2005 AIME I 第 12 题

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12.

对正整数 nn,令 τ(n)\tau(n) 表示 nn 的正整数因数个数,包括 11nn。例如,τ(1)=1\tau(1) = 1τ(6)=4\tau(6) = 4。定义 S(n)S(n) 如下:S(n)=τ(1)+τ(2)++τ(n).S(n) = \tau(1) + \tau(2) + \cdots + \tau(n).aa 表示满足 n2005n \le 2005S(n)S(n) 为奇数的正整数个数,令 bb 表示满足 n2005n \le 2005S(n)S(n) 为偶数的正整数个数。求 ab|a - b|

For positive integers n,n, let τ(n)\tau(n) denote the number of positive integer divisors of n,n, including 11 and n.n. For example, τ(1)=1\tau(1) = 1 and τ(6)=4.\tau(6) = 4. Define S(n)S(n) by S(n)=τ(1)+τ(2)++τ(n).S(n) = \tau(1) + \tau(2) + \cdots + \tau(n). Let aa denote the number of positive integers n2005n \le 2005 with S(n)S(n) odd, and let bb denote the number of positive integers n2005n \le 2005 with S(n)S(n) even. Find ab.|a - b|.

答案:25
知识点:奇偶性完全平方数因数个数
难度评级:2760
解答:

nn 的因数可以配成 ddnd\frac{n}{d}, 两两一对,所以 τ(n)\tau(n) 为奇数当且仅当 nn 是完全平方数。因此 S(n)S(n) 恰好在平方数处改变奇偶性,也就是说 S(n)S(n) 为奇数,当且仅当不超过 nn 的平方数个数,即 n\lfloor\sqrt{n}\rfloor 为奇数。

对每个 kk, 满足 n=k\lfloor\sqrt{n}\rfloor = k 的整数 nn2k+12k + 1 个,即 k2nk2+2kk^2 \le n \le k^2 + 2k。 因为 442=193644^2 = 1936 2005\le 2005 <2025=452\lt 2025 = 45^2, 奇数 k=1,3,,43k = 1, 3, \ldots, 43 的完整区块都在范围内,所以 a=k odd,k43(2k+1)=2(1+3++43)+22=2484+22=990. \begin{aligned} a &= \sum_{k \text{ odd},\, k \le 43} (2k + 1) \\ &= 2(1 + 3 + \cdots + 43) + 22 \\ &= 2 \cdot 484 + 22 \\ &= 990. \end{aligned}

于是 b=2005990=1015b = 2005 - 990 = 1015, 且 ab=25|a - b| = 25

Divisors of nn pair up as dd and nd,\frac{n}{d}, so τ(n)\tau(n) is odd exactly when nn is a perfect square. Hence S(n)S(n) changes parity exactly at the squares, which means S(n)S(n) is odd exactly when the number of squares up to n,n, namely n,\lfloor\sqrt{n}\rfloor, is odd.

For each k,k, there are 2k+12k + 1 integers nn with n=k,\lfloor\sqrt{n}\rfloor = k, namely k2nk2+2k.k^2 \le n \le k^2 + 2k. Since 442=193644^2 = 1936 2005\le 2005 <2025=452,\lt 2025 = 45^2, the odd values k=1,3,,43k = 1, 3, \ldots, 43 all have their full blocks within range, so a=k odd,k43(2k+1)=2(1+3++43)+22=2484+22=990. \begin{aligned} a &= \sum_{k \text{ odd},\, k \le 43} (2k + 1) \\ &= 2(1 + 3 + \cdots + 43) + 22 \\ &= 2 \cdot 484 + 22 \\ &= 990. \end{aligned}

Then b=2005990=1015,b = 2005 - 990 = 1015, and ab=25.|a - b| = 25.

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