2025 AIME I 第 9 题

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9.

抛物线 y=x24y = x^2 - 4 绕原点逆时针旋转 6060^\circ。原抛物线与其旋转后图像在第四象限的唯一交点, 其 yy 坐标为 abc\frac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c},其中 aabbcc 为正整数,且 aacc 互质。求 a+b+ca + b + c

The parabola with equation y=x24y = x^2 - 4 is rotated 6060^\circ counterclockwise around the origin. The unique point in the fourth quadrant where the original parabola and its image intersect has yy-coordinate abc,\frac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, and aa and cc are relatively prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:62
知识点:抛物线变换对称性
难度评级:2920
解答:

PP 在旋转后的抛物线上,当且仅当它绕原点旋转 60-60^\circ 得到的点 在原抛物线上。因此我们需要 PPQQ 都在 y=x24y = x^2 - 4 上。抛物线关于 xxx \mapsto -x 对称,所以寻找一个点 P=(x,y)P = (x, y),使其旋转后的点为镜像点 Q=(x,y)Q = (-x, y)Q=(x+3y2, 3x+y2),Q = \left(\frac{x + \sqrt{3}y}{2},\ \frac{-\sqrt{3}x + y}{2}\right),

比较 yy 坐标得 32x+y2=y-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}x + \frac{y}{2} = y,即 y=3xy = -\sqrt{3}\,x,此时 xx 坐标也自动满足: x2+32(3x)=x\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}(-\sqrt{3}x) = -x。将 y=3xy = -\sqrt{3}\,x 代入 y=x24y = x^2 - 4,得到 x2+3x4=0x^2 + \sqrt{3}\,x - 4 = 0,其正根为 x=3+192x = \frac{-\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{19}}{2}。于是 因此该点位于第四象限,并在两条曲线上。 y=3x=3572<0,y = -\sqrt{3}\,x = \frac{3 - \sqrt{57}}{2} \lt 0,

题目保证第四象限的交点唯一,所以其 yy 坐标为 3572\frac{3 - \sqrt{57}}{2},得到 a+b+c=3+57+2=62a + b + c = 3 + 57 + 2 = 62

A point PP lies on the image parabola exactly when its rotation by 60,-60^\circ, namely Q=(x+3y2, 3x+y2),Q = \left(\frac{x + \sqrt{3}y}{2},\ \frac{-\sqrt{3}x + y}{2}\right), lies on the original parabola. So we need PP and QQ both on y=x24.y = x^2 - 4. The parabola is symmetric in xx,x \mapsto -x, so we look for P=(x,y)P = (x, y) whose rotated image is the mirror point Q=(x,y).Q = (-x, y).

Matching yy-coordinates gives 32x+y2=y,-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}x + \frac{y}{2} = y, i.e. y=3x,y = -\sqrt{3}\,x, and then the xx-coordinate works automatically: x2+32(3x)=x.\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}(-\sqrt{3}x) = -x. Substituting y=3xy = -\sqrt{3}\,x into y=x24y = x^2 - 4 gives x2+3x4=0,x^2 + \sqrt{3}\,x - 4 = 0, whose positive root is x=3+192.x = \frac{-\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{19}}{2}. Then y=3x=3572<0,y = -\sqrt{3}\,x = \frac{3 - \sqrt{57}}{2} \lt 0, so this point is in the fourth quadrant, on both curves.

The problem guarantees the fourth-quadrant intersection is unique, so its yy-coordinate is 3572,\frac{3 - \sqrt{57}}{2}, giving a+b+c=3+57+2=62.a + b + c = 3 + 57 + 2 = 62.

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