2019 AIME II 第 9 题

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9.

若正整数 nn 恰有 kk 个正因数,且 nn 能被 kk 整除,则称 nnkk-漂亮的。例如,181866-漂亮的。令 SS 为小于 201920192020-漂亮的正整数之和。求 S20\frac{S}{20}

Call a positive integer nn kk-pretty if nn has exactly kk positive divisors and nn is divisible by k.k. For example, 1818 is 66-pretty. Let SS be the sum of the positive integers less than 20192019 that are 2020-pretty. Find S20.\frac{S}{20}.

答案:472
知识点:因数个数质因数分解分类讨论
难度评级:2650
解答:

我们需要 20n20 \mid nτ(n)=20\tau(n) = 20。写 n=2a5bmn = 2^a 5^b m,其中 gcd(m,10)=1\gcd(m, 10) = 1;于是 a2a \ge 2b1b \ge 1,并且 (a+1)(b+1)τ(m)=20(a + 1)(b + 1)\tau(m) = 20,其中 a+13a + 1 \ge 3b+12b + 1 \ge 2。因子 a+1a + 1 必须是至少为 33: 的 2020 的因数:即 445510102020 中之一。

a+1=4a + 1 = 4,则 (b+1)τ(m)=5(b + 1)\tau(m) = 5 迫使 b=4b = 4m=1m = 1,于是 n=2354=5000n = 2^3 5^4 = 5000,太大。若 a+1=10a + 1 = 10,则 b=1b = 1m=1m = 1,且 n=295=2560n = 2^9 \cdot 5 = 2560,太大;a+1=20a + 1 = 20 更大。若 a+1=5a + 1 = 5,则 (b+1)τ(m)=4(b + 1)\tau(m) = 4,得到两种情况:b=3b = 3m=1m = 1,所以 n=2453=2000<2019n = 2^4 5^3 = 2000 \lt 2019,或 b=1b = 1τ(m)=2\tau(m) = 2,所以 m=pm = p 是不同于 2255 的质数,且 n=80p<2019n = 80p \lt 2019,即 p25p \le 25p{3,7,11,13,17,19,23}p \in \{3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23\}b+12b + 1 \ge 2

因此 所以 S20=472\frac{S}{20} = 472S=2000+80(3+7+11+13+17+19+23)=2000+8093=9440, \begin{aligned} S &= 2000 \\ &\quad {}+ 80\tiny(3 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23) \\ &= 2000 + 80 \cdot 93 \\ &= 9440, \end{aligned}

We need 20n20 \mid n and τ(n)=20.\tau(n) = 20. Write n=2a5bmn = 2^a 5^b m with gcd(m,10)=1;\gcd(m, 10) = 1; then a2,a \ge 2, b1,b \ge 1, and (a+1)(b+1)τ(m)=20(a + 1)(b + 1)\tau(m) = 20 with a+13a + 1 \ge 3 and b+12.b + 1 \ge 2. The factor a+1a + 1 must be a divisor of 2020 that is at least 3:3: one of 4,4, 5,5, 10,10, 20.20.

If a+1=4,a + 1 = 4, then (b+1)τ(m)=5(b + 1)\tau(m) = 5 forces b=4,b = 4, m=1,m = 1, so n=2354=5000,n = 2^3 5^4 = 5000, too large. If a+1=10,a + 1 = 10, then b=1,b = 1, m=1,m = 1, and n=295=2560,n = 2^9 \cdot 5 = 2560, too large. The case a+1=20a + 1 = 20 is impossible because b+12.b + 1 \ge 2. If a+1=5,a + 1 = 5, then (b+1)τ(m)=4,(b + 1)\tau(m) = 4, giving either b=3,b = 3, m=1,m = 1, so n=2453=2000<2019,n = 2^4 5^3 = 2000 \lt 2019, or b=1b = 1 and τ(m)=2,\tau(m) = 2, so m=pm = p is a prime other than 22 and 55 and n=80p<2019,n = 80p \lt 2019, i.e. p25:p \le 25: p{3,7,11,13,17,19,23}.p \in \{3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23\}.

Therefore S=2000+80(3+7+11+13+17+19+23)=2000+8093=9440, \begin{aligned} S &= 2000 \\ &\quad {}+ 80\tiny(3 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23) \\ &= 2000 + 80 \cdot 93 \\ &= 9440, \end{aligned} and S20=472.\frac{S}{20} = 472.

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