2008 AIME I 第 9 题

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9.

十个相同的木箱尺寸均为 33 ft ×\times 44 ft ×\times 66 ft。第一个木箱平放在地板上。 其余九个木箱依次平放在前一个木箱上方,且每个木箱的朝向随机选择。设这堆木箱高度恰好为 4141 ft 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 mm

Ten identical crates each have dimensions 33 ft ×\times 44 ft ×\times 66 ft. The first crate is placed flat on the floor. Each of the remaining nine crates is placed, in turn, flat on top of the previous crate, and the orientation of each crate is chosen at random. Let mn\frac{m}{n} be the probability that the stack of crates is exactly 4141 ft tall, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m.m.

答案:190
知识点:基本概率丢番图方程多重集排列
难度评级:2650
解答:

每个木箱独立地贡献高度 3344, 或 66,概率各为 13\frac{1}{3},所以共有 3103^{10} 个等可能堆法。若 xxyyzz 个木箱的高度分别为 334466, 则 x+y+z=10x + y + z = 103x+4y+6z=413x + 4y + 6z = 41;减去第一个方程的三倍,得 y+3z=11y + 3z = 11,所以 (x,y,z)=(1,8,1),(3,5,2),(5,2,3). \begin{aligned} (x, y, z) &= (1, 8, 1), \\ &\quad (3, 5, 2), \\ &\quad (5, 2, 3). \end{aligned}

这些分别可排列为 10!1!8!1!=90\frac{10!}{1!\,8!\,1!} = 9010!3!5!2!=2520\frac{10!}{3!\,5!\,2!} = 2520, 和 10!5!2!3!=2520\frac{10!}{5!\,2!\,3!} = 2520 种, 共 51305130 种堆法。概率为 5130310=19037\frac{5130}{3^{10}} = \frac{190}{3^7}, 因为 190=2519190 = 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 19。这已是最简分数。因此 m=190m = 190

Each crate independently contributes height 3,3, 4,4, or 6,6, each with probability 13,\frac{1}{3}, so there are 3103^{10} equally likely stacks. If x,x, y,y, zz crates have heights 3,3, 4,4, 6,6, then x+y+z=10x + y + z = 10 and 3x+4y+6z=41;3x + 4y + 6z = 41; subtracting three times the first equation gives y+3z=11,y + 3z = 11, so (x,y,z)=(1,8,1),(3,5,2),(5,2,3). \begin{aligned} (x, y, z) &= (1, 8, 1), \\ &\quad (3, 5, 2), \\ &\quad (5, 2, 3). \end{aligned}

These can be ordered in 10!1!8!1!=90,\frac{10!}{1!\,8!\,1!} = 90, 10!3!5!2!=2520,\frac{10!}{3!\,5!\,2!} = 2520, and 10!5!2!3!=2520\frac{10!}{5!\,2!\,3!} = 2520 ways, for 51305130 stacks in all. The probability is 5130310=19037,\frac{5130}{3^{10}} = \frac{190}{3^7}, which is in lowest terms since 190=2519.190 = 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 19. Thus m=190.m = 190.

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