2022 AIME I 第 9 题

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9.

Ellina 有十二个积木块,红色(R\textbf{R})、蓝色(B\textbf{B})、黄色(Y\textbf{Y})、绿色(G\textbf{G})、橙色(O\textbf{O})和紫色(P\textbf{P})各两个。若同色两个积木块之间隔着偶数个积木块,则称一个排列为偶排列。例如,排列是偶排列。Ellina 将这些积木块随机排成一行。她的排列是偶排列的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + nR B B Y G G Y R O P P O\textbf{R B B Y G G Y R O P P O}

Ellina has twelve blocks, two each of red (R\textbf{R}), blue (B\textbf{B}), yellow (Y\textbf{Y}), green (G\textbf{G}), orange (O\textbf{O}), and purple (P\textbf{P}). Call an arrangement of blocks even if there is an even number of blocks between each pair of blocks of the same color. For example, the arrangement R B B Y G G Y R O P P O\textbf{R B B Y G G Y R O P P O} is even. Ellina arranges her blocks in a row in random order. The probability that her arrangement is even is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:247
知识点:基本概率多重集排列奇偶性
难度评级:2450
解答:

如果一种颜色占据位置 i<ji \lt j,它们之间的积木块数是 ji1j - i - 1,这个数为偶数恰好当 iijj 奇偶性相反。因此一个排列是偶排列,当且仅当每种颜色都占据一个奇数位置和一个偶数位置, 也就是说,六个奇数位置恰好包含六种颜色各一次,六个偶数位置也一样。

计算十二个积木块的排列数(同色积木不可区分),总数为 12!26\frac{12!}{2^6}。偶排列有 6!6!6! \cdot 6! 个(奇数位置是六种颜色的一个排列,偶数位置也是六种颜色的一个排列)。概率为 6!6!2612!=16231.\frac{6! \cdot 6! \cdot 2^6}{12!} = \frac{16}{231}.

因为 gcd(16,231)=1\gcd(16, 231) = 1,答案为 m+n=16+231=247m + n = 16 + 231 = 247

If a color occupies positions i<j,i \lt j, the number of blocks between them is ji1,j - i - 1, which is even exactly when ii and jj have opposite parity. So an arrangement is even precisely when every color occupies one odd position and one even position — that is, the six odd slots contain each color exactly once, and so do the six even slots.

Counting arrangements of the twelve blocks (blocks of the same color identical), there are 12!26\frac{12!}{2^6} in total, and 6!6!6! \cdot 6! even ones (a permutation of the six colors in the odd slots and another in the even slots). The probability is 6!6!2612!=16231.\frac{6! \cdot 6! \cdot 2^6}{12!} = \frac{16}{231}.

Since gcd(16,231)=1,\gcd(16, 231) = 1, the answer is m+n=16+231=247.m + n = 16 + 231 = 247.

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