2002 AIME II 第 9 题

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9.

S\mathcal{S} 为集合 {1,2,3,,10}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 10\}。令 nn 为从 S\mathcal{S} 中选出两个非空且不相交的子集所组成的集合个数。(不相交集合指没有共同元素的集合。)求 nn 除以 10001000 所得的余数。

Let S\mathcal{S} be the set {1,2,3,,10}.\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 10\}. Let nn be the number of sets of two non-empty disjoint subsets of S.\mathcal{S}. (Disjoint sets are defined as sets that have no common elements.) Find the remainder obtained when nn is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:501
知识点:子集乘法原理容斥原理
难度评级:2500
解答:

先数不相交子集的有序对 (A,B)(A, B)。对于这 1010 个元素中的每一个,可以选择放入 AA、放入 BB,或两者都不放,因此共有 3103^{10} 个有序对。其中 2102^{10} 个有 AA 为空,2102^{10} 个有 BB 为空,而 (,)(\varnothing, \varnothing) 被重复减了一次,所以两个子集都非空的有序对数为 3102210+1=570023^{10} - 2 \cdot 2^{10} + 1 = 57002

不相交的非空子集不可能相等,所以每个集合 {A,B}\{A, B\} 被数了两次,得到 n=570022=28501n = \frac{57002}{2} = 28501。模 10001000 的余数是 501501

Count ordered pairs (A,B)(A, B) of disjoint subsets first: each of the 1010 elements goes in A,A, in B,B, or in neither, for 3103^{10} pairs. Among these, 2102^{10} have AA empty and 2102^{10} have BB empty, with the pair (,)(\varnothing, \varnothing) counted in both, so 3102210+1=570023^{10} - 2 \cdot 2^{10} + 1 = 57002 ordered pairs have both subsets non-empty.

Disjoint non-empty subsets are never equal, so each set {A,B}\{A, B\} is counted twice, giving n=570022=28501.n = \frac{57002}{2} = 28501. The remainder mod 10001000 is 501.501.

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