2009 AIME I 第 9 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

9.

一个游戏节目向参赛者提供三件奖品 A、B 和 C,每件奖品的价格都是从 $1\$1$9999\$9999(含端点)的整数美元。参赛者按 A、B、C 的顺序正确猜出每件奖品的价格即可获奖。作为提示,会给出这三个价格的所有数字。在某一天,给出的数字是 1,1,1,1,3,3,31, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3。求与这个提示一致的三件奖品价格的所有可能猜法总数。

A game show offers a contestant three prizes A, B and C, each of which is worth a whole number of dollars from $1\$1 to $9999\$9999 inclusive. The contestant wins the prizes by correctly guessing the price of each prize in the order A, B, C. As a hint, the digits of the three prices are given. On a particular day, the digits given were 1,1,1,1,3,3,3.1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3. Find the total number of possible guesses for all three prizes consistent with the hint.

答案:420
知识点:多重集排列分拆与有序分拆乘法原理
难度评级:2600
解答:

按顺序把三个猜测的价格拼接起来,会得到给定七个数字的一种排列;反过来,一个排列加上一种把它切成三个连续非空段的方法,也唯一确定一种猜法,并且每段长度至多为四位(价格从 $1\$1$9999\$9999, 且这里没有价格会以 00 开头,因为所有数字都是 1133)。四个 11 和三个 33 的排列数为 7!4!3!=35\frac{7!}{4!\,3!} = 35

有序段长就是把 77 写成三个介于 1144 之间的正整数之和的方法:(1,2,4)(1, 2, 4)(2,2,3)(2, 2, 3)(1,3,3)(1, 3, 3) 的排列,给出 6+3+3=126 + 3 + 3 = 12 种切法。

总数为 3512=42035 \cdot 12 = 420

Concatenating the three guessed prices in order produces an arrangement of the seven given digits, and each guess is recovered uniquely from an arrangement together with a way to cut it into three consecutive nonempty blocks of at most four digits each (prices run from $1\$1 to $9999,\$9999, and no price can start with 00 here since every digit is 11 or 33). There are 7!4!3!=35\frac{7!}{4!\,3!} = 35 arrangements of four 11s and three 33s.

The ordered block lengths are the ways to write 77 as an ordered sum of three parts between 11 and 4:4: the permutations of (1,2,4),(1, 2, 4), (2,2,3),(2, 2, 3), and (1,3,3),(1, 3, 3), giving 6+3+3=126 + 3 + 3 = 12 cuts for each arrangement.

The total is 3512=420.35 \cdot 12 = 420.

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