2024 AIME I 第 12 题

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12.

定义 f(x)=x12f(x) = \left||x| - \tfrac{1}{2}\right|g(x)=x14g(x) = \left||x| - \tfrac{1}{4}\right|。求图像 y=4g(f(sin(2πx))) y = 4g(f(\sin(2\pi x))) x=4g(f(cos(3πy))). x = 4g(f(\cos(3\pi y))). 的交点个数。

Define f(x)=x12f(x) = \left||x| - \tfrac{1}{2}\right| and g(x)=x14.g(x) = \left||x| - \tfrac{1}{4}\right|. Find the number of intersections of the graphs of y=4g(f(sin(2πx))) y = 4g(f(\sin(2\pi x))) and x=4g(f(cos(3πy))). x = 4g(f(\cos(3\pi y))).

答案:385
知识点:函数绝对值交点计数
难度评级:3160
解答:

两个右端表达式的值都在 [0,1][0, 1] 中,所以所有交点都在单位正方形内。在那里可用 φ(u)=4u1214\varphi(u) = 4\left||u - \tfrac{1}{2}| - \tfrac{1}{4}\right| 写出两条曲线:第一条为 y=φ(sin2πx)y = \varphi(|\sin 2\pi x|),第二条为 x=φ(cos3πy)x = \varphi(|\cos 3\pi y|)。当 uu00 增加到 11 时,φ(u)\varphi(u) 分段线性地按 101011 \to 0 \to 1 \to 0 \to 1 变化,拐点在 u=14,12,34u = \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{4}。对 x[0,1]x \in [0, 1]sin2πx|\sin 2\pi x| 单调扫过 [0,1][0, 1]44 次,所以第一条图像由 44=164 \cdot 4 = 16 条单调弧组成,每条弧都在一个窄竖条内从 0y10 \le y \le 1 的全范围上升或下降。类似地,当 y[0,1]y \in [0, 1] 时,cos3πy|\cos 3\pi y| 单调扫过 [0,1][0, 1]66 次,所以第二条图像由 2424 条单调弧组成,每条弧都在一个窄横条内跨过 0x10 \le x \le 1 的全范围。

取两条图像各一条弧,分别位于竖条 [a,b][a, b] 和横条 [c,d][c, d] 中。在矩形 [a,b]×[c,d][a, b] \times [c, d] 内,第一条弧连接底边和顶边,第二条弧连接左边和右边,并且二者都单调, 因此这两条弧恰好相交一次。这给出 1624=38416 \cdot 24 = 384 个交点。

角点 (1,1)(1, 1) 处还藏着一个额外交点,它在两条图像上: φ(sin2π)=φ(0)=1\varphi(|\sin 2\pi|) = \varphi(0) = 1,且 φ(cos3π)=φ(1)=1\varphi(|\cos 3\pi|) = \varphi(1) = 1。在它附近,第一条图像满足 y18π(1x)y \approx 1 - 8\pi(1 - x),而第二条图像满足 x118π2(1y)2x \approx 1 - 18\pi^2(1 - y)^2,所以最后两条弧除了已经计入的横截相交外,还在共同端点 (1,1)(1, 1) 相遇。总数为 384+1=385384 + 1 = 385

Both right-hand sides take values in [0,1],[0, 1], so every intersection lies in the unit square, and there we may write both curves using φ(u)=4u1214:\varphi(u) = 4\left||u - \tfrac{1}{2}| - \tfrac{1}{4}\right|: the first is y=φ(sin2πx)y = \varphi(|\sin 2\pi x|) and the second is x=φ(cos3πy).x = \varphi(|\cos 3\pi y|). As uu increases from 00 to 1,1, φ(u)\varphi(u) runs linearly 101011 \to 0 \to 1 \to 0 \to 1 with corners at u=14,12,34.u = \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{4}. For x[0,1],x \in [0, 1], sin2πx|\sin 2\pi x| sweeps [0,1][0, 1] monotonically 44 times, so the first graph consists of 44=164 \cdot 4 = 16 monotone arcs, each climbing or descending through the full range 0y10 \le y \le 1 within a narrow vertical strip. Likewise cos3πy|\cos 3\pi y| sweeps [0,1][0, 1] monotonically 66 times for y[0,1],y \in [0, 1], so the second graph consists of 2424 monotone arcs, each crossing the full range 0x10 \le x \le 1 within a narrow horizontal strip.

Take one arc of each graph, living in the vertical strip [a,b][a, b] and the horizontal strip [c,d].[c, d]. Inside the rectangle [a,b]×[c,d],[a, b] \times [c, d], the first arc joins the bottom edge to the top edge and the second joins the left edge to the right edge, and each is monotone, so the two arcs cross exactly once. This yields 1624=38416 \cdot 24 = 384 intersection points.

One further point hides at the corner (1,1),(1, 1), which lies on both graphs: φ(sin2π)=φ(0)=1\varphi(|\sin 2\pi|) = \varphi(0) = 1 and φ(cos3π)=φ(1)=1.\varphi(|\cos 3\pi|) = \varphi(1) = 1. Near it the first graph is y18π(1x)y \approx 1 - 8\pi(1 - x) while the second satisfies x118π2(1y)2,x \approx 1 - 18\pi^2(1 - y)^2, so the two final arcs meet at their shared endpoint (1,1)(1, 1) in addition to the transversal crossing already counted. The total is 384+1=385.384 + 1 = 385.

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