1993 AMC 12 真题

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1.

对整数 aabbcc,定义 a,b,c\boxed{a,b,c} 表示 abbc+caa^b-b^c+c^a。那么 1,1,2\boxed{1,-1,2} 等于

For integers a,a, b,b, and c,c, define a,b,c\boxed{a,b,c} to mean abbc+ca.a^b-b^c+c^a. Then 1,1,2\boxed{1,-1,2} equals

4-4

2-2

00

22

44

答案:D
知识点:换元法integer exponents
难度评级:770
小提示:

按给定顺序代入三个数。

Substitute the three entries in their stated order

大提示:

注意 (1)2=1(-1)^2=121=22^1=2

Remember that (1)2=1(-1)^2=1 and 21=22^1=2

解答:

根据定义,1,1,2=11(1)2+21=11+2=2 \begin{aligned} \boxed{1,-1,2} &=1^{-1}-(-1)^2+2^1\\ &=1-1+2\\ &=2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此正确答案是 D

By the definition, 1,1,2=11(1)2+21=11+2=2. \begin{aligned} \boxed{1,-1,2} &=1^{-1}-(-1)^2+2^1\\ &=1-1+2\\ &=2. \end{aligned} Thus the correct answer is D.

2.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,A=55\angle A=55^\circC=75\angle C=75^\circ,点 DD 在边 AB\overline{AB} 上,点 EE 在边 BC\overline{BC} 上。若 DB=BEDB=BE,则 BED=\angle BED=

In ABC,\triangle ABC, A=55,\angle A=55^\circ, C=75,\angle C=75^\circ, DD is on side AB\overline{AB} and EE is on side BC.\overline{BC}. If DB=BE,DB=BE, then BED=\angle BED=

5050^\circ

5555^\circ

6060^\circ

6565^\circ

7070^\circ

答案:D
难度评级:1070
小提示:

先求 ABC\angle ABC

First determine ABC\angle ABC

大提示:

三角形 DBEDBE 是以 BB 为顶角顶点的等腰三角形。

Triangle DBEDBE is isosceles with vertex at BB

解答:

ABC\angle ABC 等于 1805575=50180^\circ-55^\circ-75^\circ=50^\circ。因为 DDEE 分别位于 BA\overline{BA}BC\overline{BC} 上,所以 DBE=50\angle DBE=50^\circ。又因为 DB=BEDB=BEDBE\triangle DBE 的两个底角均为 180502=65 \frac{180^\circ-50^\circ}{2}=65^\circ\text{。}因此正确答案是 D

We have ABC\angle ABC equal to 1805575=50.180^\circ-55^\circ-75^\circ=50^\circ. Because DD and EE lie on BA\overline{BA} and BC,\overline{BC}, respectively, DBE=50.\angle DBE=50^\circ. Since DB=BE,DB=BE, the two base angles of DBE\triangle DBE are 180502=65. \frac{180^\circ-50^\circ}{2}=65^\circ. Thus the correct answer is D.

3.

15304515= \frac{15^{30}}{45^{15}}=

(13)15\left(\frac13\right)^{15}

(13)2\left(\frac13\right)^2

11

3153^{15}

5155^{15}

答案:E
难度评级:960
小提示:

153015^{30} 写成 (152)15(15^2)^{15}

Write 153015^{30} as (152)15(15^2)^{15}

大提示:

把分子和分母合并到同一个十五次幂中。

Combine the numerator and denominator inside one fifteenth power

解答:

利用相同的指数,15304515=(15245)15=515 \frac{15^{30}}{45^{15}} =\left(\frac{15^2}{45}\right)^{15} =5^{15}\text{。}因此正确答案是 E

Using a common exponent, 15304515=(15245)15=515. \frac{15^{30}}{45^{15}} =\left(\frac{15^2}{45}\right)^{15} =5^{15}. Thus the correct answer is E.

4.

定义运算“\circ”为 xy=4x3y+xyx\circ y=4x-3y+xy,其中 xxyy 为任意实数。有多少个实数 yy 满足 3y=123\circ y=12

Define the operation “\circ” by xy=4x3y+xy,x\circ y=4x-3y+xy, for all real numbers xx and y.y. For how many real numbers yy does 3y=12?3\circ y=12?

00

11

33

44

多于 44

more than 44

答案:E
难度评级:890
小提示:

在运算定义中代入 x=3x=3

Substitute x=3x=3 into the operation

大提示:

检查含 yy 的项是否相消。

Check whether the terms containing yy cancel

解答:

对任意实数 yy,都有 3y=4(3)3y+3y=12 3\circ y=4(3)-3y+3y=12\text{。}因此每个实数 yy 都满足条件,所以这样的数多于 44 个。故正确答案是 E

For every real y,y, 3y=4(3)3y+3y=12. 3\circ y=4(3)-3y+3y=12. Hence every real number yy works, so there are more than 44 such numbers. Thus the correct answer is E.

5.

去年,一辆自行车售价 $160\$160,一个自行车头盔售价 $40\$40。今年,自行车价格上涨了 5%5\%,头盔价格上涨了 10%10\%。自行车与头盔的总价上涨了百分之多少?

Last year a bicycle cost $160\$160 and a cycling helmet cost $40.\$40. This year the cost of the bicycle increased by 5%,5\%, and the cost of the helmet increased by 10%.10\%. The percent increase in the combined cost of the bicycle and the helmet is

6%6\%

7%7\%

7.5%7.5\%

8%8\%

15%15\%

答案:A
难度评级:800
小提示:

分别求出两件商品上涨的金额。

Find the dollar increase for each item

大提示:

将总上涨金额与去年的总价比较。

Compare the total increase with last year’s combined cost

解答:

自行车涨价 $8\$8,头盔涨价 $4\$4,总计涨价 $12\$12。去年的总价为 $200\$200,所以涨幅为 12200100%=6% \frac{12}{200}\cdot100\%=6\%\text{。}因此正确答案是 A

The bicycle increases by $8\$8 and the helmet by $4,\$4, for a total increase of $12.\$12. Last year’s combined cost was $200,\$200, so the percent increase is 12200100%=6%. \frac{12}{200}\cdot100\%=6\%. Thus the correct answer is A.

6.

810+41084+411= \sqrt{\frac{8^{10}+4^{10}}{8^4+4^{11}}}=

2\sqrt2

1616

3232

122312^{\frac{2}{3}}

512.5512.5

答案:B
难度评级:1260
小提示:

把每个幂都改写成以 22 为底。

Rewrite every power with base 22

大提示:

从分子和分母中分别提出较小的幂。

Factor the smaller power from the numerator and denominator

解答:

将各项都写成 22 的幂,得到 810+41084+411=230+220212+222=220(210+1)212(1+210)=28 \begin{aligned} \frac{8^{10}+4^{10}}{8^4+4^{11}} &=\frac{2^{30}+2^{20}}{2^{12}+2^{22}}\\ &=\frac{2^{20}(2^{10}+1)} {2^{12}(1+2^{10})}\\ &=2^8 \end{aligned}\text{。}它的正平方根是 24=162^4=16。因此正确答案是 B

Writing all terms as powers of 2,2, 810+41084+411=230+220212+222=220(210+1)212(1+210)=28. \begin{aligned} \frac{8^{10}+4^{10}}{8^4+4^{11}} &=\frac{2^{30}+2^{20}}{2^{12}+2^{22}}\\ &=\frac{2^{20}(2^{10}+1)} {2^{12}(1+2^{10})}\\ &=2^8. \end{aligned} Its positive square root is 24=16.2^4=16. Thus the correct answer is B.

7.

符号 RkR_k 表示一个十进制整数,它由连续 kk 个数字一组成。例如,R3=111R_3=111R5=11111R_5=11111 等。用 R24R_{24} 除以 R4R_4,所得商 Q=R24R4Q=\frac{R_{24}}{R_4} 是一个十进制表示中只含一和零的整数。QQ 中零的个数是

The symbol RkR_k stands for an integer whose base-ten representation is a sequence of kk ones. For example, R3=111,R_3=111, R5=11111,R_5=11111, etc. When R24R_{24} is divided by R4,R_4, the quotient Q=R24R4Q=\frac{R_{24}}{R_4} is an integer whose base-ten representation is a sequence containing only ones and zeros. The number of zeros in QQ is

1010

1111

1212

1313

1515

答案:E
难度评级:1500
小提示:

使用 R24=R4(1+104+108+)R_{24}=R_4(1+10^4+10^8+\cdots)

Use R24=R4(1+104+108+)R_{24}=R_4(1+10^4+10^8+\cdots)

大提示:

商中有六个一,相邻两个一相隔四个位值。

The quotient has six ones, each four places apart

解答:

将这 2424 个数字每四个分为一组,得到 R24=R4(1+104+108+1012+1016+1020) \begin{aligned} R_{24} &=R_4\left(1+10^4+10^8\right.\\ &\qquad\left.{}+10^{12}+10^{16}\right.\\ &\qquad\left.{}+10^{20}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 QQ 中有六个一,每相邻两个一之间有三个零。所以共有 53=155\cdot3=15 个零。故正确答案是 E

Grouping the 2424 digits into six blocks of four gives R24=R4(1+104+108+1012+1016+1020). \begin{aligned} R_{24} &=R_4\left(1+10^4+10^8\right.\\ &\qquad\left.{}+10^{12}+10^{16}\right.\\ &\qquad\left.{}+10^{20}\right). \end{aligned} Thus QQ has six ones, with three zeros between each consecutive pair. It therefore has 53=155\cdot3=15 zeros. Thus the correct answer is E.

8.

C1C_1C2C_2 是同一平面内两个半径为 11 且互相相切的圆。该平面内有多少个半径为 33 且同时与 C1C_1C2C_2 相切的圆?

Let C1C_1 and C2C_2 be circles of radius 11 that are in the same plane and tangent to each other. How many circles of radius 33 are in this plane and tangent to both C1C_1 and C2?C_2?

22

44

55

66

88

答案:D
难度评级:1780
小提示:

半径为 33 的圆与每个单位圆都可能内切或外切。

A radius-33 circle can be internally or externally tangent to each unit circle

大提示:

对它的圆心,考察距离对 (4,4)(4,4)(2,2)(2,2)(4,2)(4,2)(2,4)(2,4)

For its center, consider distance pairs (4,4),(4,4), (2,2),(2,2), (4,2),(4,2), and (2,4)(2,4)

解答:

两个相切单位圆的圆心相距 22 个单位。若新圆与单位圆外切,其圆心到单位圆圆心的距离必须为 44;若内切,则为 22。距离对 (4,4)(4,4) 给出两个圆心,(2,2)(2,2) 也是如此。混合距离对 (4,2)(4,2)(2,4)(2,4) 各给出一个圆心,因为相应的圆心轨迹圆内切。因此共有 2+2+1+1=62+2+1+1=6 个圆。故正确答案是 D

Let the centers of the tangent unit circles be 22 units apart. The new center must be 44 units from a unit-circle center for external tangency and 22 units away for internal tangency. The distance pair (4,4)(4,4) gives two centers, as does (2,2).(2,2). Each mixed pair (4,2)(4,2) and (2,4)(2,4) gives one center because the corresponding center-circles are internally tangent. Hence there are 2+2+1+1=62+2+1+1=6 circles. Thus the correct answer is D.

9.

国家 AA 的人口占世界人口的 c%c\%,拥有世界财富的 d%d\%。国家 BB 的人口占世界人口的 e%e\%,拥有世界财富的 f%f\%。假设 AA 国公民平均分享 AA 国财富,BB 国公民也平均分享 BB 国财富。求 AA 国一名公民的财富与 BB 国一名公民的财富之比。

Country AA has c%c\% of the world’s population and owns d%d\% of the world’s wealth. Country BB has e%e\% of the world’s population and f%f\% of its wealth. Assume that the citizens of AA share the wealth of AA equally, and assume that those of BB share the wealth of BB equally. Find the ratio of the wealth of a citizen of AA to the wealth of a citizen of B.B.

cdef\frac{cd}{ef}

cedf\frac{ce}{df}

cfde\frac{cf}{de}

decf\frac{de}{cf}

dfce\frac{df}{ce}

答案:D
难度评级:1060
小提示:

人均财富等于总财富除以人口。

Per-capita wealth is total wealth divided by population

大提示:

写出比值 dcfe\frac{\frac{d}{c}}{\frac{f}{e}}

Form the ratio dcfe\frac{\frac{d}{c}}{\frac{f}{e}}

解答:

国家 AA 的人均财富与 dc\frac{d}{c} 成正比,而国家 BB 的人均财富与 fe\frac{f}{e} 成正比。二者之比为 dcfe=decf \frac{\frac{d}{c}}{\frac{f}{e}}=\frac{de}{cf}\text{。}因此正确答案是 D

Country AA’s per-capita share is proportional to dc,\frac{d}{c}, while country BB’s is proportional to fe.\frac{f}{e}. Their ratio is dcfe=decf. \frac{\frac{d}{c}}{\frac{f}{e}}=\frac{de}{cf}. Thus the correct answer is D.

10.

rr 为将 aba^b 的底数和指数都变为原来的三倍后所得的数,其中 aab>0b\gt0。若 rr 等于 aba^bxbx^b 的乘积,其中 x>0x\gt0,则 x=x=

Let rr be the number that results when both the base and the exponent of aba^b are tripled, where a,a, b>0.b\gt0. If rr equals the product of aba^b and xbx^b where x>0,x\gt0, then x=x=

33

3a23a^2

27a227a^2

2a3b2a^{3b}

3a2b3a^{2b}

答案:C
难度评级:1260
小提示:

将底数和指数都变为三倍,会把 aba^b 变成 (3a)3b(3a)^{3b}

Tripling both parts changes aba^b to (3a)3b(3a)^{3b}

大提示:

改写等式,使两边都是 bb 次幂。

Rewrite the equality so both sides are bbth powers

解答:

r=(3a)3b=(27a3)b r=(3a)^{3b}=\bigl(27a^3\bigr)^b\text{。}另一方面,r=abxb=(ax)br=a^bx^b=(ax)^b。由各量为正,可令两边底数相等,于是 ax=27a3ax=27a^3,从而 x=27a2x=27a^2。因此正确答案是 C

We have r=(3a)3b=(27a3)b. r=(3a)^{3b}=\bigl(27a^3\bigr)^b. Also r=abxb=(ax)b.r=a^bx^b=(ax)^b. Positivity allows us to equate the bases, so ax=27a3ax=27a^3 and x=27a2.x=27a^2. Thus the correct answer is C.

11.

log2(log2(log2(x)))=2\log_2(\log_2(\log_2(x)))=2,则 xx 的十进制表示有多少位?

If log2(log2(log2(x)))=2,\log_2(\log_2(\log_2(x)))=2, then how many digits are in the base-ten representation for x?x?

55

77

99

1111

1313

答案:A
难度评级:1400
小提示:

从最外层开始,逐层撤销对数运算。

Undo the logarithms one at a time from the outside

大提示:

依次得到的值为 22441616,然后再求 xx

The successive values are 2,2, 4,4, and 1616 before solving for xx

解答:

逐层撤销对数运算,得到 log2(log2x)=4,log2x=16,x=216=65536 \begin{aligned} \log_2(\log_2 x)&=4,\\ \log_2x&=16,\\ x&=2^{16}=65536 \end{aligned}\text{。}这个数的十进制表示有 55 位。因此正确答案是 A

Undoing the logarithms gives log2(log2x)=4,log2x=16,x=216=65536. \begin{aligned} \log_2(\log_2 x)&=4,\\ \log_2x&=16,\\ x&=2^{16}=65536. \end{aligned} This number has 55 decimal digits. Thus the correct answer is A.

12.

f(2x)=22+xf(2x)=\frac{2}{2+x} 对所有 x>0x\gt0 都成立,则 2f(x)=2f(x)=

If f(2x)=22+xf(2x)=\frac{2}{2+x} for all x>0,x\gt0, then 2f(x)=2f(x)=

21+x\frac{2}{1+x}

22+x\frac{2}{2+x}

41+x\frac{4}{1+x}

42+x\frac{4}{2+x}

84+x\frac{8}{4+x}

答案:E
难度评级:1180
小提示:

为求 f(x)f(x),将已知式中的自变量替换为 x2\frac{x}{2}

To obtain f(x),f(x), replace the given input variable by x2\frac{x}{2}

大提示:

化简 2f(x)=2(22+x2)2f(x)=2\left(\frac{2}{2+\frac{x}{2}}\right)

Simplify 2f(x)=2(22+x2)2f(x)=2\left(\frac{2}{2+\frac{x}{2}}\right)

解答:

将已知式中的 xx 替换为 x2\frac{x}{2},得到 f(x)=22+x2=44+x f(x)=\frac{2}{2+\frac{x}{2}}=\frac{4}{4+x}\text{。}因此 2f(x)=84+x2f(x)=\frac{8}{4+x}。故正确答案是 E

Replacing the given xx by x2\frac{x}{2} yields f(x)=22+x2=44+x. f(x)=\frac{2}{2+\frac{x}{2}}=\frac{4}{4+x}. Therefore 2f(x)=84+x.2f(x)=\frac{8}{4+x}. Thus the correct answer is E.

13.

一个周长为 2020 的正方形内接于一个周长为 2828 的正方形。内正方形的一个顶点与外正方形的一个顶点之间的最大距离是多少?

A square of perimeter 2020 is inscribed in a square of perimeter 28.28. What is the greatest distance between a vertex of the inner square and a vertex of the outer square?

58\sqrt{58}

752\frac{7\sqrt5}{2}

88

65\sqrt{65}

535\sqrt3

答案:D
难度评级:1730
小提示:

内正方形的一个顶点将外正方形的一条边分成长为 xxyy 的两段。

A vertex of the inner square divides an outer side into lengths xx and yy

大提示:

使用 x+y=7x+y=7x2+y2=25x^2+y^2=25

Use x+y=7x+y=7 and x2+y2=25x^2+y^2=25

解答:

外、内正方形的边长分别为 7755。在任意一个内正方形顶点处,外正方形一条边被分成长度为 xxyy 的两段,且 x+y=7,x2+y2=25 x+y=7,\qquad x^2+y^2=25\text{。}因此 2xy=4925=242xy=49-25=24,所以 {x,y}={3,4}\{x,y\}=\{3,4\}。从位于一条边上的内正方形顶点到较远的对面外正方形顶点,水平位移为 44,竖直位移为 77。所以最大距离为 42+72=65\sqrt{4^2+7^2}=\sqrt{65}。故正确答案是 D

The outer and inner side lengths are 77 and 5.5. At any inner vertex, the two pieces of the outer side have lengths xx and yy with x+y=7,x2+y2=25. x+y=7,\qquad x^2+y^2=25. Hence 2xy=4925=24,2xy=49-25=24, so {x,y}={3,4}.\{x,y\}=\{3,4\}. From an inner vertex on one side, the farther opposite outer vertex has horizontal displacement 44 and vertical displacement 7.7. The greatest distance is therefore 42+72=65.\sqrt{4^2+7^2}=\sqrt{65}. Thus the correct answer is D.

14.

凸五边形 ABCDEABCDE 满足 A=B=120\angle A=\angle B=120^\circEA=AB=BC=2EA=AB=BC=2CD=DE=4CD=DE=4。求 ABCDEABCDE 的面积。

The convex pentagon ABCDEABCDE has A=B=120,\angle A=\angle B=120^\circ, EA=AB=BC=2EA=AB=BC=2 and CD=DE=4.CD=DE=4. What is the area of ABCDE?ABCDE?

1010

737\sqrt3

1515

939\sqrt3

12512\sqrt5

答案:B
难度评级:1570
小提示:

CE\overline{CE},将五边形分成一个梯形和一个三角形。

Draw CE\overline{CE} to split the pentagon into a trapezoid and a triangle

大提示:

由角度条件可得 CE=4CE=4,所以 CDE\triangle CDE 是等边三角形。

The angle conditions give CE=4,CE=4, so CDE\triangle CDE is equilateral

解答:

A=(0,0)A=(0,0)B=(2,0)B=(2,0)。由两个 120120^\circ 角以及边长 EA=BC=2EA=BC=2,得到 E=(1,3),C=(3,3) E=(-1,\sqrt3),\qquad C=(3,\sqrt3)\text{。}因此 ABCEABCE 是高为 3\sqrt3、两底长为 2244 的梯形,其面积为 333\sqrt3。又因为 CE=4=CD=DECE=4=CD=DE,所以 CDE\triangle CDE 是面积为 434\sqrt3 的等边三角形。总面积为 737\sqrt3。因此正确答案是 B

Place A=(0,0)A=(0,0) and B=(2,0).B=(2,0). The 120120^\circ angles and side lengths EA=BC=2EA=BC=2 give E=(1,3),C=(3,3). E=(-1,\sqrt3),\qquad C=(3,\sqrt3). Thus ABCEABCE is a trapezoid of height 3\sqrt3 and bases 22 and 4,4, so its area is 33.3\sqrt3. Also CE=4=CD=DE,CE=4=CD=DE, making CDE\triangle CDE equilateral with area 43.4\sqrt3. The total area is 73.7\sqrt3. Thus the correct answer is B.

15.

有多少个 nn 值能使正 nn 边形的内角度数为整数?

For how many values of nn will an nn-sided regular polygon have interior angles with integral degree measures?

1616

1818

2020

2222

2424

答案:D
难度评级:1710
小提示:

一个内角为 180360n180^\circ-\frac{360^\circ}{n}

An interior angle is 180360n180^\circ-\frac{360^\circ}{n}

大提示:

数出因数 nn 的所有可能值,使其整除 360360,并排除小于 33 的值。

Count divisors nn of 360360 and exclude values below 33

解答:

内角为 180360n180^\circ-\frac{360^\circ}{n},其度数为整数当且仅当 360360 能被 nn 整除。因为 360=23325360=2^3\cdot3^2\cdot5,它有 (3+1)(2+1)(1+1)=24 (3+1)(2+1)(1+1)=24 个正因数。排除 n=1n=1n=2n=2 后,剩下 2222 个可行值。因此正确答案是 D

The interior angle is 180360n,180^\circ-\frac{360^\circ}{n}, which is integral exactly when 360360 is divisible by n.n. Since 360=23325,360=2^3\cdot3^2\cdot5, it has (3+1)(2+1)(1+1)=24 (3+1)(2+1)(1+1)=24 positive divisors. Excluding n=1n=1 and n=2n=2 leaves 2222 allowable values. Thus the correct answer is D.

16.

考虑如下正整数非递减数列:1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5, \begin{aligned} &1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,\\ &5,5,5,5,5,\ldots \end{aligned} 其中第 nn 个正整数出现 nn 次。第 19931993 项除以 55 的余数是

Consider the non-decreasing sequence of positive integers 1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5, \begin{aligned} &1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,\\ &5,5,5,5,5,\ldots \end{aligned} in which the nnth positive integer appears nn times. The remainder when the 19931993rd term is divided by 55 is

00

11

22

33

44

答案:D
难度评级:1500
小提示:

nn 最后一次出现的位置是 n(n+1)2\frac{n(n+1)}2

The final occurrence of nn is in position n(n+1)2\frac{n(n+1)}2

大提示:

19931993 与对应于 62626363 的三角数比较。

Compare 19931993 with the triangular numbers for 6262 and 6363

解答:

最后一个 6262 出现在位置 62632=1953 \frac{62\cdot63}{2}=1953\text{,}而最后一个 6363 出现在位置 63642=2016\frac{63\cdot64}{2}=2016。因此第 19931993 项是 6363,它除以 55 的余数为 33。故正确答案是 D

The last 6262 occurs in position 62632=1953, \frac{62\cdot63}{2}=1953, while the last 6363 occurs in position 63642=2016.\frac{63\cdot64}{2}=2016. Thus the 19931993rd term is 63,63, whose remainder modulo 55 is 3.3. Thus the correct answer is D.

17.

艾米在一个正方形钟面上画了飞镖盘,并以各整点方向为分界线,如图所示。设 tt 为八个三角形区域之一的面积,例如 1212 点方向与 11 点方向之间的区域;设 qq 为四个角部四边形区域之一的面积,例如 11 点方向与 22 点方向之间的区域。则 qt=\frac qt=

Amy painted a dart board over a square clock face using the “hour positions” as boundaries. [See figure.] If tt is the area of one of the eight triangular regions such as that between 1212 o’clock and 11 o’clock, and qq is the area of one of the four corner quadrilaterals such as that between 11 o’clock and 22 o’clock, then qt=\frac qt=

2322\sqrt3-2

32\frac32

5+12\frac{\sqrt5+1}{2}

3\sqrt3

22

答案:A
难度评级:1960
小提示:

缩放正方形,使其四边分别位于 x=±1x=\pm1y=±1y=\pm1

Scale the square so its sides are x=±1x=\pm1 and y=±1y=\pm1

大提示:

11 点方向的射线与上边相交处满足 x=13x=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}

The 11 o’clock ray meets the top side at x=13x=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}

解答:

令正方形为 [1,1]2[-1,1]^2,其中心为原点。11 点方向的射线与上边相交于 (13,1)(\frac{1}{\sqrt3},1),所以 t=12(13)(1)=123 t=\frac12\left(\frac1{\sqrt3}\right)(1)=\frac1{2\sqrt3}\text{。}角部四边形的顶点为 (0,0)(0,0)(13,1)(\frac{1}{\sqrt3},1)(1,1)(1,1)(1,13)(1,\frac{1}{\sqrt3})。其面积为 q=113q=1-\frac1{\sqrt3}。因此 qt=113123=232 \frac qt=\frac{1-\frac{1}{\sqrt3}}{\frac{1}{2\sqrt3}}=2\sqrt3-2\text{。}故正确答案是 A

Let the square be [1,1]2[-1,1]^2 and its center be the origin. The 11 o’clock ray meets the top side at (13,1),(\frac{1}{\sqrt3},1), so t=12(13)(1)=123. t=\frac12\left(\frac1{\sqrt3}\right)(1)=\frac1{2\sqrt3}. The corner quadrilateral has vertices (0,0),(0,0), (13,1),(\frac{1}{\sqrt3},1), (1,1),(1,1), (1,13).(1,\frac{1}{\sqrt3}). Its area is q=113.q=1-\frac1{\sqrt3}. Hence qt=113123=232. \frac qt=\frac{1-\frac{1}{\sqrt3}}{\frac{1}{2\sqrt3}}=2\sqrt3-2. Thus the correct answer is A.

18.

阿尔和芭布在同一天开始新工作。阿尔的工作安排是工作 33 天后休息 11 天。芭布的安排是工作 77 天后休息 33 天。在最初的 10001000 天中,有多少天两人同时休息?

Al and Barb start their new jobs on the same day. Al’s schedule is 33 work-days followed by 11 rest-day. Barb’s schedule is 77 work-days followed by 33 rest-days. On how many of their first 10001000 days do both have rest-days on the same day?

4848

5050

7272

7575

100100

答案:E
难度评级:1420
小提示:

两人的合并日程每 lcm(4,10)\operatorname{lcm}(4,10) 天重复一次。

The combined schedule repeats every lcm(4,10)\operatorname{lcm}(4,10) days

大提示:

在一个 2020 天周期内,比较阿尔和芭布的休息日。

Within one 2020-day cycle, compare Al’s rest days with Barb’s

解答:

合并后的规律每 2020 天重复一次。阿尔在第 4488121216162020 天休息,而芭布在第 88991010181819192020 天休息。两人共同的休息日是第 88 天和第 2020 天,每个周期有两天。共有 100020=50\frac{1000}{20}=50 个周期,因此共同休息日有 250=1002\cdot50=100 天。故正确答案是 E

The combined pattern repeats every 2020 days. Al rests on days 4,4, 8,8, 12,12, 16,16, 20,20, while Barb rests on days 8,8, 9,9, 10,10, 18,18, 19,19, 20.20. Their common rest days are 88 and 20,20, two per cycle. There are 100020=50\frac{1000}{20}=50 cycles, giving 250=1002\cdot50=100 common rest days. Thus the correct answer is E.

19.

有多少个正整数有序对 (m,n)(m,n) 满足 4m+2n=1 \frac4m+\frac2n=1\text{?}

How many ordered pairs (m,n)(m,n) of positive integers are solutions to 4m+2n=1? \frac4m+\frac2n=1?

11

22

33

44

多于 44

more than 44

答案:D
难度评级:1690
小提示:

消去分母,并配成含 m4m-4n2n-2 的乘积。

Clear denominators and complete a product involving m4m-4 and n2n-2

大提示:

原方程等价于 (m4)(n2)=8(m-4)(n-2)=8

The equation is equivalent to (m4)(n2)=8(m-4)(n-2)=8

解答:

消去分母并整理,得到 mn4n2m=0(m4)(n2)=8 \begin{aligned} mn-4n-2m=0 &\quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad\\ (m-4)(n-2)=8 \end{aligned}\text{。}两个因数都必须为正。88 的四个有序正因数对给出 (m,n)=(5,10),(6,6),(8,4),(12,3) \begin{aligned} (m,n)={}&(5,10),(6,6),\\ &(8,4),(12,3) \end{aligned}\text{。}因此正确答案是 D

Clearing denominators and rearranging gives mn4n2m=0(m4)(n2)=8. \begin{aligned} mn-4n-2m=0 &\quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad\\ (m-4)(n-2)=8. \end{aligned} Both factors must be positive. The four ordered positive factor pairs of 88 give (m,n)=(5,10),(6,6),(8,4),(12,3). \begin{aligned} (m,n)={}&(5,10),(6,6),\\ &(8,4),(12,3). \end{aligned} Thus the correct answer is D.

20.

考虑方程 10z23izk=010z^2-3iz-k=0,其中 zz 是复变量且 i2=1i^2=-1。下列哪个说法正确?

Consider the equation 10z23izk=0,10z^2-3iz-k=0, where zz is a complex variable and i2=1.i^2=-1. Which of the following statements is true?

对所有正实数 kk,两个根都是纯虚数。

For all positive real numbers k,k, both roots are pure imaginary.

对所有负实数 kk,两个根都是纯虚数。

For all negative real numbers k,k, both roots are pure imaginary.

对所有纯虚数 kk,两个根都是实有理数。

For all pure imaginary numbers k,k, both roots are real and rational.

对所有纯虚数 kk,两个根都是实无理数。

For all pure imaginary numbers k,k, both roots are real and irrational.

对所有复数 kk,两个根都不是实数。

For all complex numbers k,k, neither root is real.

答案:B
难度评级:2040
小提示:

使用求根公式并化简判别式。

Apply the quadratic formula and simplify the discriminant

大提示:

kk 为负实数时,判断 9+40k\sqrt{-9+40k} 的类型。

For negative real k,k, determine the type of 9+40k\sqrt{-9+40k}

解答:

两个根为 z=3i±9+40k20 z=\frac{3i\pm\sqrt{-9+40k}}{20}\text{。}kk 是负实数,则 9+40k-9+40k 是负实数,所以它的平方根是纯虚数。因此所得两个 zz 值都是纯虚数。其余全称命题均不成立,例如可视情况分别取 k=1k=1ii00。故正确答案是 B

The roots are z=3i±9+40k20. z=\frac{3i\pm\sqrt{-9+40k}}{20}. If kk is negative and real, then 9+40k-9+40k is negative real, so its square roots are pure imaginary. Both resulting values of zz are therefore pure imaginary. The other universal claims fail, for example by taking k=1,k=1, i,i, or 00 as appropriate. Thus the correct answer is B.

21.

a1a_1a2a_2\ldotsaka_k 是一个有限等差数列,满足

a4+a7+a10=17 a_4+a_7+a_{10}=17

a4+a5+a6++a12+a13+a14=77 \begin{aligned} &a_4+a_5+a_6+\cdots+a_{12}\\ &\quad{}+a_{13}+a_{14}=77 \end{aligned}\text{。}ak=13a_k=13,则 k=k=

Let a1,a_1, a2,a_2, ,\ldots, aka_k be a finite arithmetic sequence with

a4+a7+a10=17 a_4+a_7+a_{10}=17

and

a4+a5+a6++a12+a13+a14=77. \begin{aligned} &a_4+a_5+a_6+\cdots+a_{12}\\ &\quad{}+a_{13}+a_{14}=77. \end{aligned} If ak=13,a_k=13, then k=k=

1616

1818

2020

2222

2424

答案:B
难度评级:1780
小提示:

利用中间项求出 a7a_7a9a_9

Use the middle terms to find a7a_7 and a9a_9

大提示:

a7a_7a9a_9 的差可确定公差。

The difference between a7a_7 and a9a_9 determines the common difference

解答:

因为等差数列中关于某项对称的各项平均值等于该中间项,所以 3a7=17,11a9=77 3a_7=17,\qquad 11a_9=77\text{。}因此 a7=173a_7=\frac{17}{3}a9=7a_9=7,公差为 d=71732=23d=\frac{7-\frac{17}{3}}{2}=\frac{2}{3}。由于 137=6=9d13-7=6=9d,有 ak=a9+9=a18a_k=a_{9+9}=a_{18}。故正确答案是 B

Because symmetric terms of an arithmetic sequence average to the middle term, 3a7=17,11a9=77. 3a_7=17,\qquad 11a_9=77. Thus a7=173a_7=\frac{17}{3} and a9=7,a_9=7, so the common difference is d=71732=23.d=\frac{7-\frac{17}{3}}{2}=\frac{2}{3}. Since 137=6=9d,13-7=6=9d, we have ak=a9+9=a18.a_k=a_{9+9}=a_{18}. Thus the correct answer is B.

22.

如图所示排列二十个正方体积木。首先将 1010 个积木排成三角形;再将由 66 个积木排成的三角形层居中放在这 1010 个积木上;然后将由 33 个积木排成的三角形层居中放在这 66 个积木上;最后在第三层顶端中央放一个积木。底层积木以某种顺序编号为 111010。第 223344 层的每个积木所标的数,等于支撑它的三个积木所标数之和。求顶层积木可能标上的最小数。

Twenty cubical blocks are arranged as shown. First, 1010 are arranged in a triangular pattern; then a layer of 6,6, arranged in a triangular pattern, is centered on the 10;10; then a layer of 3,3, arranged in a triangular pattern, is centered on the 6;6; and finally one block is centered on top of the third layer. The blocks in the bottom layer are numbered 11 through 1010 in some order. Each block in layers 2,2, 33 and 44 is assigned the number which is the sum of the numbers assigned to the three blocks on which it rests. Find the smallest possible number which could be assigned to the top block.

5555

8383

114114

137137

144144

答案:C
难度评级:1960
小提示:

确定每个底层积木对顶层数值贡献了多少次。

Determine how many times each bottom block contributes to the top

大提示:

中心位置、六个边缘位置和三个角位置的系数分别为 663311

The center, six edge positions, and three corner positions have coefficients 6,6, 3,3, and 11

解答:

逐层展开各个和,顶层数值为 6c+3(e1+e2+e36c+3(e_1+e_2+e_3 +e4+e5+e6){}+e_4+e_5+e_6) +(v1+v2+v3){}+(v_1+v_2+v_3),其中 cc 是底层中心积木,eie_i 是六个非角落的边界积木,viv_i 是三个角落积木。为使这个加权和最小,将 11 放在系数为 66 的位置,将 22\ldots77 放在系数为 33 的位置,并将 88991010 放在系数为 11 的位置。最小值为 6+3(2+3+46+3(2+3+4 +5+6+7){}+5+6+7) +(8+9+10)=114{}+(8+9+10)=114。因此正确答案是 C

Expanding the sums layer by layer, the top value is 6c+3(e1+e2+e36c+3(e_1+e_2+e_3+e4+e5+e6){}+e_4+e_5+e_6)+(v1+v2+v3),{}+(v_1+v_2+v_3), where cc is the center bottom block, the eie_i are the six non-corner boundary blocks, and the viv_i are the three corner blocks. To minimize this weighted sum, assign 11 to the coefficient-66 position, 2,2, ,\ldots, 77 to the coefficient-33 positions, and 8,8, 9,9, 1010 to the coefficient-11 positions. The minimum is 6+3(2+3+46+3(2+3+4+5+6+7){}+5+6+7)+(8+9+10)=114.{}+(8+9+10)=114. Thus the correct answer is C.

23.

AABBCCDD 位于一个直径为 11 的圆上,点 XX 位于直径 AD\overline{AD} 上。若 BX=CXBX=CX,且 3BAC=BXC=363\angle BAC=\angle BXC=36^\circ,则 AX=AX=

Points A,A, B,B, CC and DD are on a circle of diameter 1,1, and XX is on diameter AD.\overline{AD}. If BX=CXBX=CX and 3BAC=BXC=36,3\angle BAC=\angle BXC=36^\circ, then AX=AX=

cos6cos12sec18\cos6^\circ\cos12^\circ\sec18^\circ

cos6sin12csc18\cos6^\circ\sin12^\circ\csc18^\circ

cos6sin12sec18\cos6^\circ\sin12^\circ\sec18^\circ

sin6sin12csc18\sin6^\circ\sin12^\circ\csc18^\circ

sin6sin12sec18\sin6^\circ\sin12^\circ\sec18^\circ

答案:B
难度评级:2280
小提示:

因为 BX=CXBX=CX,经过 XX 的直径平分 BXC\angle BXC

Because BX=CX,BX=CX, the diameter through XX bisects BXC\angle BXC

大提示:

ABAB 时利用直角三角形 ABDABD,再在 ABX\triangle ABX 中应用正弦定理。

Find ABAB using right triangle ABD,ABD, then apply the Law of Sines in ABX\triangle ABX

解答:

因为 BX=CXBX=CX,直线 ADAD 平分 BXC\angle BXC,由对称性还可得 BAD=6\angle BAD=6^\circ。因为直径 AD=1AD=1,所以 ABD=90\angle ABD=90^\circ,从而 AB=cos6AB=\cos6^\circ。此外,AXB=18018=162,ABX=1801626=12 \begin{gathered} \angle AXB=180^\circ-18^\circ=162^\circ, \\ \angle ABX=180^\circ-162^\circ\\ {}-6^\circ=12^\circ \end{gathered}\text{。}ABX\triangle ABX 中应用正弦定理,得到 AX=ABsin12sin162=cos6sin12csc18 \begin{aligned} AX&=\frac{AB\sin12^\circ}{\sin162^\circ}\\ &=\cos6^\circ\sin12^\circ\\ &\qquad{}\csc18^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}因此正确答案是 B

Since BX=CX,BX=CX, the line ADAD bisects BXC,\angle BXC, and symmetry also gives BAD=6.\angle BAD=6^\circ. Because AD=1AD=1 is a diameter, ABD=90,\angle ABD=90^\circ, so AB=cos6.AB=\cos6^\circ. Also AXB=18018=162,ABX=1801626=12. \begin{gathered} \angle AXB=180^\circ-18^\circ=162^\circ, \\ \angle ABX=180^\circ-162^\circ\\ {}-6^\circ=12^\circ. \end{gathered} The Law of Sines in ABX\triangle ABX gives AX=ABsin12sin162=cos6sin12csc18. \begin{aligned} AX&=\frac{AB\sin12^\circ}{\sin162^\circ}\\ &=\cos6^\circ\sin12^\circ\\ &\qquad{}\csc18^\circ. \end{aligned} Thus the correct answer is B.

24.

一个盒子里有 33 枚有光泽的便士和 44 枚无光泽的便士。从盒中逐枚随机抽取便士,抽出后不放回。直到第三枚有光泽的便士出现需要抽取超过四次的概率为 ab\frac{a}{b}。若 ab\frac{a}{b} 是最简分数,则 a+b=a+b=

A box contains 33 shiny pennies and 44 dull pennies. One by one, pennies are drawn at random from the box and not replaced. If the probability is ab\frac{a}{b} that it will take more than four draws until the third shiny penny appears and ab\frac{a}{b} is in lowest terms, then a+b=a+b=

1111

2020

3535

5858

6666

答案:E
难度评级:1900
小提示:

将三枚有光泽的便士看作占据七个抽取位置中的三个。

View the three shiny pennies as occupying three of seven draw positions

大提示:

减去三枚有光泽的便士都出现在前四个位置的情形。

Subtract the cases in which all three shiny pennies occur among the first four positions

解答:

三枚有光泽的便士所占的 33 元子集,是从 77 个抽取位置中等可能选出的,共有 (73)=35\binom73=35 种可能。第三枚有光泽的便士不迟于第 44 次抽取出现,当且仅当三个有光泽便士的位置都在前四个位置中,这有 (43)=4\binom43=4 种情形。所求概率为 1435=3135 1-\frac4{35}=\frac{31}{35}\text{。}因此 a+b=31+35=66a+b=31+35=66。故正确答案是 E

The shiny pennies occupy a uniformly chosen 33-element subset of the 77 draw positions. There are (73)=35\binom73=35 possibilities. The third shiny penny appears by draw 44 exactly when all three shiny positions lie among the first four, which occurs in (43)=4\binom43=4 cases. The requested probability is 1435=3135. 1-\frac4{35}=\frac{31}{35}. Therefore a+b=31+35=66.a+b=31+35=66. Thus the correct answer is E.

25.

SS 为构成一个 120120^\circ 角两边的两条射线上的点集,PP 是该角内部、角平分线上的一个定点。考虑所有不同的等边三角形 PQRPQR,其中 QQRR 属于 SS。(点 QQRR 可以位于同一条射线上,交换 QQRR 的名称不产生不同的三角形。)这样的三角形有

Let SS be the set of points on the rays forming the sides of a 120120^\circ angle, and let PP be a fixed point inside the angle on the angle bisector. Consider all distinct equilateral triangles PQRPQR with QQ and RR in S.S. (Points QQ and RR may be on the same ray, and switching the names of QQ and RR does not create a distinct triangle.) There are

恰好 22 个。

exactly 22 such triangles.

恰好 33 个。

exactly 33 such triangles.

恰好 77 个。

exactly 77 such triangles.

恰好 1515 个。

exactly 1515 such triangles.

多于 1515 个。

more than 1515 such triangles.

答案:E
难度评级:2310
小提示:

将角的顶点记为 OO,并在一条射线上取点 AA,使 AOP\triangle AOP 为等边三角形。

Call the angle’s vertex OO and choose AA on one ray so that AOP\triangle AOP is equilateral

大提示:

让点 QQAO\overline{AO} 上连续变化,并在另一条射线上构造相应的点 RR

Vary a point QQ continuously on AO\overline{AO} and construct a matching point RR on the other ray

解答:

OO 为角的顶点。在一条射线上取点 AA,使 OA=OPOA=OP;因为 OPOP 平分 120120^\circ 角,所以 AOP\triangle AOP 是等边三角形。对 AO\overline{AO} 上任意一点 QQ,在另一条射线上取点 RR,使 OR=AQOR=AQ。由边角边可得 PORPAQ\triangle POR\cong\triangle PAQ。因此 PQ=PRPQ=PR,且 QPR=APO=60\angle QPR=\angle APO=60^\circ,所以 PQR\triangle PQR 是等边三角形。连续变化的 QQ 会给出不同的三角形,因此这样的三角形当然多于 1515 个。故正确答案是 E

Let OO be the vertex. Choose AA on one ray so that OA=OP;OA=OP; because OPOP bisects the 120120^\circ angle, AOP\triangle AOP is equilateral. For any QQ on AO,\overline{AO}, choose RR on the other ray with OR=AQ.OR=AQ. Then PORPAQ\triangle POR\cong\triangle PAQ by SAS. Consequently PQ=PRPQ=PR and QPR=APO=60,\angle QPR=\angle APO=60^\circ, so PQR\triangle PQR is equilateral. Continuously many choices of QQ give distinct triangles, hence certainly more than 15.15. Thus the correct answer is E.

26.

xx 为实数时,求函数 f(x)=8xx214xx248 \begin{aligned} f(x)&=\sqrt{8x-x^2}\\ &\quad-\sqrt{14x-x^2-48} \end{aligned} 所能取得的最大正值。

Find the largest positive value attained by the function f(x)=8xx214xx248, \begin{aligned} f(x)&=\sqrt{8x-x^2}\\ &\quad-\sqrt{14x-x^2-48}, \end{aligned} xx a real number.

71\sqrt7-1

33

232\sqrt3

44

555\sqrt{55}-\sqrt5

答案:C
难度评级:2080
小提示:

利用公因式 8x8-x 分解两个根式中的被开方数。

Factor both radicands using the common factor 8x8-x

大提示:

在定义域 6x86\le x\le8 上,将 8x(xx6)\sqrt{8-x}(\sqrt x-\sqrt{x-6}) 有理化。

On the domain 6x8,6\le x\le8, rationalize 8x(xx6)\sqrt{8-x}(\sqrt x-\sqrt{x-6})

解答:

两个根式同时为实数当且仅当 6x86\le x\le8。分解并有理化,得到 f(x)=8x(xx6)=68xx+x6 \begin{aligned} f(x) &=\sqrt{8-x}\bigl(\sqrt x-\sqrt{x-6}\bigr)\\ &=\frac{6\sqrt{8-x}}{\sqrt x+\sqrt{x-6}} \end{aligned}\text{。}在此区间内,分子递减而分母递增,所以最大值在 x=6x=6 时取得,其值为 f(6)=12=23 f(6)=\sqrt{12}=2\sqrt3\text{。}因此正确答案是 C

Both radicals are real exactly when 6x8.6\le x\le8. Factoring and rationalizing, f(x)=8x(xx6)=68xx+x6. \begin{aligned} f(x) &=\sqrt{8-x}\bigl(\sqrt x-\sqrt{x-6}\bigr)\\ &=\frac{6\sqrt{8-x}}{\sqrt x+\sqrt{x-6}}. \end{aligned} On this interval the numerator decreases while the denominator increases, so the maximum occurs at x=6.x=6. Its value is f(6)=12=23. f(6)=\sqrt{12}=2\sqrt3. Thus the correct answer is C.

27.

ABC\triangle ABC 的三边长为 66881010。一个圆心为 PP、半径为 11 的圆沿 ABC\triangle ABC 内部滚动,并始终与三角形至少一条边相切。当 PP 第一次回到原位置时,PP 走过了多长的距离?

The sides of ABC\triangle ABC have lengths 6,6, 88 and 10.10. A circle with center PP and radius 11 rolls around the inside of ABC,\triangle ABC, always remaining tangent to at least one side of the triangle. When PP first returns to its original position, through what distance has PP traveled?

1010

1212

1414

1515

1717

答案:B
难度评级:2170
小提示:

圆心描出一个较小的三角形,其三边分别平行于原三角形的三边。

The center traces a smaller triangle whose sides are parallel to the original sides

大提示:

66-88-1010 三角形的内切圆半径为 22,而圆心轨迹三角形的内切圆半径为 11

The original 66-88-1010 triangle has inradius 2,2, while the center’s path has inradius 11

解答:

圆心 PP 始终与所接触的边相距一个单位,因此它的轨迹是三条向内平移 11 个单位的平行线所围成的三角形。这个三角形与 ABC\triangle ABC 相似。原直角三角形的面积为 2424,半周长为 1212,所以内切圆半径为 2412=2\frac{24}{12}=2。轨迹三角形的内切圆半径为 21=12-1=1,因此线性缩放比例为 12\frac{1}{2}。它的周长,也就是所走距离,为 12(6+8+10)=12 \frac12(6+8+10)=12\text{。}故正确答案是 B

The center PP remains one unit from the side it touches, so its path is the triangle formed by the three inward parallel lines at distance 1.1. This triangle is similar to ABC.\triangle ABC. The original right triangle has area 2424 and semiperimeter 12,12, hence inradius 2412=2.\frac{24}{12}=2. The path triangle has inradius 21=1,2-1=1, so its linear scale is 12.\frac{1}{2}. Its perimeter, and therefore the distance traveled, is 12(6+8+10)=12. \frac12(6+8+10)=12. Thus the correct answer is B.

28.

xyxy 平面内,坐标为整数 (x,y)(x,y) 且满足 1x41\le x\le41y41\le y\le4 的点作为顶点,可以组成多少个面积为正的三角形?

How many triangles with positive area are there whose vertices are points in the xyxy-plane whose coordinates are integers (x,y)(x,y) satisfying 1x41\le x\le4 and 1y4?1\le y\le4?

496496

500500

512512

516516

560560

答案:D
难度评级:2260
小提示:

从全部 (163)\binom{16}{3} 个三点组开始,减去三点共线的情形。

Start with all (163)\binom{16}{3} triples and subtract collinear ones

大提示:

三个格点共线时,只可能位于水平线、竖直线或斜率为 ±1\pm1 的对角线上。

Three collinear grid points can occur only horizontally, vertically, or on a slope-±1\pm1 diagonal

解答:

共有 (163)=560\binom{16}{3}=560 个格点三元组。四行和四列贡献了 8(43)=32 8\binom43=32 个共线三元组。对斜率 11,能容纳三个点的对角线长度依次为 334433,贡献 (33)+(43)+(33)=6\binom33+\binom43+\binom33=6 个;斜率 1-1 再贡献 66 个。在一个 4444 的点阵中,其他斜率都不能容纳三个格点。因此面积为正的三角形数为 5603266=516560-32-6-6=516。故正确答案是 D

There are (163)=560\binom{16}{3}=560 triples of grid points. The four rows and four columns contribute 8(43)=32 8\binom43=32 collinear triples. For slope 1,1, the diagonal lengths capable of containing three points are 3,3, 4,4, 3,3, contributing (33)+(43)+(33)=6;\binom33+\binom43+\binom33=6; slope 1-1 contributes another 6.6. No other slope fits three lattice points inside a 44-by-44 point array. Thus the number of positive-area triangles is 5603266=516.560-32-6-6=516. Thus the correct answer is D.

29.

下列哪个集合不可能是一个长方体各表面对角线的长度集合?(表面对角线是长方体某个矩形面的对角线。)

Which of the following sets could NOT be the lengths of the external diagonals of a right rectangular prism [a “box”]? (An external diagonal is a diagonal of one of the rectangular faces of the box.)

{4,5,6}\{4,5,6\}

{4,5,7}\{4,5,7\}

{4,6,7}\{4,6,7\}

{5,6,7}\{5,6,7\}

{5,7,8}\{5,7,8\}

答案:B
难度评级:2030
小提示:

若表面对角线满足 pqrp\le q\le r,用 p2,q2,r2p^2,q^2,r^2 表示棱长的平方。

If pqrp\le q\le r are the face diagonals, express the edge squares in terms of p2,q2,r2p^2,q^2,r^2

大提示:

各棱长平方为正的充要条件是 r2<p2+q2r^2\lt p^2+q^2

A necessary and sufficient positivity condition is r2<p2+q2r^2\lt p^2+q^2

解答:

若棱长为 aabbcc,则三条表面对角线长度的平方为 a2+b2a^2+b^2a2+c2a^2+c^2b2+c2b^2+c^2。对按大小排列的对角线 pqrp\le q\le r,有 a2=p2+q2r22 a^2=\frac{p^2+q^2-r^2}{2}\text{,}因此必须满足 r2<p2+q2r^2\lt p^2+q^2;类似公式也说明这个条件充分。只有 {4,5,7}\{4,5,7\} 不满足,因为 72=49>16+25=417^2=49\gt16+25=41。所以正确答案是 B

If the edge lengths are a,a, b,b, c,c, then the three face-diagonal squares are a2+b2,a^2+b^2, a2+c2,a^2+c^2, b2+c2.b^2+c^2. For sorted diagonals pqr,p\le q\le r, a2=p2+q2r22, a^2=\frac{p^2+q^2-r^2}{2}, so necessarily r2<p2+q2;r^2\lt p^2+q^2; the analogous formulas show this is also sufficient. Only {4,5,7}\{4,5,7\} fails, since 72=49>16+25=41.7^2=49\gt16+25=41. Thus the correct answer is B.

30.

已知 0x0<10\le x_0\lt1。对所有整数 n>0n\gt0,定义 xn={2xn1,若 2xn1<1,2xn11,若 2xn11 x_n= \begin{cases} 2x_{n-1},&\text{若 }2x_{n-1}\lt1,\\ 2x_{n-1}-1,&\text{若 }2x_{n-1}\ge1 \end{cases}\text{。} 有多少个 x0x_0 满足 x0=x5x_0=x_5

Given 0x0<1,0\le x_0\lt1, let xn={2xn1,if 2xn1<1,2xn11,if 2xn11 x_n= \begin{cases} 2x_{n-1},&\text{if }2x_{n-1}\lt1,\\ 2x_{n-1}-1,&\text{if }2x_{n-1}\ge1 \end{cases} for all integers n>0.n\gt0. For how many x0x_0 is it true that x0=x5?x_0=x_5?

00

11

55

3131

无穷多个

infinitely many

答案:D
难度评级:2380
小提示:

每一步都取前一项两倍的小数部分。

Each step takes the fractional part of twice the preceding value

大提示:

因此 x5x_532x032x_0 的小数部分。

Thus x5x_5 is the fractional part of 32x032x_0

解答:

递推关系为 xn={2xn1}x_n=\{2x_{n-1}\},所以 x5={32x0}x_5=\{32x_0\}。等式 x5=x0x_5=x_0 要求 32x0x0=32x0 32x_0-x_0=\lfloor32x_0\rfloor\text{,}因而 31x031x_0 是整数。值 x0=k31x_0=\frac{k}{31}k=0k=011\ldots3030 时都满足递推关系并位于 [0,1)[0,1) 内。共有 3131 个值。因此正确答案是 D

The recurrence is xn={2xn1},x_n=\{2x_{n-1}\}, so x5={32x0}.x_5=\{32x_0\}. The equality x5=x0x_5=x_0 requires 32x0x0=32x0, 32x_0-x_0=\lfloor32x_0\rfloor, hence 31x031x_0 is an integer. The values x0=k31x_0=\frac{k}{31} for k=0,k=0, 1,1, ,\ldots, 3030 all satisfy the recurrence and lie in [0,1).[0,1). There are 3131 values. Thus the correct answer is D.