1995 AMC 12 真题

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1.

金在前三次数学考试中的成绩分别为 878783838888。如果她第四次考试得 9090 分,那么她的平均分将

Kim earned scores of 87,87, 8383 and 8888 on her first three mathematics examinations. If Kim receives a score of 9090 on the fourth exam, then her average will

保持不变

remain the same

增加 11

increase by 11

增加 22

increase by 22

增加 33

increase by 33

增加 44

increase by 44

答案:B
知识点:arithmetic mean
难度评级:690
小提示:

9090 与前三次成绩的平均数比较

Compare 9090 with the average of the first three scores

大提示:

先分别求出原来的总分和新的总分,再除以考试次数

Find the old and new totals before dividing by the number of exams

解答:

前三次成绩的总和为 87+83+88=25887+83+88=258,所以平均分为 2583=86\frac{258}{3}=86。加上第四次成绩后,总分为 348348,新的平均分为 3484=87\frac{348}{4}=87。平均分增加了 11 分,因此正确答案是 B

The first three scores total 87+83+88=258,87+83+88=258, so their average is 2583=86.\frac{258}{3}=86. With the fourth score, the total is 348,348, and the new average is 3484=87.\frac{348}{4}=87. It increases by 1,1, so the correct answer is B.

2.

2+x=3\sqrt{2+\sqrt{x}}=3,则 x=x=

If 2+x=3,\sqrt{2+\sqrt{x}}=3, then x=x=

11

7\sqrt7

77

4949

121121

答案:D
知识点:radical equations
难度评级:890
小提示:

先将等式两边平方一次,使 x\sqrt{x} 单独出现

Square both sides once to isolate x\sqrt{x}

大提示:

分离出内层根式后,再平方一次

After isolating the inner radical, square a second time

解答:

平方得 2+x=92+\sqrt{x}=9,所以 x=7\sqrt{x}=7。再次平方得 x=49x=49。因此正确答案是 D

Squaring gives 2+x=9,2+\sqrt{x}=9, so x=7.\sqrt{x}=7. Squaring again gives x=49.x=49. Thus the correct answer is D.

3.

某家电在商店内的总价为 $99.99\$99.99。电视广告称,同一产品可分三次轻松付款,每次 $29.98\$29.98,另收一次性运费及手续费 $9.98\$9.98。从电视广告商处购买可节省多少钱?

The total in-store price for an appliance is $99.99.\$99.99. A television commercial advertises the same product for three easy payments of $29.98\$29.98 and a one-time shipping and handling charge of $9.98.\$9.98. How much is saved by buying the appliance from the television advertiser?

66 美分

66 cents

77 美分

77 cents

88 美分

88 cents

99 美分

99 cents

1010 美分

1010 cents

答案:B
难度评级:800
小提示:

将三次付款与一次性费用相加

Add all three payments and the one-time charge

大提示:

用店内价格减去广告总价,再将美元换算为美分

Subtract the advertised total from the in-store price and convert dollars to cents

解答:

广告总价为 3(29.98)+9.98=99.923(29.98)+9.98=99.92 美元。节省的钱为 99.9999.92=0.0799.99-99.92=0.07 美元,即 77 美分。因此正确答案是 B

The advertised total is 3(29.98)+9.98=99.923(29.98)+9.98=99.92 dollars. The savings is 99.9999.92=0.0799.99-99.92=0.07 dollars, or 77 cents. Thus the correct answer is B.

4.

MM30%30\%QQ 的乘积,QQ20%20\%PP 的乘积,且 NN50%50\%PP 的乘积,则 MN=\frac{M}{N}=

If MM is 30%30\% of Q,Q, QQ is 20%20\% of P,P, and NN is 50%50\% of P,P, then MN=\frac{M}{N}=

3250\frac3{250}

325\frac3{25}

11

65\frac65

43\frac43

答案:B
知识点:percentagesratios
难度评级:960
小提示:

MMNN 都表示成 PP 的倍数

Express both MM and NN as multiples of PP

大提示:

先把百分数化为分数,再求 MN\frac{M}{N}

Convert the percentages to fractions before forming MN\frac{M}{N}

解答:

M=(0.30)(0.20)P=0.06PM=(0.30)(0.20)P=0.06P,且 N=0.50PN=0.50P。因此 MN=0.060.50=325\frac{M}{N}=\frac{0.06}{0.50}=\frac{3}{25}。所以正确答案是 B

We have M=(0.30)(0.20)P=0.06PM=(0.30)(0.20)P=0.06P and N=0.50P.N=0.50P. Hence MN=0.060.50=325.\frac{M}{N}=\frac{0.06}{0.50}=\frac{3}{25}. Thus the correct answer is B.

5.

一块长方形田地宽 300300 英尺、长 400400 英尺。随机抽样表明,整块田地平均每平方英寸有三只蚂蚁。[ 1212 英寸 = 11 英尺。] 下列哪个数最接近田地中的蚂蚁总数?

A rectangular field is 300300 feet wide and 400400 feet long. Random sampling indicates that there are, on the average, three ants per square inch throughout the field. [1212 inches = 11 foot.] Of the following, the number that most closely approximates the number of ants in the field is

500500

500500 thousand

55 百万

55 million

5050 百万

5050 million

500500 百万

500500 million

55 十亿

55 billion

答案:C
难度评级:1070
小提示:

先求田地的面积,以平方英尺为单位

First find the field’s area in square feet

大提示:

一平方英尺含有 12212^2 平方英寸

One square foot contains 12212^2 square inches

解答:

田地面积为 300400=120,000300\cdot400=120{,}000 平方英尺,即 120,000144=17,280,000120{,}000\cdot144=17{,}280{,}000 平方英寸。估计蚂蚁总数为 3(17,280,000)=51,840,0003(17{,}280{,}000)=51{,}840{,}000,最接近 5050 百万。因此正确答案是 C

The area is 300400=120,000300\cdot400=120{,}000 square feet, or 120,000144=17,280,000120{,}000\cdot144=17{,}280{,}000 square inches. The estimate is 3(17,280,000)=51,840,000,3(17{,}280{,}000)=51{,}840{,}000, closest to 5050 million. Thus the correct answer is C.

6.

图示展开图可以折成一个立方体。在折成的立方体中,哪个标有字母的面与标记为 xx 的面相对?

The figure shown can be folded into the shape of a cube. In the resulting cube, which of the lettered faces is opposite the face marked x?x?

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

答案:C
难度评级:960
小提示:

固定面 AA,将每个相邻正方形折起 9090^\circ

Hold face AA fixed and fold each neighboring square by 9090^\circ

大提示:

沿展开图移动时,追踪每个面的外法线方向

Track the outward normal direction of each face as you move through the net

解答:

AA 固定为正面。折叠后,xx 成为左面,BB 成为上面。面 CCBB 的右侧相连,随后折成右面,正好与 xx 相对。因此正确答案是 C

Hold AA as the front face. Folding makes xx the left face and BB the top face. The face C,C, attached to the right of B,B, then folds to the right face, opposite x.x. Thus the correct answer is C.

7.

地球赤道处的半径约为 40004000 英里。假设一架喷气式飞机相对地球以每小时 500500 英里的速度绕地球飞行一周,且飞行高度相对于赤道可以忽略不计。下列哪一个是飞行时数的最佳估计?

The radius of Earth at the equator is approximately 40004000 miles. Suppose a jet flies once around Earth at a speed of 500500 miles per hour relative to Earth. If the flight path is a negligible height above the equator, then, among the following choices, the best estimate of the number of hours of flight is

88

2525

5050

7575

100100

答案:C
知识点:圆周长速率
难度评级:1220
小提示:

2πr2\pi r 估算赤道的长度

Approximate the equator’s length with 2πr2\pi r

大提示:

用路程除以 500500,并采用 π\pi 的简便近似值

Divide the trip distance by 500500 and use a simple estimate for π\pi

解答:

赤道长约为 2π(4000)=8000π2\pi(4000)=8000\pi 英里。飞行时间为 8000π500=16π50\frac{8000\pi}{500}=16\pi\approx50 小时。因此正确答案是 C

The equator is approximately 2π(4000)=8000π2\pi(4000)=8000\pi miles long. The flight time is 8000π500=16π50\frac{8000\pi}{500}=16\pi\approx50 hours. Thus the correct answer is C.

8.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,C=90\angle C=90^\circAC=6AC=6BC=8BC=8。点 DDEE 分别位于 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC} 上,且 BED=90\angle BED=90^\circ。若 DE=4DE=4,则 BD=BD=

In triangle ABC,ABC, C=90,\angle C=90^\circ, AC=6AC=6 and BC=8.BC=8. Points DD and EE are on AB\overline{AB} and BC,\overline{BC}, respectively, and BED=90.\angle BED=90^\circ. If DE=4,DE=4, then BD=BD=

55

163\frac{16}3

203\frac{20}3

152\frac{15}2

88

答案:C
难度评级:1290
小提示:

两个直角说明 DEAC\overline{DE}\parallel\overline{AC}

The two right angles show that DEAC\overline{DE}\parallel\overline{AC}

大提示:

利用 BDE\triangle BDEBAC\triangle BAC 相似

Use similarity between BDE\triangle BDE and BAC\triangle BAC

解答:

大直角三角形中 AB=62+82=10AB=\sqrt{6^2+8^2}=10。由于 DEAC\overline{DE}\parallel\overline{AC},三角形 BDEBDEBACBAC 相似,相似比为 DEAC=46=23\frac{DE}{AC}=\frac{4}{6}=\frac{2}{3}。因此 BD=(23)(10)=203BD=(\frac{2}{3})(10)=\frac{20}{3}。所以正确答案是 C

The large right triangle has AB=62+82=10.AB=\sqrt{6^2+8^2}=10. Since DEAC,\overline{DE}\parallel\overline{AC}, triangles BDEBDE and BACBAC are similar, with scale factor DEAC=46=23.\frac{DE}{AC}=\frac{4}{6}=\frac{2}{3}. Therefore BD=(23)(10)=203.BD=(\frac{2}{3})(10)=\frac{20}{3}. Thus the correct answer is C.

9.

图形由一个正方形、它的两条对角线以及连接两组对边中点的线段组成。图中各种大小的三角形总数是

Consider the figure consisting of a square, its diagonals, and the segments joining the midpoints of opposite sides. The total number of triangles of any size in the figure is

1010

1212

1414

1616

1818

答案:D
难度评级:1380
小提示:

先按大小分类,再数三角形

Separate the triangles by size before counting

大提示:

先数一个方向的三角形,再利用正方形的旋转对称性

Count one orientation and use the square’s rotational symmetry

解答:

最小的三角形有 88 个,每个由半条边、半条对角线和半条中位线围成。以正方形的一整条边为底、中心为顶点的三角形有 44 个;由对角线截出的半正方形三角形另有 44 个。总数为 8+4+4=168+4+4=16。因此正确答案是 D

There are 88 smallest triangles, each bounded by a half-side, a half-diagonal, and a half-midline. There are 44 triangles whose base is a full side and vertex is the center, and 44 half-square triangles cut off by a diagonal. The total is 8+4+4=16.8+4+4=16. Thus the correct answer is D.

10.

直线 y=xy=xy=xy=-xy=6y=6 所围成三角形的面积是

The area of the triangle bounded by the lines y=x,y=x, y=xy=-x and y=6y=6 is

1212

12212\sqrt2

2424

24224\sqrt2

3636

答案:E
难度评级:1100
小提示:

求两条斜线分别与 y=6y=6 的交点

Find where each slanted line meets y=6y=6

大提示:

y=6y=6 上的水平线段作为三角形的底

Use the horizontal segment on y=6y=6 as the triangle’s base

解答:

三个顶点是 (0,0)(0,0)(6,6)(6,6)(6,6)(-6,6)。水平底边长为 1212,高为 66,所以面积是 12(12)(6)=36\frac12(12)(6)=36。因此正确答案是 E

The vertices are (0,0),(0,0), (6,6),(6,6), and (6,6).(-6,6). The horizontal base has length 12,12, and the height is 6,6, so the area is 12(12)(6)=36.\frac12(12)(6)=36. Thus the correct answer is E.

11.

有多少个以 1010 为底的四位数 N=abcdN=\underline{a\,b\,c\,d} 同时满足以下三个条件?

(i) 4,000N<6,0004{,}000\le N\lt6{,}000

(ii) NN55 的倍数;

(iii) 3b<c63\le b\lt c\le6

How many base 1010 four-digit numbers, N=abcd,N=\underline{a\,b\,c\,d}, satisfy all three of the following conditions?

(i) 4,000N<6,000;4{,}000\le N\lt6{,}000;

(ii) NN is a multiple of 5;5;

(iii) 3b<c6.3\le b\lt c\le6.

1010

1818

2424

3636

4848

答案:C
知识点:counting整除性
难度评级:1600
小提示:

根据条件 (i) 和 (ii) 确定数字 aadd 的可能取值

Determine the possible digits aa and dd from conditions (i) and (ii)

大提示:

33445566 中选两个不同的数字,使 b<cb\lt c

Choose two distinct digits from 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 66 for b<cb\lt c

解答:

千位数字 aa4455,而能被 55 整除意味着 dd0055。有序对 (b,c)(b,c) 是从 33445566 中选两个数字并按递增顺序排列,共有 (42)=6\binom42=6 种。因此总数为 226=242\cdot2\cdot6=24,正确答案是 C

The thousands digit aa is 44 or 5,5, and divisibility by 55 makes dd either 00 or 5.5. The pair (b,c)(b,c) is obtained by choosing two of 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 66 in increasing order, giving (42)=6\binom42=6 pairs. Thus the count is 226=24,2\cdot2\cdot6=24, and the correct answer is C.

12.

ff 是线性函数,满足 f(1)f(2)f(1)\le f(2)f(3)f(4)f(3)\ge f(4),且 f(5)=5f(5)=5。下列哪个陈述正确?

Let ff be a linear function with the properties that f(1)f(2),f(1)\le f(2), f(3)f(4),f(3)\ge f(4), and f(5)=5.f(5)=5. Which of the following statements is true?

f(0)<0f(0)\lt0

f(0)=0f(0)=0

f(1)<f(0)<f(1)f(1)\lt f(0)\lt f(-1)

f(0)=5f(0)=5

f(0)>5f(0)\gt5

答案:D
难度评级:1600
小提示:

将每个不等式转化为对斜率的限制

Translate each inequality into a condition on the slope

大提示:

两个斜率条件合起来可以确定整个线性函数

The two slope conditions together determine the entire linear function

解答:

f(1)f(2)f(1)\le f(2) 可知斜率非负;由 f(3)f(4)f(3)\ge f(4) 可知斜率非正。因此斜率为 00,所以 ff 是常函数。由于 f(5)=5f(5)=5,有 f(0)=5f(0)=5。因此正确答案是 D

From f(1)f(2),f(1)\le f(2), the slope is nonnegative. From f(3)f(4),f(3)\ge f(4), it is nonpositive. Thus the slope is 0,0, so ff is constant. Since f(5)=5,f(5)=5, we have f(0)=5.f(0)=5. Thus the correct answer is D.

13.

下面的加法不正确。把某个数字 dd 在每次出现时都改成另一个数字 ee,便可使算式正确。求 ddee 的和。

742586+8294301212016\begin{array}{rrrrrrr}&7&4&2&5&8&6\\+&8&2&9&4&3&0\\\hline1&2&1&2&0&1&6\end{array}

The addition below is incorrect. The display can be made correct by changing one digit d,d, wherever it occurs, to another digit e.e. Find the sum of dd and e.e.

742586+8294301212016\begin{array}{rrrrrrr}&7&4&2&5&8&6\\+&8&2&9&4&3&0\\\hline1&2&1&2&0&1&6\end{array}

44

66

88

1010

大于 1010

more than 1010

答案:C
难度评级:1630
小提示:

从右向左相加,并记录每一次进位

Add from right to left and track each carry

大提示:

注意 dd 每次出现时都必须作同样的替换

Remember that the same replacement must be made at every occurrence of dd

解答:

个位、十位和百位的运算成立,对应的进位依次为 001111。在千位上,把每个 22 都改为 66,便有 6+9+1=166+9+1=16,结果中的该位也正好是 66。接下来的两列分别给出 4+6+1=114+6+1=117+8+1=167+8+1=16,得到正确算式 746586+869430=1616016746586+869430=1616016。因此 d+e=2+6=8d+e=2+6=8,正确答案是 C

The units, tens, and hundreds columns work with carries 0,0, 1,1, 1.1. In the thousands column, replacing every 22 by 66 gives 6+9+1=16,6+9+1=16, so the result digit is also 6.6. The next columns then give 4+6+1=114+6+1=11 and 7+8+1=16,7+8+1=16, producing the corrected equation 746586+869430=1616016.746586+869430=1616016. Thus d+e=2+6=8,d+e=2+6=8, and the correct answer is C.

14.

f(x)=ax4bx2+x+5f(x)=ax^4-bx^2+x+5,且 f(3)=2f(-3)=2,则 f(3)=f(3)=

If f(x)=ax4bx2+x+5f(x)=ax^4-bx^2+x+5 and f(3)=2,f(-3)=2, then f(3)=f(3)=

5-5

2-2

11

33

88

答案:E
难度评级:1020
小提示:

xx 替换为 x-x 时,含偶次幂的各项保持不变

The terms with even powers are unchanged when xx is replaced by x-x

大提示:

直接比较 f(3)f(3)f(3)f(-3),不必求出 aabb

Compare f(3)f(3) and f(3)f(-3) without solving for aa or bb

解答:

当自变量分别为 333-3 时,偶次幂项和常数项相同,而一次项由 3-3 变为 33。因此 f(3)f(3)=6f(3)-f(-3)=6,所以 f(3)=2+6=8f(3)=2+6=8。正确答案是 E

The even-power terms and constant are the same at 33 and 3,-3, while the linear term changes from 3-3 to 3.3. Hence f(3)f(3)=6,f(3)-f(-3)=6, so f(3)=2+6=8.f(3)=2+6=8. Thus the correct answer is E.

15.

圆周上的五个点按顺时针方向编号为 1122334455。一只虫子沿顺时针方向从一个点跳到另一个点:若它位于奇数编号的点,就向前跳一个点;若位于偶数编号的点,就向前跳两个点。若虫子从点 55 出发,跳 19951995 次后将位于点

Five points on a circle are numbered 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 55 in clockwise order. A bug jumps in a clockwise direction from one point to another around the circle; if it is on an odd-numbered point, it moves one point, and if it is on an even-numbered point, it moves two points. If the bug begins on point 5,5, after 19951995 jumps it will be on point

11

22

33

44

55

答案:D
知识点:cycles模运算
难度评级:1470
小提示:

写出前几次跳跃的落点

Write down the landing points for the first few jumps

大提示:

一旦某个点再次出现,就将剩余跳跃次数对循环长度取模

Once a point repeats, reduce the remaining number of jumps modulo the cycle length

解答:

55 出发,依次落在 1,2,4,1,2,4,1,2,4,1,2,4,\ldots。因此循环 1,2,41,2,4 的长度为 33。由于 19951995 能被 33 整除,第 19951995 次的落点是 44。所以正确答案是 D

Starting at 5,5, the landing points are 1,2,4,1,2,4,1,2,4,1,2,4,\ldots Thus the cycle 1,2,41,2,4 has length 3.3. Since 19951995 is divisible by 3,3, the 19951995th landing point is 4.4. Thus the correct answer is D.

16.

安妮塔在亚特兰大观看一场棒球比赛,估计有 50,00050{,}000 名观众。鲍勃在波士顿观看一场棒球比赛,估计有 60,00060{,}000 名观众。一位知道两场比赛实际观众人数的联盟官员指出:

i. 亚特兰大的实际观众人数与安妮塔估计值的误差不超过该估计值的 10%10\%

ii. 鲍勃的估计值与波士顿实际观众人数的误差不超过实际人数的 10%10\%

将结果四舍五入到最接近的 1,0001{,}000,两场比赛观众人数之差的最大可能值是

Anita attends a baseball game in Atlanta and estimates that there are 50,00050{,}000 fans in attendance. Bob attends a baseball game in Boston and estimates that there are 60,00060{,}000 fans in attendance. A league official who knows the actual numbers attending the two games notes that:

i. The actual attendance in Atlanta is within 10%10\% of Anita’s estimate.

ii. Bob’s estimate is within 10%10\% of the actual attendance in Boston.

To the nearest 1,000,1{,}000, the largest possible difference between the numbers attending the two games is

10,00010{,}000

11,00011{,}000

20,00020{,}000

21,00021{,}000

22,00022{,}000

答案:E
难度评级:1740
小提示:

两个陈述中的 10%10\% 分别是以不同的量为基准

In the two statements, the 10%10\% is taken of different quantities

大提示:

求出两个观众人数区间,再用较大的上端点减去较小的下端点

Find both attendance intervals, then maximize the larger endpoint minus the smaller endpoint

解答:

亚特兰大的实际观众人数 AA 满足 45,000A55,00045{,}000\le A\le55{,}000。对波士顿的实际观众人数 BB,条件为 60,000B0.1B|60{,}000-B|\le0.1B,所以 60,0001.1B60,0000.9\frac{60{,}000}{1.1}\le B\le\frac{60{,}000}{0.9}。因此最大差值为 60,0000.945,000=21,666.6 \frac{60{,}000}{0.9}-45{,}000 =21{,}666.\overline6\text{,}四舍五入后为 22,00022{,}000。所以正确答案是 E

Atlanta’s actual attendance AA satisfies 45,000A55,000.45{,}000\le A\le55{,}000. For Boston’s actual attendance B,B, the condition is 60,000B0.1B,|60{,}000-B|\le0.1B, so 60,0001.1B60,0000.9.\frac{60{,}000}{1.1}\le B\le\frac{60{,}000}{0.9}. The largest difference is therefore 60,0000.945,000=21,666.6, \frac{60{,}000}{0.9}-45{,}000 =21{,}666.\overline6, which rounds to 22,000.22{,}000. Thus the correct answer is E.

17.

给定正五边形 ABCDEABCDE,可以作一个圆,使其与 DC\overline{DC} 相切于 DD,并与 AB\overline{AB} 相切于 AA。小弧 AD\overset{\frown}{AD} 的度数是

Given regular pentagon ABCDE,ABCDE, a circle can be drawn that is tangent to DC\overline{DC} at DD and to AB\overline{AB} at A.A. The number of degrees in minor arc AD\overset{\frown}{AD} is

7272

108108

120120

135135

144144

答案:E
难度评级:1780
小提示:

通向 AADD 的半径分别垂直于对应的切边

The radii to AA and DD are perpendicular to the tangent sides

大提示:

利用正五边形的 7272^\circ 外角比较 AB\overline{AB}DC\overline{DC} 的方向

Use the 7272^\circ exterior angle of a regular pentagon to compare AB\overline{AB} and DC\overline{DC}

解答:

OO 为圆心。沿五边形经过每个顶点时,方向改变 7272^\circ,所以直线 ABABDCDC 的锐角夹角为 3636^\circ。通向两个切点的半径分别垂直于这两条直线;对图示圆而言,小圆心角 AOD\angle AOD 是其补角 18036=144180^\circ-36^\circ=144^\circ。因此小弧 AD\overset{\frown}{AD} 的度数为 144144^\circ,正确答案是 E

Let OO be the circle’s center. The direction changes by 7272^\circ at each vertex of the pentagon, so the acute angle between lines ABAB and DCDC is 36.36^\circ. The radii to their tangency points are perpendicular to these lines; for the circle shown, the minor central angle AOD\angle AOD is the supplementary angle 18036=144.180^\circ-36^\circ=144^\circ. Therefore minor arc AD\overset{\frown}{AD} measures 144,144^\circ, and the correct answer is E.

18.

两条以 OO 为公共端点的射线组成一个 3030^\circ 角。点 AA 位于一条射线上,点 BB 位于另一条射线上,且 AB=1AB=1OBOB 的最大可能长度是

Two rays with common endpoint OO form a 3030^\circ angle. Point AA lies on one ray, point BB on the other ray, and AB=1.AB=1. The maximum possible length of OBOB is

11

1+32\frac{1+\sqrt3}{\sqrt2}

3\sqrt3

22

43\frac4{\sqrt3}

答案:D
难度评级:1700
小提示:

AOB\triangle AOB 应用余弦定理

Apply the Law of Cosines to AOB\triangle AOB

大提示:

将所得关系式看作关于 OAOA 的二次方程,并要求它有实数解

Treat the resulting relation as a quadratic in OAOA and require a real solution

解答:

OA=xOA=xOB=yOB=y。由余弦定理得 1=x2+y23xy 1=x^2+y^2-\sqrt3xy\text{。}把它看作关于 xx 的二次方程,其判别式为 3y24(y21)=4y23y^2-4(y^2-1)=4-y^2。要使 xx 为实数,必须有 y2y\le2;当 x=3x=\sqrt3 时可以取到等号。因此最大值为 22,正确答案是 D

Let OA=xOA=x and OB=y.OB=y. The Law of Cosines gives 1=x2+y23xy. 1=x^2+y^2-\sqrt3xy. As a quadratic in x,x, this has discriminant 3y24(y21)=4y2.3y^2-4(y^2-1)=4-y^2. A real xx requires y2,y\le2, and equality is attained when x=3.x=\sqrt3. Hence the maximum is 2,2, and the correct answer is D.

19.

如图,等边三角形 DEFDEF 内接于等边三角形 ABCABC,且 DEBC\overline{DE}\perp\overline{BC}DEF\triangle DEF 的面积与 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积之比是

Equilateral triangle DEFDEF is inscribed in equilateral triangle ABCABC as shown with DEBC.\overline{DE}\perp\overline{BC}. The ratio of the area of DEF\triangle DEF to the area of ABC\triangle ABC is

16\frac16

14\frac14

13\frac13

25\frac25

12\frac12

答案:C
难度评级:1740
小提示:

设外部三角形边长为 11,内部三角形边长为 ss

Let the outer triangle have side 11 and the inner triangle have side ss

大提示:

利用边与水平方向成 6060^\circ 以及 DE\overline{DE} 竖直这两个事实

Use the 6060^\circ side slopes together with the fact that DE\overline{DE} is vertical

解答:

ABCABC 的边长为 11,并取 B=(0,0)B=(0,0)C=(1,0)C=(1,0)。若内部三角形边长为 ss,设 D=(d,0)D=(d,0)E=(d,s)E=(d,s)。由于 EE 位于 ACAC 上,有 s=3(1d)s=\sqrt3(1-d)。内部三角形的第三个顶点为 F=(d32s,12s)F=(d-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}s,\frac12s),而 FF 位于 ABAB 上,所以 s2=3(d32s) \frac{s}{2}=\sqrt3\left(d-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}s\right)\text{,}从而 d=2s3d=\frac{2s}{\sqrt3}。代入可得 s=13s=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}。等边三角形的面积比等于边长比的平方,因此所求比为 s2=13s^2=\frac{1}{3}。所以正确答案是 C

Let ABCABC have side 1,1, with B=(0,0)B=(0,0) and C=(1,0).C=(1,0). If the inner side is s,s, write D=(d,0)D=(d,0) and E=(d,s).E=(d,s). Since EE lies on AC,AC, s=3(1d).s=\sqrt3(1-d). The third inner vertex is F=(d32s,12s),F=(d-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}s,\frac12s), and FF lies on AB,AB, so s2=3(d32s), \frac{s}{2}=\sqrt3\left(d-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}s\right), giving d=2s3.d=\frac{2s}{\sqrt3}. Substitution yields s=13.s=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}. Areas of equilateral triangles scale as the square of their sides, so the ratio is s2=13.s^2=\frac{1}{3}. Thus the correct answer is C.

20.

aabbcc 是从集合 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\} 中有放回地随机选取的三个数(不一定互不相同),则 ab+cab+c 为偶数的概率是

If a,a, bb and cc are three (not necessarily different) numbers chosen randomly and with replacement from the set {1,2,3,4,5},\{1,2,3,4,5\}, the probability that ab+cab+c is even is

25\frac25

59125\frac{59}{125}

12\frac12

64125\frac{64}{125}

35\frac35

答案:B
难度评级:1810
小提示:

ababcc 奇偶性相同时,它们的和为偶数

The sum is even when abab and cc have the same parity

大提示:

只有当所选两个因数都是奇数时,乘积 abab 才是奇数

The product abab is odd only when both selected factors are odd

解答:

可选的奇数有 33 个,偶数有 22 个。乘积 abab 为奇数的概率是 925\frac{9}{25},为偶数的概率是 1625\frac{16}{25}。因此 P(ab+c 为偶数)=92535+162525=59125 \begin{aligned} P(ab+c\text{ 为偶数}) &=\frac9{25}\cdot\frac35\\ &\quad{}+\frac{16}{25}\cdot\frac25\\ &=\frac{59}{125} \end{aligned}\text{。}所以正确答案是 B

There are 33 odd and 22 even choices. The product abab is odd with probability 925\frac{9}{25} and even with probability 1625.\frac{16}{25}. Therefore P(ab+c even)=92535+162525=59125. \begin{aligned} P(ab+c\text{ even}) &=\frac9{25}\cdot\frac35\\ &\quad{}+\frac{16}{25}\cdot\frac25\\ &=\frac{59}{125}. \end{aligned} Thus the correct answer is B.

21.

一个长方形的两个不相邻顶点为 (4,3)(4,3)(4,3)(-4,-3),另外两个顶点的坐标均为整数。这样的长方形有多少个?

Two nonadjacent vertices of a rectangle are (4,3)(4,3) and (4,3),(-4,-3), and the coordinates of the other two vertices are integers. The number of such rectangles is

11

22

33

44

55

答案:E
难度评级:2280
小提示:

长方形的两条对角线长度相等且中点相同

A rectangle’s diagonals have equal length and the same midpoint

大提示:

列出从原点出发、长度为 55 的整数向量,并把互为反向的向量配对

Enumerate integer vectors of length 55 from the origin, identifying antipodal pairs

解答:

已知对角线的中点是 (0,0)(0,0),半长为 55。因此另一条对角线的端点必须是 (u,v)(u,v)(u,v)(-u,-v),其中 u2+v2=25u^2+v^2=25。反过来,中点相同且长度相等的两条对角线构成一个长方形。这个圆上共有 1212 个整数点:(±5,0),(0,±5),(±3,±4),(±4,±3) \begin{gathered} (\pm5,0),(0,\pm5),\\ (\pm3,\pm4),(\pm4,\pm3) \end{gathered}\text{。}一对对径点确定同一条对角线,因此有 66 种可能。其中一种就是已知对角线本身,会产生退化图形,所以还剩 61=56-1=5 个长方形。因此正确答案是 E

The given diagonal has midpoint (0,0)(0,0) and half-length 5.5. The other diagonal must therefore have endpoints (u,v)(u,v) and (u,v)(-u,-v) with u2+v2=25.u^2+v^2=25. Conversely, two equal diagonals with the same midpoint form a rectangle. There are 1212 integer points on this circle: (±5,0),(0,±5),(±3,±4),(±4,±3). \begin{gathered} (\pm5,0),(0,\pm5),\\ (\pm3,\pm4),(\pm4,\pm3). \end{gathered} Antipodal points determine the same diagonal, giving 66 possibilities. One is the given diagonal itself, which is degenerate, so 61=56-1=5 rectangles remain. Thus the correct answer is E.

22.

从一张长方形纸上剪去一个三角形角,形成一个五边形。五边形的五条边长为 13131919202025253131,但这不一定是它们沿五边形周界的顺序。五边形的面积是

A pentagon is formed by cutting a triangular corner from a rectangular piece of paper. The five sides of the pentagon have lengths 13,13, 19,19, 20,20, 2525 and 31,31, although this is not necessarily their order around the pentagon. The area of the pentagon is

459459

600600

680680

720720

745745

答案:E
难度评级:1910
小提示:

五边形的两条边就是原长方形的两条完整边长

Two pentagon sides are the original rectangle’s full side lengths

大提示:

在这些长度中寻找两个差,使它们与另一个给定长度构成直角三角形

Look for two differences among the lengths that form the legs of a right triangle with a third listed length

解答:

长方形的完整边长必须大于同一边上剪后剩余部分的长度。唯一能使两个差与剩下的切边构成直角三角形的安排,是边长为 25253131 的长方形,对应剩余长度为 20201919。被剪去的角所成直角三角形的两条直角边为 2520=525-20=53119=1231-19=12,斜边正好是给定边长 1313。因此五边形面积为 253112(5)(12)=77530=745 \begin{aligned} 25\cdot31-\frac12(5)(12) &=775-30\\ &=745 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以正确答案是 E

The full rectangle sides must be longer than the two remnants on those same sides. The only assignment whose two differences and remaining cut side form a right triangle is the rectangle 2525 by 31,31, with remnants 2020 and 19.19. The removed corner then has legs 2520=525-20=5 and 3119=12,31-19=12, whose hypotenuse is the listed side 13.13. Thus the pentagon’s area is 253112(5)(12)=77530=745. \begin{aligned} 25\cdot31-\frac12(5)(12) &=775-30\\ &=745. \end{aligned} Hence the correct answer is E.

23.

一个三角形的三边长为 11111515kk,其中 kk 是整数。有多少个 kk 值能使该三角形为钝角三角形?

The sides of a triangle have lengths 11,11, 15,15, and k,k, where kk is an integer. For how many values of kk is the triangle obtuse?

55

77

1212

1313

1414

答案:D
难度评级:2060
小提示:

先用三角形不等式确定整数 kk 的范围

First use the triangle inequality to bound the integer kk

大提示:

分别在 1515 为最长边和 kk 为最长边时检验钝角条件

Test the obtuse inequality separately when 1515 is longest and when kk is longest

解答:

由三角形不等式得 5k255\le k\le25。当 k15k\le15 时,最长边为 1515,三角形为钝角三角形的条件是 152>112+k2 15^2\gt11^2+k^2\text{,}从而 5k105\le k\le10,共有 66 个值。当 k>15k\gt15 时,钝角条件为 k2>112+152=346k^2\gt11^2+15^2=346,得到 19k2519\le k\le25,共有 77 个值。总数为 6+7=136+7=13,所以正确答案是 D

The triangle inequality gives 5k25.5\le k\le25. For k15,k\le15, the longest side is 15,15, and the triangle is obtuse when 152>112+k2, 15^2\gt11^2+k^2, which gives 5k10,5\le k\le10, or 66 values. For k>15,k\gt15, it is obtuse when k2>112+152=346,k^2\gt11^2+15^2=346, giving 19k25,19\le k\le25, or 77 values. The total is 6+7=13,6+7=13, so the correct answer is D.

24.

存在正整数 AABBCC,它们没有大于 11 的公因数,并且 Alog2005+Blog2002=CA\log_{200}5+B\log_{200}2=C\text{。}A+B+CA+B+C

There exist positive integers A,A, B,B, and C,C, with no common factor greater than 1,1, such that Alog2005+Blog2002=C.A\log_{200}5+B\log_{200}2=C. What is A+B+C?A+B+C?

66

77

88

99

1010

答案:A
难度评级:1900
小提示:

将左边合并为一个对数

Combine the left side into one logarithm

大提示:

利用 200=2352200=2^3\cdot5^2,并比较各质因数的指数

Use 200=2352200=2^3\cdot5^2 and compare prime exponents

解答:

合并对数得 log200(5A2B)=C \log_{200}(5^A2^B)=C\text{,}所以 5A2B=200C=52C23C5^A2^B=200^C=5^{2C}2^{3C}。因此 A=2CA=2C,且 B=3CB=3C。没有公因数的正整数三元组为 (A,B,C)=(2,3,1)(A,B,C)=(2,3,1),其和为 66。所以正确答案是 A

Combining logarithms gives log200(5A2B)=C, \log_{200}(5^A2^B)=C, so 5A2B=200C=52C23C.5^A2^B=200^C=5^{2C}2^{3C}. Hence A=2CA=2C and B=3C.B=3C. The relatively prime positive triple is (A,B,C)=(2,3,1),(A,B,C)=(2,3,1), whose sum is 6.6. Thus the correct answer is A.

25.

一个由五个正整数组成的数列,平均数为 1212,极差为 1818,众数和中位数都为 88。数列中第二大元素可能有多少个不同的值?

A list of five positive integers has mean 1212 and range 18.18. The mode and median are both 8.8. How many different values are possible for the second largest element of the list?

44

66

88

1010

1212

答案:B
难度评级:2070
小提示:

将五个整数排序;中位数和众数条件迫使至少两个数等于 88

Sort the five integers; the median and mode force at least two entries to equal 88

大提示:

设最小元素为 mm,利用极差和总和表示第二大元素

Let the smallest entry be mm and use the range and total sum to express the second largest entry

解答:

将排序后的数列写成 m,8,8,d,m+18m,8,8,d,m+18。(若第四个数也是 88,总和与排序条件将无法同时满足。)由于总和为 5(12)=605(12)=60,有 m+8+8+d+(m+18)=60 m+8+8+d+(m+18)=60\text{,}所以 d=262md=26-2m。条件 8dm+188\le d\le m+18m8m\le8 给出 3m83\le m\le8。这六个取值分别得到 d=20d=2018181616141412121010,均有效。因此共有 66 种可能,正确答案是 B

Write the sorted list as m,8,8,d,m+18.m,8,8,d,m+18. (If the fourth entry were 8,8, the sum and ordering conditions would be impossible.) Since the total is 5(12)=60,5(12)=60, m+8+8+d+(m+18)=60, m+8+8+d+(m+18)=60, so d=262m.d=26-2m. The conditions 8dm+188\le d\le m+18 and m8m\le8 give 3m8.3\le m\le8. These six values yield d=20,d=20, 18,18, 16,16, 14,14, 12,12, 10,10, all valid. Thus there are 66 possibilities, and the correct answer is B.

26.

如图,AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD} 是圆心为 OO 的圆的直径,ABCD\overline{AB}\perp\overline{CD},弦 DF\overline{DF}AB\overline{AB} 相交于 EE。若 DE=6DE=6,且 EF=2EF=2,则圆的面积是

In the figure, AB\overline{AB} and CD\overline{CD} are diameters of the circle with center O,O, ABCD,\overline{AB}\perp\overline{CD}, and chord DF\overline{DF} intersects AB\overline{AB} at E.E. If DE=6DE=6 and EF=2,EF=2, then the area of the circle is

23π23\pi

472π\frac{47}2\pi

24π24\pi

492π\frac{49}2\pi

25π25\pi

答案:C
难度评级:2170
小提示:

由相交弦定理可得 AEEB=DEEFAE\cdot EB=DE\cdot EF

Intersecting chords gives AEEB=DEEFAE\cdot EB=DE\cdot EF

大提示:

OO 置于原点并表示 FF;利用 EEDF\overline{DF}3:13:1 分割这一事实

Place OO at the origin and express FF using the fact that EE divides DF\overline{DF} in a 3:13:1 ratio

解答:

设半径为 rr,且 OE=xOE=x。由相交弦定理得 (r+x)(rx)=62 (r+x)(r-x)=6\cdot2\text{,}所以 r2x2=12r^2-x^2=12。取 O=(0,0)O=(0,0)D=(0,r)D=(0,-r)E=(x,0)E=(x,0)。由于 DE:EF=3:1DE:EF=3:1,有 F=D+43(ED)=(4x3,r3) \begin{aligned} F&=D+\frac43(E-D)\\ &=\left(\frac{4x}{3},\frac r3\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 FF 在圆上,16x29+r29=r2\frac{16x^2}{9}+\frac{r^2}{9}=r^2,所以 r2=2x2r^2=2x^2。因此 x2=12x^2=12,且 r2=24r^2=24。圆的面积为 24π24\pi,所以正确答案是 C

Let the radius be rr and OE=x.OE=x. Intersecting chords gives (r+x)(rx)=62, (r+x)(r-x)=6\cdot2, so r2x2=12.r^2-x^2=12. Put O=(0,0),O=(0,0), D=(0,r),D=(0,-r), and E=(x,0).E=(x,0). Since DE:EF=3:1,DE:EF=3:1, F=D+43(ED)=(4x3,r3). \begin{aligned} F&=D+\frac43(E-D)\\ &=\left(\frac{4x}{3},\frac r3\right). \end{aligned} Because FF lies on the circle, 16x29+r29=r2,\frac{16x^2}{9}+\frac{r^2}{9}=r^2, so r2=2x2.r^2=2x^2. Therefore x2=12x^2=12 and r2=24.r^2=24. The area is 24π,24\pi, so the correct answer is C.

27.

考察如下三角形数阵:两侧依次为 00112233\ldots,内部每个数等于上一行相邻两个数之和。图中给出了第 11 行到第 66 行。

0112223443478745111515115 \begin{array}{cccccc} &&0&&&\\ &&1&1&&\\ &2&2&2&&\\ &3&4&4&3&\\ 4&7&8&7&4&\\ 5&11&15&15&11&5 \end{array}

f(n)f(n) 表示第 nn 行各数之和。f(100)f(100) 除以 100100 的余数是多少?

Consider the triangular array of numbers with 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, \ldots along the sides and interior numbers obtained by adding the two adjacent numbers in the previous row. Rows 11 through 66 are shown.

0112223443478745111515115 \begin{array}{cccccc} &&0&&&\\ &&1&1&&\\ &2&2&2&&\\ &3&4&4&3&\\ 4&7&8&7&4&\\ 5&11&15&15&11&5 \end{array}

Let f(n)f(n) denote the sum of the numbers in row n.n. What is the remainder when f(100)f(100) is divided by 100?100?

1212

3030

5050

6262

7474

答案:E
难度评级:2170
小提示:

通过统计上一行每个数在下一行中被计入的次数,建立相邻两行行和的关系

Relate a row’s sum to the previous row’s sum by counting how often each old entry contributes

大提示:

解所得递推式,再计算 22 的幂对 100100 的余数

Solve the resulting recurrence, then compute the power of 22 modulo 100100

解答:

上一行的每个数都会贡献给下一行的两个数,而新出现的两个边界数又额外贡献 22。因此 f(n)=2f(n1)+2f(n)=2f(n-1)+2,且 f(1)=0f(1)=0。所以 f(n)=2n2 f(n)=2^n-2\text{。}由于 22076(mod100)2^{20}\equiv76\pmod{100},且 76276(mod100)76^2\equiv76\pmod{100},可得 210076(mod100)2^{100}\equiv76\pmod{100}。因此 f(100)74(mod100)f(100)\equiv74\pmod{100},正确答案是 E

Every previous entry contributes to two entries of the next row, and the two new boundary entries contribute an additional 2.2. Thus f(n)=2f(n1)+2,f(n)=2f(n-1)+2, with f(1)=0.f(1)=0. Hence f(n)=2n2. f(n)=2^n-2. Since 22076(mod100)2^{20}\equiv76\pmod{100} and 76276(mod100),76^2\equiv76\pmod{100}, we have 210076(mod100).2^{100}\equiv76\pmod{100}. Therefore f(100)74(mod100),f(100)\equiv74\pmod{100}, and the correct answer is E.

28.

圆内两条平行弦的长度分别为 10101414,它们之间的距离为 66。另有一条弦与它们平行,并且位于它们正中间,其长度为 a\sqrt a。则 aa

Two parallel chords in a circle have lengths 1010 and 14,14, and the distance between them is 6.6. The chord parallel to these chords and midway between them is of length a,\sqrt a, where aa is

144144

156156

168168

176176

184184

答案:E
难度评级:2290
小提示:

若一条弦到圆心的有向距离为 yy,其半弦长满足 h2+y2=r2h^2+y^2=r^2

If a chord is at signed distance yy from the center, its half-length satisfies h2+y2=r2h^2+y^2=r^2

大提示:

设长为 14141010 的两条弦到圆心的有向距离相差 66,再将两式相减

Let the signed distances of the 1414- and 1010-chords differ by 66, and subtract their equations

解答:

设圆心到长为 14141010 的弦的有向距离分别为 uuvv,且 uv=6u-v=6。则 r2u2=72,r2v2=52 r^2-u^2=7^2,\qquad r^2-v^2=5^2\text{。}因此 v2u2=24v^2-u^2=24,所以 (vu)(v+u)=24(v-u)(v+u)=24。由于 vu=6v-u=-6,可得 u+v=4u+v=-4,进而 u=1u=1,且 v=5v=-5。中间那条弦的有向距离为 2-2,而 r2=49+1=50r^2=49+1=50。它的长度平方为 4(504)=1844(50-4)=184,所以 a=184a=184。因此正确答案是 E

Let the signed distances from the center to the 1414- and 1010-chords be uu and v,v, with uv=6.u-v=6. Then r2u2=72,r2v2=52. r^2-u^2=7^2,\qquad r^2-v^2=5^2. Hence v2u2=24,v^2-u^2=24, so (vu)(v+u)=24.(v-u)(v+u)=24. Since vu=6,v-u=-6, we get u+v=4,u+v=-4, and therefore u=1u=1 and v=5.v=-5. The midway chord is at signed distance 2,-2, while r2=49+1=50.r^2=49+1=50. Its squared length is 4(504)=184,4(50-4)=184, so a=184.a=184. Thus the correct answer is E.

29.

有多少个由三个正整数组成的集合 {a,b,c}\{a,b,c\} 满足 abc=2310a\cdot b\cdot c=2310

For how many three-element sets of positive integers {a,b,c}\{a,b,c\} is it true that abc=2310?a\cdot b\cdot c=2310?

3232

3636

4040

4343

4545

答案:C
难度评级:2280
小提示:

23102310 分解为互不相同的质因数,并把每个质因数分配给一个因数

Factor 23102310 into distinct primes and assign each prime to one of the factors

大提示:

分别统计一个因数为 11 以及三个因数都大于 11 的情形

Count separately the cases in which one factor is 11 and in which all three factors exceed 11

解答:

因为 2310=2357112310=2\cdot3\cdot5\cdot7\cdot11,每个质因数恰好属于三个因数中的一个。若三个因数都大于 11,它们对应的无序质因数组就是把五个对象分成三个非空组,其数量为 S(5,3)=35325+36=25 S(5,3)=\frac{3^5-3\cdot2^5+3}{6}=25\text{。}若有一个因数为 11,则把这些质因数分成两个非空组,得到 S(5,2)=241=15S(5,2)=2^4-1=15。由于互不相交的质因数集合不同,所得因数也互不相同。因此总数为 25+15=4025+15=40,正确答案是 C

Since 2310=235711,2310=2\cdot3\cdot5\cdot7\cdot11, each prime belongs to exactly one of the three factors. If all factors exceed 1,1, their unordered prime groups form a partition of five objects into three nonempty blocks, counted by S(5,3)=35325+36=25. S(5,3)=\frac{3^5-3\cdot2^5+3}{6}=25. If one factor is 1,1, the primes are partitioned into two nonempty blocks, giving S(5,2)=241=15.S(5,2)=2^4-1=15. The factors are distinct because their disjoint prime sets differ. Thus the total is 25+15=40,25+15=40, and the correct answer is C.

30.

2727 个单位立方体堆成一个大立方体。一个平面垂直于大立方体的一条体对角线,并平分该对角线。这个平面与多少个单位立方体相交?

A large cube is formed by stacking 2727 unit cubes. A plane is perpendicular to one of the internal diagonals of the large cube and bisects that diagonal. The number of unit cubes that the plane intersects is

1616

1717

1818

1919

2020

答案:D
难度评级:2330
小提示:

将大立方体表示为 [0,3]3[0,3]^3,写出经过其中心且垂直于体对角线的平面方程

Model the large cube as [0,3]3[0,3]^3 and write the plane through its center perpendicular to the diagonal

大提示:

用每个单位立方体中 x+y+zx+y+z 的最小值为其编号,并判断哪些编号能使平面相交

Index each unit cube by its minimum value of x+y+zx+y+z and determine which index sums allow an intersection

解答:

将大立方体取为 [0,3]3[0,3]^3。所求平面为 x+y+z=92x+y+z=\frac{9}{2}。一个下方顶点为 (i,j,k)(i,j,k) 的单位立方体,其中 i,j,k{0,1,2}i,j,k\in\{0,1,2\},其内部 x+y+zx+y+z 的取值从 s=i+j+ks=i+j+ks+3s+3。它与该平面相交,当且仅当 s=2s=2s=3s=3s=4s=4。在 (1+x+x2)3 (1+x+x^2)^3 中,x2x^2x3x^3x4x^4 的系数分别为 667766。因此该平面与 6+7+6=196+7+6=19 个单位立方体相交,正确答案是 D

Take the large cube as [0,3]3.[0,3]^3. The plane is x+y+z=92.x+y+z=\frac{9}{2}. A unit cube with lower corner (i,j,k),(i,j,k), where i,j,k{0,1,2},i,j,k\in\{0,1,2\}, contains values of x+y+zx+y+z from s=i+j+ks=i+j+k to s+3.s+3. It intersects the plane exactly when s=2,s=2, s=3,s=3, or s=4.s=4. The coefficients of x2,x^2, x3,x^3, x4x^4 in (1+x+x2)3 (1+x+x^2)^3 are 6,6, 7,7, 6.6. Thus the plane intersects 6+7+6=196+7+6=19 unit cubes, and the correct answer is D.