2025 AIME II 第 9 题

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9.

区间 0<x<2π0 \lt x \lt 2\pi 中有 nnxx 的值满足 f(x)=sin(7πsin(5x))=0f(x) = \sin(7\pi \cdot \sin(5x)) = 0。在这些 nnxx 中,有 tt 个使得 y=f(x)y = f(x) 的图像与 xx 轴相切。求 n+tn + t

There are nn values of xx in the interval 0<x<2π0 \lt x \lt 2\pi where f(x)=sin(7πsin(5x))=0.f(x) = \sin(7\pi \cdot \sin(5x)) = 0. For tt of these nn values of x,x, the graph of y=f(x)y = f(x) is tangent to the xx-axis. Find n+t.n + t.

答案:149
知识点:三角学微积分系统列举
难度评级:2920
解答:

f(x)=0f(x) = 0 当且仅当 7πsin(5x)7\pi \sin(5x)π\pi 的整数倍,也就是 sin(5x)=k7\sin(5x) = \frac{k}{7},其中整数 kk 满足 k7|k| \le 7。当 xx 遍历 (0,2π)(0, 2\pi) 时,5x5x 遍历 (0,10π)(0, 10\pi),也就是五个完整周期。对于 k=0k = 0, 解为 5x=π,2π,,9π5x = \pi, 2\pi, \ldots, 9\pi:共有 99 个。对于 k=±1,,±6k = \pm 1, \ldots, \pm 61212 个取值,每个周期贡献 22 个解,共 1010 个解。 对于 k=±7k = \pm 7,需要 sin(5x)=±1\sin(5x) = \pm 1,各出现 55 次。所以 n=9+120+10=139n = 9 + 120 + 10 = 139

图像在零点处与 xx 轴相切当且仅当 f(x)f'(x) =35πcos(7πsin(5x))cos(5x)= 35\pi \cos(7\pi \sin(5x)) \cos(5x) =0= 0。在任何零点处, cos(7πsin(5x))=cos(kπ)\cos(7\pi \sin(5x)) = \cos(k\pi) =±10= \pm 1 \ne 0,所以相切要求 cos(5x)=0\cos(5x) = 0,也就是 sin(5x)=±1\sin(5x) = \pm 1:这正是 k=±7k = \pm 7 的那 1010 个零点(此时 sin(5x)\sin(5x) 取极值,因此 ff 只接触而不穿过)。所以 t=10t = 10n+t=149n + t = 149

f(x)=0f(x) = 0 exactly when 7πsin(5x)7\pi \sin(5x) is a multiple of π,\pi, that is, sin(5x)=k7\sin(5x) = \frac{k}{7} for an integer kk with k7.|k| \le 7. As xx runs over (0,2π),(0, 2\pi), the quantity 5x5x runs over (0,10π),(0, 10\pi), five full periods. For k=0,k = 0, the solutions are 5x=π,2π,,9π:5x = \pi, 2\pi, \ldots, 9\pi: 99 values. For each of the 1212 values k=±1,,±6,k = \pm 1, \ldots, \pm 6, each period contributes 22 solutions: 1010 values each. For k=±7,k = \pm 7, we need sin(5x)=±1,\sin(5x) = \pm 1, which happens 55 times each. So n=9+120+10=139.n = 9 + 120 + 10 = 139.

The graph is tangent to the xx-axis at a zero exactly when f(x)f'(x) =35πcos(7πsin(5x))cos(5x)= 35\pi \cos(7\pi \sin(5x)) \cos(5x) =0= 0 there. At any zero, cos(7πsin(5x))=cos(kπ)\cos(7\pi \sin(5x)) = \cos(k\pi) =±10,= \pm 1 \ne 0, so tangency requires cos(5x)=0,\cos(5x) = 0, which means sin(5x)=±1:\sin(5x) = \pm 1: exactly the 1010 zeros with k=±7k = \pm 7 (there sin(5x)\sin(5x) has an extremum, so ff touches without crossing). Thus t=10t = 10 and n+t=149.n + t = 149.

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