2004 AIME I 第 10 题

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10.

一个半径为 11 的圆被随机放入矩形 ABCDABCD 中,该矩形大小为 15153636 且圆完全位于矩形内部。已知该圆不会碰到对角线 AC\overline{AC} 的概率为 m/nm/n, 其中 mmnn 是互质正整数,求 m+nm + n

A circle of radius 11 is randomly placed in a 1515-by-3636 rectangle ABCDABCD so that the circle lies completely within the rectangle. Given that the probability that the circle will not touch diagonal AC\overline{AC} is m/n,m/n, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m + n.

答案:817
知识点:几何概率坐标几何距离公式
难度评级:2790
解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(36,0)B = (36, 0)C=(36,15)C = (36, 15)。为使圆位于矩形内,圆心必须在矩形 [1,35]×[1,14][1, 35] \times [1, 14] 中,其面积为 3413=44234 \cdot 13 = 442,且圆心在其中均匀分布。对角线 AC\overline{AC} 位于直线 5x12y=05x - 12y = 0 上;圆避开它恰好等价于圆心到该直线的距离 5x12y13\frac{|5x - 12y|}{13} 大于 11,即 5x12y>13|5x - 12y| \gt 13

直线 5x12y=135x - 12y = 13y=1y = 1 交于 x=5x = 5,与 x=35x = 35 交于 y=272y = \frac{27}{2},所以对角线下方的有利区域是顶点为 (5,1)(5, 1)(35,1)(35, 1)(35,272)(35, \tfrac{27}{2}) 的直角三角形,直角边为 3030252\frac{25}{2},面积为 1230252=3752\frac{1}{2} \cdot 30 \cdot \frac{25}{2} = \frac{375}{2}。绕位于对角线上的矩形中心 (18,152)(18, \tfrac{15}{2}) 旋转 180180^\circ,会把内矩形和对角线映到自身,所以对角线上方区域面积相同。

概率为 375442\frac{375}{442}, 又因为 442=21317442 = 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 17375=353375 = 3 \cdot 5^3, 没有公因数,所以 m+n=375+442=817m + n = 375 + 442 = 817

Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(36,0),B = (36, 0), C=(36,15).C = (36, 15). For the circle to lie in the rectangle, its center must lie in the rectangle [1,35]×[1,14],[1, 35] \times [1, 14], of area 3413=442,34 \cdot 13 = 442, and the center is uniformly distributed there. The diagonal AC\overline{AC} lies on the line 5x12y=0,5x - 12y = 0, and the circle misses it exactly when the center's distance 5x12y13\frac{|5x - 12y|}{13} exceeds 1,1, that is, 5x12y>13.|5x - 12y| \gt 13.

The line 5x12y=135x - 12y = 13 meets y=1y = 1 at x=5x = 5 and x=35x = 35 at y=272,y = \frac{27}{2}, so below the diagonal the favorable region is the right triangle with vertices (5,1),(5, 1), (35,1),(35, 1), (35,272),(35, \tfrac{27}{2}), with legs 3030 and 252\frac{25}{2} and area 1230252=3752.\frac{1}{2} \cdot 30 \cdot \frac{25}{2} = \frac{375}{2}. Rotating 180180^\circ about the rectangle's center (18,152),(18, \tfrac{15}{2}), which lies on the diagonal, maps the inner rectangle and the diagonal to themselves, so the region above the diagonal has the same area.

The probability is 375442,\frac{375}{442}, and since 442=21317442 = 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 17 shares no factor with 375=353,375 = 3 \cdot 5^3, we get m+n=375+442=817.m + n = 375 + 442 = 817.

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