以标价的一半买下这本书。Alice 支付的是建议零售价的百分之几?

The marked price of a book was 30%30\% less than the suggested retail price. Alice purchased the book for half the marked price at a Fiftieth Anniversary sale. What percent of the suggested retail price did Alice pay?

25%25\%

30%30\%

35%35\%

60%60\%

65%65\%

答案:C
知识点:百分数
难度评级:960
小提示:

设建议零售价为 PP

Let the suggested retail price be PP

大提示:

标价是 0.7P0.7P,Alice 支付其中一半。

The marked price is 0.7P,0.7P, and Alice pays half of that

解答:

若建议零售价为 PP,则标价为 0.7P0.7P。Alice 支付其中一半,即 0.35P0.35P,也就是建议零售价的 35%35\%

所以正确答案是 C

If the suggested retail price is P,P, then the marked price is 0.7P.0.7P. Alice pays half of this, 0.35P,0.35P, which is 35%35\% of the suggested retail price.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

求乘积 21999520012^{1999} \cdot 5^{2001} 写成十进制形式时各位数字之和。

What is the sum of the digits of the decimal form of the product 2199952001?2^{1999} \cdot 5^{2001}?

22

44

55

77

1010

答案:D
知识点:指数数字
难度评级:1170
小提示:

将每个因子 22 与一个因子 55 配对,得到 1010

Pair each factor of 22 with a factor of 55 to make 1010

大提示:

2199952001=521019992^{1999} \cdot 5^{2001} = 5^2 \cdot 10^{1999}

解答:

2199952001=219995199952=25101999 \begin{aligned} 2^{1999} \cdot 5^{2001} &= 2^{1999} \cdot 5^{1999} \cdot 5^2 \\ &= 25 \cdot 10^{1999}\text{,} \end{aligned} 这就是 2525 后面跟 19991999 个零,所以数字和为 2+5=72 + 5 = 7

所以正确答案是 D

Write 2199952001=219995199952=25101999, \begin{aligned} 2^{1999} \cdot 5^{2001} &= 2^{1999} \cdot 5^{1999} \cdot 5^2 \\ &= 25 \cdot 10^{1999}, \end{aligned} which is 2525 followed by 19991999 zeros. The sum of the digits is 2+5=7.2 + 5 = 7.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

一个凸六边形最多可以有多少个锐角?

What is the largest number of acute angles that a convex hexagon can have?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:B
难度评级:1310
小提示:

凸多边形的外角和为 360360^\circ

The exterior angles of a convex polygon sum to 360360^\circ

大提示:

一个锐内角对应一个大于 9090^\circ 的外角。

An acute interior angle gives an exterior angle greater than 9090^\circ

解答:

每个锐内角对应一个大于 9090^\circ 的外角。因为凸多边形的外角和为 360360^\circ,其中最多有三个外角能大于 9090^\circ。这个上界可以达到:取一个等边六边形,其外角交替为 100100^\circ2020^\circ。它的边方向分成两组三条,每组内相差 120120^\circ,所以图形闭合;内角交替为 8080^\circ160160^\circ。因此最大可能数为三。

所以正确答案是 B

Each acute interior angle corresponds to an exterior angle greater than 90.90^\circ. Since the exterior angles of a convex polygon sum to 360,360^\circ, at most three of them can exceed 90.90^\circ. This bound is attainable: take a hexagon with equal side lengths and exterior angles alternating 100100^\circ and 20.20^\circ. Its edge directions split into two triples 120120^\circ apart, so it closes, and its interior angles alternate between 8080^\circ and 160.160^\circ. Hence the largest possible number is three.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

19941994 年底,Walter 的年龄是他祖母年龄的一半。他们出生年份之和为 38383838。到 19991999 年底,Walter 几岁?

At the end of 19941994 Walter was half as old as his grandmother. The sum of the years in which they were born is 3838.3838. How old will Walter be at the end of 1999?1999?

4848

4949

5353

5555

101101

答案:D
难度评级:1240
小提示:

设 Walter 在 19941994 年底为 ww 岁,他祖母为 2w2w 岁。

Let Walter be ww and his grandmother 2w2w at the end of 19941994

大提示:

他们的出生年份分别为 1994w1994 - w19942w1994 - 2w

Their birth years are 1994w1994 - w and 19942w1994 - 2w

解答:

设 Walter 在 19941994 年底为 ww 岁,则祖母为 2w2w 岁。两人的出生年份为 1994w1994 - w19942w1994 - 2w,且 (1994w)+(19942w)=3838 \begin{aligned} &(1994 - w) \\ &\quad {}+ (1994 - 2w) = 3838\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 39883w=38383988 - 3w = 3838,得 w=50w = 50

19991999 年底,Walter 年龄为 50+5=5550 + 5 = 55

所以正确答案是 D

Let Walter be ww years old at the end of 1994,1994, so his grandmother is 2w.2w. Their birth years are 1994w1994 - w and 19942w,1994 - 2w, and (1994w)+(19942w)=3838. \begin{aligned} &(1994 - w) \\ &\quad {}+ (1994 - 2w) = 3838. \end{aligned} This gives 39883w=3838,3988 - 3w = 3838, so w=50.w = 50.

At the end of 1999,1999, Walter will be 50+5=55.50 + 5 = 55.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

Ashley 开始三小时车程前,汽车里程表读数为 2979229792,这是一个回文数,也就是从左到右和从右到左读都相同。到达目的地时,里程表又显示另一个回文数。若 Ashley 从未超过每小时 7575 英里的限速,下列哪个是她最大的可能平均速度?

Before Ashley started a three-hour drive, her car’s odometer reading was 29792,29792, a palindrome. (A palindrome is a number that reads the same way from left to right as it does from right to left.) At her destination, the odometer reading was another palindrome. If Ashley never exceeded the speed limit of 7575 miles per hour, which of the following was her greatest possible average speed?

331333\tfrac13

531353\tfrac13

662366\tfrac23

701370\tfrac13

741374\tfrac13

答案:D
难度评级:1390
小提示:

列出 2979229792 之后的几个回文数。

List the palindromes just above 2979229792

大提示:

33 小时内,行驶距离不能超过 375=2253 \cdot 75 = 225 英里。

The distance in 33 hours cannot exceed 375=2253 \cdot 75 = 225 miles

解答:

2979229792 之后的回文数依次为 29892,29992,3000329892, 29992, 300033010330103。三小时内最多行驶 375=2253 \cdot 75 = 225 英里。

3010330103 需要行驶 3010329792=31130103 - 29792 = 311 英里,太远。到 3000330003 需要行驶 3000329792=21130003 - 29792 = 211 英里,平均速度为 2113=7013\dfrac{211}{3} = 70\tfrac13 英里每小时。

所以正确答案是 D

The palindromes after 2979229792 are 29892,29992,30003,29892, 29992, 30003, and 30103.30103. In three hours Ashley can drive at most 375=2253 \cdot 75 = 225 miles.

Reaching 3010330103 would require 3010329792=31130103 - 29792 = 311 miles, which is too far. Reaching 3000330003 requires 3000329792=21130003 - 29792 = 211 miles, giving average speed 2113=7013\dfrac{211}{3} = 70\tfrac13 miles per hour.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

一个密封信封中有一张写着单个数字的卡片。下列四个命题中有三个为真,一个为假。

I. 这个数字是 11

II. 这个数字不是 22

III. 这个数字是 33

IV. 这个数字不是 44

下列哪一项必定正确?

A sealed envelope contains a card with a single digit on it. Three of the following statements are true, and the other is false.

I. The digit is 1.1.

II. The digit is not 2.2.

III. The digit is 3.3.

IV. The digit is not 4.4.

Which one of the following must necessarily be correct?

I\mathrm{I} 为真。

I\mathrm{I} is true.

I\mathrm{I} 为假。

I\mathrm{I} is false.

II\mathrm{II} 为真。

II\mathrm{II} is true.

III\mathrm{III} 为真。

III\mathrm{III} is true.

IV\mathrm{IV} 为假。

IV\mathrm{IV} is false.

答案:C
知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:1370
小提示:

命题 I 和 III 不可能同时为真。

Statements I and III cannot both be true

大提示:

恰好只有一个命题为假,所以假的命题是 I 或 III。

Exactly one statement is false, so the false one is I or III

解答:

命题 I 和 III 不可能同时为真,因此唯一的假命题必定是其中之一。

所以命题 II 和 IV 都为真,故“II 为真”必定正确。实际上数字只能是 1133。若是 11,选项 B 和 D 为假;若是 33,选项 A 为假;选项 E 总不正确。只有 C 必定成立。

所以正确答案是 C

Statements I and III cannot both be true, so the single false statement is one of them. Therefore statements II and IV are both true, which makes “II is true” necessarily correct.

The digit is thus 11 or 3.3. If it were 1,1, then (B) and (D) are false; if it were 3,3, then (A) is false; and (E) is always incorrect. Only (C) is guaranteed.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

11.

Olympic High 的学生储物柜从 11 号开始连续编号。用于给储物柜编号的塑料数字每个花费 22 美分。因此,标记 99 号柜需要 22 美分,标记 1010 号柜需要 44 美分。若给所有储物柜编号共花费 $137.94\$137.94,学校有多少个储物柜?

The student lockers at Olympic High are numbered consecutively beginning with locker number 1.1. The plastic digits used to number the lockers cost 22 cents apiece. Thus, it costs 22 cents to label locker number 99 and 44 cents to label locker number 10.10. If it costs $137.94\$137.94 to label all the lockers, how many lockers are there at the school?

20012001

20102010

21002100

27262726

68976897

答案:A
难度评级:1450
小提示:

用总费用除以每个数字的费用,得到使用的数字个数。

Divide the total cost by the cost per digit to get the number of digits

大提示:

先减去编号 11-991010-9999100100-999999 使用的数字数。

Subtract the digits used by lockers 11-9,9, 1010-99,99, and 100100-999999

解答:

总共使用 $137.94$0.02=6897\frac{\$137.94}{\$0.02} = 6897 个数字。编号 1199 使用 99 个数字,10109999 使用 290=1802 \cdot 90 = 180 个数字,100100999999 使用 3900=27003 \cdot 900 = 2700 个数字。

剩余数字数为 689727001809=40086897 - 2700 - 180 - 9 = 4008,可编号 40084=1002\frac{4008}{4} = 1002 个四位数储物柜。所以总数为 999+1002=2001999 + 1002 = 2001

所以正确答案是 A

Labeling costs $137.94$0.02=6897\frac{\$137.94}{\$0.02} = 6897 digits. Lockers 11-99 use 99 digits, lockers 1010-9999 use 290=1802 \cdot 90 = 180 digits, and lockers 100100-999999 use 3900=27003 \cdot 900 = 2700 digits.

The remaining digits number 689727001809=4008,6897 - 2700 - 180 - 9 = 4008, which label 40084=1002\frac{4008}{4} = 1002 four-digit lockers. In all there are 999+1002=2001999 + 1002 = 2001 lockers.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

12.

若两个不同的四次多项式函数 y=p(x)y = p(x)y=q(x)y = q(x) 的首项系数都为 11,则它们的图像最多有多少个交点?

What is the maximum number of points of intersection of the graphs of two different fourth degree polynomial functions y=p(x)y = p(x) and y=q(x),y = q(x), each with leading coefficient 1?1?

11

22

33

44

88

答案:C
难度评级:1510
小提示:

交点出现在 p(x)=q(x)p(x) = q(x) 的地方。

Intersections occur where p(x)=q(x)p(x) = q(x)

大提示:

p(x)q(x)p(x) - q(x) 中的最高次 x4x^4 项会抵消。

The leading x4x^4 terms cancel in p(x)q(x)p(x) - q(x)

解答:

交点的 xx 坐标是 p(x)q(x)p(x) - q(x) 的根。由于两个四次多项式首项系数都为 11,相减时 x4x^4 项抵消,所以 p(x)q(x)p(x) - q(x) 次数至多为 33,最多有 33 个实根。这个上界可以达到,例如取 p(x)=x4p(x) = x^4q(x)=x4x(x1)(x+1)q(x) = x^4 - x(x-1)(x+1),它们的图像在 x=1,0,1x = -1, 0, 1 处相交。

所以正确答案是 C

The xx-coordinates of the intersection points are the roots of p(x)q(x).p(x) - q(x). Because both leading coefficients are 1,1, the x4x^4 terms cancel, so p(x)q(x)p(x) - q(x) has degree at most 33 and therefore at most 33 roots. The bound is attainable, for example by taking p(x)=x4p(x) = x^4 and q(x)=x4x(x1)(x+1),q(x) = x^4 - x(x-1)(x+1), whose graphs intersect at x=1,0,1.x = -1, 0, 1.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

13.

定义实数列 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldots,其中 a1=1a_1 = 1,且对所有 n1n \ge 1an+13=99an3a_{n+1}^3 = 99 a_n^3。则 a100a_{100} 等于

Define a sequence of real numbers a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots by a1=1a_1 = 1 and an+13=99an3a_{n+1}^3 = 99 a_n^3 for all n1.n \ge 1. Then a100a_{100} equals

333333^{33}

339933^{99}

993399^{33}

999999^{99}

以上都不是

none of these

答案:C
知识点:等比数列指数
难度评级:1420
小提示:

取立方根可得 an+1=993ana_{n+1} = \sqrt[3]{99}\, a_n

Take cube roots: an+1=993ana_{n+1} = \sqrt[3]{99}\, a_n

大提示:

这是公比为 993\sqrt[3]{99} 的等比数列,所以 a100=(993)99a_{100} = (\sqrt[3]{99})^{99}

This is geometric with ratio 993,\sqrt[3]{99}, so a100=(993)99a_{100} = (\sqrt[3]{99})^{99}

解答:

取立方根得 an+1=993ana_{n+1} = \sqrt[3]{99}\, a_n,因此该数列首项为 11,公比为 993\sqrt[3]{99}a100=(993)99=9933 a_{100} = \left(\sqrt[3]{99}\right)^{99} = 99^{33}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Taking cube roots, an+1=993an,a_{n+1} = \sqrt[3]{99}\, a_n, so the sequence is geometric with first term 11 and ratio 993.\sqrt[3]{99}. Then a100=(993)99=9933. a_{100} = \left(\sqrt[3]{99}\right)^{99} = 99^{33}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

14.

Mary、Alina、Tina 和 Hanna 四个女孩在音乐会上以三人组合唱歌,每首歌有一个女孩不唱。Hanna 唱了 77 首,比任何其他女孩都多;Mary 唱了 44 首,比任何其他女孩都少。这些三人组合一共唱了多少首歌?

Four girls — Mary, Alina, Tina, and Hanna — sang songs in a concert as trios, with one girl sitting out each time. Hanna sang 77 songs, which was more than any other girl, and Mary sang 44 songs, which was fewer than any other girl. How many songs did these trios sing?

77

88

99

1010

1111

答案:A
难度评级:1610
小提示:

每首歌有 33 人唱,所以总演唱人次为 3N3N

Each song has 33 singers, so the total number of girl-appearances is 3N3N

大提示:

Alina 和 Tina 各唱 5566 首,总人次必须是 33 的倍数。

Alina and Tina each sang 55 or 6,6, and the total must be a multiple of 33

解答:

若共唱 NN 首歌,则总演唱人次为 3N3N。Alina 和 Tina 的演唱次数都严格介于 4477 之间,所以各为 5566

因此 3N=7+4+(Alina)+(Tina)3N = 7 + 4 + (\text{Alina}) + (\text{Tina}),可能为 21,2221, 22,或 2323。只有 212133 的倍数,所以 N=7N = 7

所以正确答案是 A

If NN songs are sung, the total number of girl-appearances is 3N.3N. Alina and Tina each sang strictly between 44 and 7,7, so each sang 55 or 6.6.

Then 3N=7+4+(Alina)+(Tina),3N = 7 + 4 + (\text{Alina}) + (\text{Tina}), which is 21,22,21, 22, or 23.23. Only 2121 is a multiple of 3,3, so N=7.N = 7.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

15.

设实数 xx 满足 secxtanx=2\sec x - \tan x = 2。求 secx+tanx\sec x + \tan x

Let xx be a real number such that secxtanx=2.\sec x - \tan x = 2. What is secx+tanx?\sec x + \tan x?

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.30.3

0.40.4

0.50.5

答案:E
难度评级:1550
小提示:

回忆恒等式 sec2xtan2x=1\sec^2 x - \tan^2 x = 1

Recall the identity sec2xtan2x=1\sec^2 x - \tan^2 x = 1

大提示:

将其分解为 (secxtanx)(secx+tanx)(\sec x - \tan x)(\sec x + \tan x)

Factor it as (secxtanx)(secx+tanx)(\sec x - \tan x)(\sec x + \tan x)

解答:

因为 sec2xtan2x=1\sec^2 x - \tan^2 x = 1,所以 (secxtanx)(secx+tanx)=1 \begin{aligned} &(\sec x - \tan x)(\sec x + \tan x) \\ &\quad = 1\text{。} \end{aligned} 已知 secxtanx=2\sec x - \tan x = 2,故 secx+tanx=12=0.5\sec x + \tan x = \tfrac12 = 0.5

所以正确答案是 E

Since sec2xtan2x=1,\sec^2 x - \tan^2 x = 1, we have (secxtanx)(secx+tanx)=1. \begin{aligned} &(\sec x - \tan x)(\sec x + \tan x) \\ &\quad = 1. \end{aligned} With secxtanx=2,\sec x - \tan x = 2, it follows that secx+tanx=12=0.5.\sec x + \tan x = \tfrac12 = 0.5.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

16.

一个对角线长分别为 10102424 的菱形内切圆半径是多少?

What is the radius of a circle inscribed in a rhombus with diagonals of length 1010 and 24?24?

44

5813\dfrac{58}{13}

6013\dfrac{60}{13}

55

66

答案:C
难度评级:1610
小提示:

两条对角线把菱形分成四个 55-1212-1313 直角三角形。

The diagonals cut the rhombus into four 55-1212-1313 right triangles

大提示:

内切圆半径等于从菱形中心到一条边的高。

The inradius equals the altitude from the center to a side of the rhombus

解答:

半对角线为 551212,所以菱形边长为 52+122=13\sqrt{5^2 + 12^2} = 13。对角线形成的四个直角三角形之一的直角边为 551212,面积为 3030

从中心到边长 1313 的边的高为 23013=6013\dfrac{2 \cdot 30}{13} = \dfrac{60}{13},这就是内切圆半径。

所以正确答案是 C

The half-diagonals are 55 and 12,12, so each side of the rhombus is 52+122=13.\sqrt{5^2 + 12^2} = 13. One of the four right triangles formed by the diagonals has legs 55 and 1212 and area 30.30.

The altitude from the center to the side of length 1313 is 23013=6013,\dfrac{2 \cdot 30}{13} = \dfrac{60}{13}, which is the inscribed circle’s radius.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

P(x)P(x) 是一个多项式,当 P(x)P(x) 除以 x19x - 19 时余数为 9999,当 P(x)P(x) 除以 x99x - 99 时余数为 1919。当 P(x)P(x) 除以 (x19)(x99)(x - 19)(x - 99) 时,余数是多少?

Let P(x)P(x) be a polynomial such that when P(x)P(x) is divided by x19,x - 19, the remainder is 99,99, and when P(x)P(x) is divided by x99,x - 99, the remainder is 19.19. What is the remainder when P(x)P(x) is divided by (x19)(x99)?(x - 19)(x - 99)?

x+80-x + 80

x+80x + 80

x+118-x + 118

x+118x + 118

00

答案:C
知识点:多项式方程组
难度评级:1680
小提示:

除以二次式后的余数形如 ax+bax + b

Dividing by a quadratic leaves a remainder of the form ax+bax + b

大提示:

使用 P(19)=99P(19) = 99P(99)=19P(99) = 19

Use P(19)=99P(19) = 99 and P(99)=19P(99) = 19

解答:

由余数定理,P(19)=99P(19) = 99P(99)=19P(99) = 19。设 P(x)=(x19)(x99)Q(x)+ax+b \begin{aligned} &P(x) = (x - 19)(x - 99)Q(x) \\ &\quad {}+ ax + b\text{。} \end{aligned} 19a+b=99,99a+b=19 19a + b = 99, \qquad 99a + b = 19\text{。}

相减得 80a=8080a = -80,所以 a=1a = -1,进而 b=118b = 118。余数为 x+118-x + 118

所以正确答案是 C

By the Remainder Theorem, P(19)=99P(19) = 99 and P(99)=19.P(99) = 19. Write P(x)=(x19)(x99)Q(x)+ax+b. \begin{aligned} &P(x) = (x - 19)(x - 99)Q(x) \\ &\quad {}+ ax + b. \end{aligned} Then 19a+b=99,99a+b=19. 19a + b = 99, \qquad 99a + b = 19.

Subtracting gives 80a=80,80a = -80, so a=1a = -1 and b=118.b = 118. The remainder is x+118.-x + 118.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

函数 f(x)=cos(logx)f(x) = \cos(\log x) 在区间 0<x<10 \lt x \lt 1 上有多少个零点?

How many zeros does f(x)=cos(logx)f(x) = \cos(\log x) have on the interval 0<x<1?0 \lt x \lt 1?

00

11

22

1010

无限多个

infinitely many

答案:E
难度评级:1770
小提示:

xx(0,1)(0, 1) 中变化时,logx\log x 取哪些值?

As xx ranges over (0,1),(0, 1), what values does logx\log x take?

大提示:

logx\log x 覆盖所有负数,而余弦函数在负数中有无限多个零点。

logx\log x covers all negative numbers, and cosine vanishes at infinitely many of them

解答:

xx(0,1)(0, 1) 中变化时,logx\log x 覆盖所有负实数。余弦函数在 π2nπ\tfrac{\pi}{2} - n\pi 处为零,其中 nn 取遍每个正整数,而这些值全都是负数,因此 ff 有无限多个零点。

所以正确答案是 E

As xx ranges over (0,1),(0, 1), logx\log x ranges over all negative real numbers. The cosine function is zero at π2nπ\tfrac{\pi}{2} - n\pi for every positive integer n,n, all of which are negative, so ff has infinitely many zeros.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

19.

考虑所有满足下列条件的三角形 ABCABCAB=ACAB = AC,点 DD 在线段 AC\overline{AC} 上,且 BDAC\overline{BD} \perp \overline{AC}ADADCDCD 均为整数,且 BD2=57BD^2 = 57。在所有这样的三角形中,ACAC 的最小可能值是

Consider all triangles ABCABC satisfying the following conditions: AB=AC,AB = AC, DD is a point on AC\overline{AC} for which BDAC,\overline{BD} \perp \overline{AC}, ADAD and CDCD are integers, and BD2=57.BD^2 = 57. Among all such triangles, the smallest possible value of ACAC is

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

答案:C
难度评级:1810
小提示:

直角三角形 ADBADB 给出 AB2=AD2+BD2AB^2 = AD^2 + BD^2

Right triangle ADBADB gives AB2=AD2+BD2AB^2 = AD^2 + BD^2

大提示:

AB=AC=AD+CDAB = AC = AD + CD,化简为 CD(CD+2AD)=57CD(CD + 2\,AD) = 57

With AB=AC=AD+CD,AB = AC = AD + CD, reduce to CD(CD+2AD)=57CD(CD + 2\,AD) = 57

解答:

AD=nAD = nCD=mCD = m。因为 ADB\triangle ADBDD 处为直角,AB2=n2+57AB^2 = n^2 + 57。又 AB=AC=m+nAB = AC = m + n,所以 (m+n)2=n2+57 (m + n)^2 = n^2 + 57\text{,} 化简为 m(m+2n)=57m(m + 2n) = 57

正整数解为 m=1,n=28m = 1, n = 28,此时 AC=29AC = 29;以及 m=3,n=8m = 3, n = 8,此时 AC=11AC = 11。因此 ACAC 的最小可能值为 1111

所以正确答案是 C

Let AD=nAD = n and CD=m.CD = m. Since ADB\triangle ADB is right-angled at D,D, AB2=n2+57.AB^2 = n^2 + 57. Also AB=AC=m+n,AB = AC = m + n, so (m+n)2=n2+57, (m + n)^2 = n^2 + 57, which simplifies to m(m+2n)=57.m(m + 2n) = 57.

The positive integer solutions are m=1,n=28m = 1, n = 28 (giving AC=29AC = 29) and m=3,n=8m = 3, n = 8 (giving AC=11AC = 11). The smallest possible value of ACAC is 11.11.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

数列 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldots 满足 a1=19a_1 = 19a9=99a_9 = 99,并且对所有 n3n \ge 3ana_n 是前 n1n - 1 项的算术平均数。求 a2a_2

The sequence a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots satisfies a1=19,a_1 = 19, a9=99,a_9 = 99, and, for all n3,n \ge 3, ana_n is the arithmetic mean of the first n1n - 1 terms. Find a2.a_2.

2929

5959

7979

9999

179179

答案:E
难度评级:1740
小提示:

证明 ana_n 对所有 n3n \ge 3 都相同。

Show that ana_n is constant for all n3n \ge 3

大提示:

因而 a3=a9=99a_3 = a_9 = 99,且 a3=a1+a22a_3 = \dfrac{a_1 + a_2}{2}

Then a3=a9=99a_3 = a_9 = 99 and a3=a1+a22a_3 = \dfrac{a_1 + a_2}{2}

解答:

n3n \ge 3(n1)an=a1++an1(n - 1)a_n = a_1 + \cdots + a_{n-1}。因此 an+1=(n1)an+ann=an a_{n+1} = \dfrac{(n-1)a_n + a_n}{n} = a_n\text{,} 所以从 a3a_3 开始数列为常数。故 a3=a9=99a_3 = a_9 = 99

a3=a1+a22=19+a22=99a_3 = \dfrac{a_1 + a_2}{2} = \dfrac{19 + a_2}{2} = 99,得 a2=179a_2 = 179

所以正确答案是 E

For n3,n \ge 3, (n1)an=a1++an1.(n - 1)a_n = a_1 + \cdots + a_{n-1}. Then an+1=(n1)an+ann=an, a_{n+1} = \dfrac{(n-1)a_n + a_n}{n} = a_n, so the sequence is constant from a3a_3 onward. Hence a3=a9=99.a_3 = a_9 = 99.

Since a3=a1+a22=19+a22=99,a_3 = \dfrac{a_1 + a_2}{2} = \dfrac{19 + a_2}{2} = 99, we get a2=179.a_2 = 179.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

21.

一个圆外接于边长为 202021212929 的三角形,从而将圆内部划分为四个区域。令 AABBCC 为三个非三角形区域的面积,其中 CC 最大。则

A circle is circumscribed about a triangle with sides 20,20, 21,21, and 29,29, thus dividing the interior of the circle into four regions. Let A,A, B,B, and CC be the areas of the non-triangular regions, with CC being the largest. Then

A+B=CA + B = C

A+B+210=CA + B + 210 = C

A2+B2=C2A^2 + B^2 = C^2

20A+21B=29C20A + 21B = 29C

1A2+1B2=1C2\dfrac{1}{A^2} + \dfrac{1}{B^2} = \dfrac{1}{C^2}

答案:B
难度评级:1810
小提示:

检查 20,21,2920, 21, 29 是否构成直角三角形。

Check whether 20,21,2920, 21, 29 form a right triangle

大提示:

斜边是直径,所以最大区域 CC 是一个半圆。

The hypotenuse is a diameter, so the largest region CC is a semicircle

解答:

因为 202+212=841=29220^2 + 21^2 = 841 = 29^2,该三角形为直角三角形,斜边 2929 是外接圆直径。因此最大区域 CC 是该直径一侧的半圆。

另一半圆由三角形以及区域 AABB 组成。两个半圆面积相等,而三角形面积为 122021=210\tfrac12 \cdot 20 \cdot 21 = 210,所以 A+B+210=C A + B + 210 = C\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Since 202+212=841=292,20^2 + 21^2 = 841 = 29^2, the triangle is right-angled, and its hypotenuse of length 2929 is a diameter of the circle. Thus the largest region CC is the semicircle on one side of that diameter.

The other semicircle consists of the triangle together with regions AA and B.B. Since the two semicircles are congruent and the triangle has area 122021=210,\tfrac12 \cdot 20 \cdot 21 = 210, we get A+B+210=C. A + B + 210 = C.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

图像 y=xa+by = -|x - a| + by=xc+dy = |x - c| + d 相交于点 (2,5)(2, 5)(8,3)(8, 3)。求 a+ca + c

The graphs of y=xa+by = -|x - a| + b and y=xc+dy = |x - c| + d intersect at points (2,5)(2, 5) and (8,3).(8, 3). Find a+c.a + c.

77

88

1010

1313

1818

答案:C
难度评级:1740
小提示:

第一个图像在 (a,b)(a, b) 处取得最高点,第二个图像在 (c,d)(c, d) 处取得最低点。

The first graph peaks at (a,b);(a, b); the second bottoms out at (c,d)(c, d)

大提示:

把交点满足的方程改写为 xa+xc=bd|x-a|+|x-c|=b-d,再利用对称性。

Rewrite the intersection equation as xa+xc=bd|x-a|+|x-c|=b-d and use symmetry

解答:

在交点处有 xa+b=xc+d-|x-a|+b=|x-c|+d,即 xa+xc=bd|x-a|+|x-c|=b-d\text{。}因为两个交点彼此分离,它们分别位于以 aacc 为端点的区间的两侧。这两个解关于 x=a+c2x=\tfrac{a+c}{2} 对称。它们的 xx 坐标为 2288,所以 a+c=2+8=10a+c=2+8=10

所以正确答案是 C

At an intersection, xa+b=xc+d,-|x-a|+b=|x-c|+d, or xa+xc=bd.|x-a|+|x-c|=b-d. Because there are two isolated intersections, they lie on opposite sides of the interval with endpoints aa and c.c. The two solutions are symmetric about x=a+c2.x=\tfrac{a+c}{2}. Their xx-coordinates are 22 and 8,8, so a+c=2+8=10.a+c=2+8=10.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

等角凸六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 满足 AB=1AB = 1BC=4BC = 4CD=2CD = 2DE=4DE = 4。该六边形面积为

The equiangular convex hexagon ABCDEFABCDEF has AB=1,AB = 1, BC=4,BC = 4, CD=2,CD = 2, and DE=4.DE = 4. The area of the hexagon is

1523\dfrac{15}{2}\sqrt{3}

939\sqrt{3}

1616

3943\dfrac{39}{4}\sqrt{3}

4343\dfrac{43}{4}\sqrt{3}

答案:E
难度评级:1980
小提示:

延长交替的边,将六边形包在一个大等边三角形中。

Extend alternate sides to enclose the hexagon in a large equilateral triangle

大提示:

从大等边三角形中减去三个小等边角三角形。

Subtract three small equilateral corner triangles from the large one

解答:

等角六边形的每个内角为 120120^\circ。延长边 FAFABCBCBCBCDEDEDEDEFAFA,会形成一个大等边三角形,并切去三个等边小角三角形。

EF=eEF=eFA=fFA=f。把六条边按彼此相差 6060^\circ 的方向分解,可得 fe=4f-e=4e+f=6e+f=6,所以 e=1e=1f=5f=5。于是建立在 AB,CDAB, CDEFEF 上的角三角形都是等边三角形。大三角形的边长为 1+4+2=71+4+2=7,而被切去的三角形边长分别为 1,21,211。所以面积为 34(72122212)=4334 \begin{aligned} &\frac{\sqrt3}{4}\left(7^2 - 1^2 - 2^2 - 1^2\right) \\ &\quad = \frac{43\sqrt3}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Each interior angle is 120,120^\circ, so extending sides FAFA and BC,BC, BCBC and DE,DE, and DEDE and FAFA cuts off three equilateral corner triangles and forms a large equilateral triangle.

Let EF=eEF=e and FA=f.FA=f. Resolving the six sides in directions separated by 6060^\circ gives fe=4f-e=4 and e+f=6,e+f=6, so e=1e=1 and f=5.f=5. The corner triangles built on AB,CD,AB, CD, and EFEF are therefore equilateral. The large triangle has side 1+4+2=7,1+4+2=7, while the removed triangles have sides 1,2,1,2, and 1.1. The area is 34(72122212)=4334. \begin{aligned} &\frac{\sqrt3}{4}\left(7^2 - 1^2 - 2^2 - 1^2\right) \\ &\quad = \frac{43\sqrt3}{4}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

24.

给定圆上的六个点。从连接这六点两两之间的弦中随机选择四条。四条弦构成一个凸四边形的概率是多少?

Six points on a circle are given. Four of the chords joining pairs of the six points are selected at random. What is the probability that the four chords form a convex quadrilateral?

115\dfrac{1}{15}

191\dfrac{1}{91}

1273\dfrac{1}{273}

1455\dfrac{1}{455}

11365\dfrac{1}{1365}

答案:B
知识点:基本概率组合
难度评级:1880
小提示:

66 个圆上点中任选 44 个,恰好确定一个凸四边形。

Any 44 of the 66 points determine exactly one convex quadrilateral

大提示:

先数从 (62)\binom{6}{2} 条弦中选 44 条的所有方式。

Count all ways to choose 44 chords from the (62)\binom{6}{2} chords

解答:

共有 (62)=15\binom{6}{2} = 15 条弦,因此选择四条弦的方法数为 (154)=1365\binom{15}{4} = 1365。四条弦形成凸四边形,当且仅当它们是某 44 个圆上点所形成四边形的四条边。

任选四个点恰好给出一个这样的四边形,所以有利情况为 (64)=15\binom{6}{4} = 15,概率为 151365=191\dfrac{15}{1365} = \dfrac{1}{91}

所以正确答案是 B

There are (62)=15\binom{6}{2} = 15 chords, so (154)=1365\binom{15}{4} = 1365 ways to select four of them. A convex quadrilateral arises exactly when the four chords are the sides of a quadrilateral on four of the six points, and each choice of 44 points gives exactly one such quadrilateral.

Hence there are (64)=15\binom{6}{4} = 15 favorable outcomes, and the probability is 151365=191.\dfrac{15}{1365} = \dfrac{1}{91}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

存在唯一的整数 a2a_2a3a_3a4a_4a5a_5a6a_6a7a_7,使得

57=a22!+a33!+a44!+a55!+a66!+a77! \begin{aligned} &\frac{5}{7} = \frac{a_2}{2!} + \frac{a_3}{3!} + \frac{a_4}{4!} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{a_5}{5!} + \frac{a_6}{6!} + \frac{a_7}{7!} \end{aligned}\text{,}

其中对 i=2i = 233\ldots770ai<i0 \le a_i \lt i。求 a2+a3+a4+a5+a6+a7a_2 + a_3 + a_4 + a_5 + a_6 + a_7

There are unique integers a2,a_2, a3,a_3, a4,a_4, a5,a_5, a6,a_6, a7a_7 such that

57=a22!+a33!+a44!+a55!+a66!+a77!, \begin{aligned} &\frac{5}{7} = \frac{a_2}{2!} + \frac{a_3}{3!} + \frac{a_4}{4!} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{a_5}{5!} + \frac{a_6}{6!} + \frac{a_7}{7!}, \end{aligned}

where 0ai<i0 \le a_i \lt i for i=2,i = 2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 7.7. Find a2+a3+a4+a5+a6+a7.a_2 + a_3 + a_4 + a_5 + a_6 + a_7.

88

99

1010

1111

1212

答案:B
难度评级:2030
小提示:

两边同乘 7!7!

Multiply both sides by 7!7!

大提示:

依次模 77、模 66、模 5,5, \ldots,逐个取出数字。

Reduce modulo 7,7, then 6,6, then 5,5, \ldots to peel off one digit at a time

解答:

两边乘以 7!=50407! = 5040,得 3600=2520a2+840a3+210a4+42a5+7a6+a7 \begin{aligned} &3600 = 2520a_2 + 840a_3 \\ &\quad {}+ 210a_4 + 42a_5 \\ &\quad {}+ 7a_6 + a_7\text{。} \end{aligned} 77a7=2a_7 = 2

再计算 360027=514\dfrac{3600 - 2}{7} = 514 =360a2+120a3= 360a_2 + 120a_3 +30a4+6a5+ 30a_4 + 6a_5 +a6+ a_6。模 66a6=4a_6 = 4,继续同样步骤得到 a5=0,a4=1,a3=1,a2=1a_5 = 0, a_4 = 1, a_3 = 1, a_2 = 1

所求和为 1+1+1+0+4+2=91 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 4 + 2 = 9

所以正确答案是 B

Multiplying by 7!=50407! = 5040 gives 3600=2520a2+840a3+210a4+42a5+7a6+a7. \begin{aligned} &3600 = 2520a_2 + 840a_3 \\ &\quad {}+ 210a_4 + 42a_5 \\ &\quad {}+ 7a_6 + a_7. \end{aligned} Reducing modulo 7,7, a7=2.a_7 = 2.

Then 360027=514\dfrac{3600 - 2}{7} = 514 =360a2+120a3= 360a_2 + 120a_3 +30a4+6a5+ 30a_4 + 6a_5 +a6.+ a_6. Reducing modulo 66 gives a6=4,a_6 = 4, and continuing this way yields a5=0,a4=1,a3=1,a2=1.a_5 = 0, a_4 = 1, a_3 = 1, a_2 = 1.

The sum is 1+1+1+0+4+2=9.1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 4 + 2 = 9.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

26.

三个不重叠的正多边形,至少两个全等,边长都为 11。这些多边形在点 AA 处相接,使得在 AA 处的三个内角之和为 360360^\circ。于是这三个多边形形成一个新的多边形,且 AA 为内部点。这个新多边形的最大可能周长是多少?

Three non-overlapping regular plane polygons, at least two of which are congruent, all have sides of length 1.1. The polygons meet at a point AA in such a way that the sum of the three interior angles at AA is 360.360^\circ. Thus the three polygons form a new polygon with AA as an interior point. What is the largest possible perimeter that this polygon can have?

1212

1414

1818

2121

2424

答案:D
难度评级:2090
小提示:

若有两个 aa 边形和一个 bb 边形,则 2180(12a)2 \cdot 180\left(1 - \tfrac2a\right) +180(12b)+ 180\left(1 - \tfrac2b\right) =360= 360

With two aa-gons and one bb-gon, 2180(12a)2 \cdot 180\left(1 - \tfrac2a\right) +180(12b)+ 180\left(1 - \tfrac2b\right) =360= 360

大提示:

化简为 (a4)(b2)=8(a - 4)(b - 2) = 8

This simplifies to (a4)(b2)=8(a - 4)(b - 2) = 8

解答:

设两个全等的多边形为正 aa 边形,另一个为正 bb 边形,在点 AA 处相接。内角条件为 2180(12a)+180(12b)=360 \begin{aligned} &2 \cdot 180\left(1 - \tfrac2a\right) \\ &\quad {}+ 180\left(1 - \tfrac2b\right) = 360\text{,} \end{aligned} 化简得 (a4)(b2)=8(a - 4)(b - 2) = 8

解为 (a,b)(a, b) 等于 (5,10),(6,6),(8,4)(5, 10), (6, 6), (8, 4)(12,3)(12, 3)。新多边形的周长为 2a+b62a + b - 6,分别等于 14,12,1414, 12, 142121。最大值为 2121

所以正确答案是 D

Let two congruent aa-gons and one bb-gon meet at A.A. Their interior angles satisfy 2180(12a)+180(12b)=360, \begin{aligned} &2 \cdot 180\left(1 - \tfrac2a\right) \\ &\quad {}+ 180\left(1 - \tfrac2b\right) = 360, \end{aligned} which reduces to (a4)(b2)=8.(a - 4)(b - 2) = 8.

The solutions (a,b)(a, b) are (5,10),(6,6),(8,4),(5, 10), (6, 6), (8, 4), and (12,3).(12, 3). The new polygon’s perimeter is 2a+b6,2a + b - 6, giving 14,12,14,14, 12, 14, and 21.21. The largest is 21.21.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

27.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,3sinA+4cosB=63\sin A + 4\cos B = 6,且 4sinB+3cosA=14\sin B + 3\cos A = 1。则 C\angle C 的度数为

In triangle ABC,ABC, 3sinA+4cosB=63\sin A + 4\cos B = 6 and 4sinB+3cosA=1.4\sin B + 3\cos A = 1. Then C\angle C in degrees is

3030

6060

9090

120120

150150

答案:A
难度评级:2120
小提示:

将两个方程分别平方后相加。

Square both equations and add them

大提示:

使用 sin2+cos2=1\sin^2 + \cos^2 = 1 得到 sin(A+B)\sin(A + B),再排除一种情况。

Use sin2+cos2=1\sin^2 + \cos^2 = 1 to get sin(A+B),\sin(A + B), then rule out one case

解答:

将两个方程平方后相加:9+16+24(sinAcosB+cosAsinB)=37 \begin{aligned} &9 + 16 \\ &\quad {}+ 24\small(\sin A \cos B + \cos A \sin B) \\ &\quad = 37\text{,} \end{aligned} 因此 24sin(A+B)=1224\sin(A + B) = 12,所以 sin(A+B)=12\sin(A + B) = \tfrac12

因为第三个内角与前两个内角之和互补,所以 sinC=sin(A+B)=12\sin C = \sin(A + B) = \tfrac12,即 C=30\angle C = 30^\circ150150^\circ。若 C=150\angle C = 150^\circ,则 A<30A \lt 30^\circ,会使 3sinA+4cosB<63\sin A + 4\cos B \lt 6,产生矛盾。因此 C=30\angle C = 30^\circ

所以正确答案是 A

Squaring both equations and adding gives 9+16+24(sinAcosB+cosAsinB)=37, \begin{aligned} &9 + 16 \\ &\quad {}+ 24\small(\sin A \cos B + \cos A \sin B) \\ &\quad = 37, \end{aligned} so 24sin(A+B)=1224\sin(A + B) = 12 and sin(A+B)=12.\sin(A + B) = \tfrac12.

Then sinC=sin(A+B)=12,\sin C = \sin(A + B) = \tfrac12, so C=30\angle C = 30^\circ or 150.150^\circ. If C=150,\angle C = 150^\circ, then A<30,A \lt 30^\circ, making 3sinA+4cosB<6,3\sin A + 4\cos B \lt 6, a contradiction. Hence C=30.\angle C = 30^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

28.

x1x_1x2x_2\ldotsxnx_n 是一个整数序列,满足:

(i) 1xi2-1 \le x_i \le 2,其中 i=1i = 12233\ldotsnn

(ii) x1+x2++xn=19x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n = 19

(iii) x12+x22++xn2=99x_1^2 + x_2^2 + \cdots + x_n^2 = 99

mmMM 分别为 x13+x23++xn3x_1^3 + x_2^3 + \cdots + x_n^3 的最小和最大可能值。求 Mm\dfrac{M}{m}

Let x1,x_1, x2,x_2, ,\ldots, xnx_n be a sequence of integers such that

(i) 1xi2,-1 \le x_i \le 2, for i=1,i = 1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, nn;

(ii) x1+x2++xn=19;x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n = 19; and

(iii) x12+x22++xn2=99.x_1^2 + x_2^2 + \cdots + x_n^2 = 99.

Let mm and MM be the minimal and maximal possible values of x13+x23++xn3,x_1^3 + x_2^3 + \cdots + x_n^3, respectively. What is Mm?\dfrac{M}{m}?

33

44

55

66

77

答案:E
知识点:方程组最优化
难度评级:2240
小提示:

a,b,ca, b, c 分别表示 1-11122 的个数,零不影响总和。

Let a,b,ca, b, c count the 1-1s, 11s, and 22s (zeros do not matter)

大提示:

立方和为 a+b+8c=19+6c-a + b + 8c = 19 + 6c;对允许的 cc 范围取极值。

The sum of cubes is a+b+8c=19+6c;-a + b + 8c = 19 + 6c; optimize over the allowed range of cc

解答:

a,b,ca, b, c 分别为 1-11122 的个数。则 a+b+2c=19-a + b + 2c = 19,且 a+b+4c=99a + b + 4c = 99,解得 a=40ca = 40 - cb=593cb = 59 - 3c,并且 0c190 \le c \le 19

立方和为 a+b+8c=19+6c-a + b + 8c = 19 + 6c。最小值在 c=0c = 0 时为 1919,最大值在 c=19c = 19 时为 133133。因此 Mm=13319=7\dfrac{M}{m} = \dfrac{133}{19} = 7

所以正确答案是 E

Let a,b,ca, b, c be the numbers of 1-1s, 11s, and 22s. Then a+b+2c=19-a + b + 2c = 19 and a+b+4c=99,a + b + 4c = 99, giving a=40ca = 40 - c and b=593cb = 59 - 3c with 0c19.0 \le c \le 19.

The sum of cubes is a+b+8c=19+6c.-a + b + 8c = 19 + 6c. The minimum is at c=0c = 0 (value 1919) and the maximum at c=19c = 19 (value 133133), so Mm=13319=7.\dfrac{M}{m} = \dfrac{133}{19} = 7.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

29.

一个四个面都是等边三角形的四面体内切一个球,并外接一个球。对四个面中的每一个面,都有一个球与该面在其中心处外切,并与外接球相切。随机选择外接球内部一点 PPPP 落在这五个小球之一内部的概率最接近

A tetrahedron with four equilateral triangular faces has a sphere inscribed within it and a sphere circumscribed about it. For each of the four faces, there is a sphere tangent externally to the face at its center and to the circumscribed sphere. A point PP is selected at random inside the circumscribed sphere. The probability that PP lies inside one of the five small spheres is closest to

00

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.30.3

0.40.4

答案:C
难度评级:2380
小提示:

对正四面体,外接球半径是内切球半径的 33 倍。

For a regular tetrahedron the circumradius is 33 times the inradius

大提示:

五个小球中每个都与内切球体积相同。

Each of the five small spheres has the same volume as the inscribed sphere

解答:

OO 为内切球和外接球的共同球心。从 OO 把正四面体分成四个全等部分可知,外接球半径是内切球半径的 33 倍,所以外接球的体积是内切球体积 VV2727 倍。

若其余四个小球之一的半径为 ss,则它的球心到 OO 的距离为 r+sr+s;从 OO 量起,这段距离同时又等于 3rs3r-s,所以 s=rs=r。这五个球的内部互不相交(中心球与其余四球分别相切),所以并集体积为 5V5V。概率为 5V27V=5270.185\dfrac{5V}{27V} = \dfrac{5}{27} \approx 0.185,最接近 0.20.2

所以正确答案是 C

Let OO be the common center of the inscribed and circumscribed spheres. Splitting the tetrahedron into four congruent pieces from OO shows the circumradius is 33 times the inradius, so the circumscribed sphere has 2727 times the inscribed sphere’s volume V.V.

If one of the four other small spheres has radius s,s, its center is r+sr+s from OO and also 3rs3r-s from O,O, so s=r.s=r. These five spheres have disjoint interiors (the central sphere is tangent to each of the other four), so their union has volume 5V.5V. The probability is 5V27V=5270.185,\dfrac{5V}{27V} = \dfrac{5}{27} \approx 0.185, closest to 0.2.0.2.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

30.

满足 mn0mn \ge 0 的整数有序对 (m,n)(m, n),且

m3+n3+99mn=333m^3 + n^3 + 99mn = 33^3

的个数等于

The number of ordered pairs of integers (m,n)(m, n) for which mn0mn \ge 0 and

m3+n3+99mn=333m^3 + n^3 + 99mn = 33^3

is equal to

22

33

3333

3535

9999

答案:D
难度评级:2460
小提示:

因为 99=33399 = 3 \cdot 33,方程可写成 m3+n3+(33)3m^3 + n^3 + (-33)^3 3mn(33)=0- 3mn(-33) = 0

Since 99=333,99 = 3 \cdot 33, the equation is m3+n3+(33)3m^3 + n^3 + (-33)^3 3mn(33)=0- 3mn(-33) = 0

大提示:

使用恒等式 x3+y3+z3x^3 + y^3 + z^3 3xyz=(x+y+z)- 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2+y2+z2xyyzzx)\cdot (x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - xy - yz - zx)

Use x3+y3+z3x^3 + y^3 + z^3 3xyz=(x+y+z)- 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2+y2+z2xyyzzx)\cdot (x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - xy - yz - zx)

解答:

z=33z = -33,方程变为 m3+n3+z33mnz=0m^3 + n^3 + z^3 - 3mnz = 0,因式分解得 (m+n33)(m2+n2+332mn+33m+33n)=0 \begin{aligned} &(m + n - 33) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \scriptsize\left(m^2 + n^2 + 33^2 - mn + 33m + 33n\right) \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}\text{。}

第二个因子等于 12[(mn)2+(m+33)2+(n+33)2]\scriptsize\tfrac12\big[(m - n)^2 + (m + 33)^2 + (n + 33)^2\big],只在 (m,n)=(33,33)(m, n) = (-33, -33) 时为 00,且满足 mn0mn \ge 0

否则 m+n=33m + n = 33。由 mn0mn \ge 0,二者同为非负,得到 (0,33),(1,32),,(33,0)(0, 33), (1, 32), \ldots, (33, 0),共 3434 对。总计 3535 对。

所以正确答案是 D

Writing z=33,z = -33, the equation becomes m3+n3+z33mnz=0,m^3 + n^3 + z^3 - 3mnz = 0, which factors as (m+n33)(m2+n2+332mn+33m+33n)=0. \begin{aligned} &(m + n - 33) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \scriptsize\left(m^2 + n^2 + 33^2 - mn + 33m + 33n\right) \\ &= 0. \end{aligned}

The second factor equals 12[(mn)2+(m+33)2+(n+33)2],\scriptsize\tfrac12\big[(m - n)^2 + (m + 33)^2 + (n + 33)^2\big], which is 00 only at (m,n)=(33,33);(m, n) = (-33, -33); this satisfies mn0.mn \ge 0.

Otherwise m+n=33.m + n = 33. With mn0mn \ge 0 both are nonnegative, giving (0,33),(1,32),,(33,0),(0, 33), (1, 32), \ldots, (33, 0), which is 3434 pairs. Together there are 3535 solutions.

Thus, the correct answer is D.