2022 AIME II 第 9 题

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9.

A\ell_AB\ell_B 是两条不同的平行线。对正整数 mmnn,不同的点 A1,A2,A3,,AmA_1, A_2, A_3, \ldots, A_m 位于 A\ell_A 上,不同的点 B1,B2,B3,,BnB_1, B_2, B_3, \ldots, B_n 位于 B\ell_B 上。此外,若对所有 i=1,2,3,,mi = 1, 2, 3, \ldots, mj=1,2,3,,nj = 1, 2, 3, \ldots, n 都画出线段 AiBj\overline{A_iB_j},则在 A\ell_AB\ell_B 严格之间没有任何一点落在两条以上的线段上。 当 m=7m = 7n=5n = 5 时,求这个图形把平面分成的有界区域个数。图中显示当 m=3m = 3n=2n = 2 时有 88 个区域。

Let A\ell_A and B\ell_B be two distinct parallel lines. For positive integers mm and n,n, distinct points A1,A2,A3,,AmA_1, A_2, A_3, \ldots, A_m lie on A,\ell_A, and distinct points B1,B2,B3,,BnB_1, B_2, B_3, \ldots, B_n lie on B.\ell_B. Additionally, when segments AiBj\overline{A_iB_j} are drawn for all i=1,2,3,,mi = 1, 2, 3, \ldots, m and j=1,2,3,,n,j = 1, 2, 3, \ldots, n, no point strictly between A\ell_A and B\ell_B lies on more than two of the segments. Find the number of bounded regions into which this figure divides the plane when m=7m = 7 and n=5.n = 5. The figure shows that there are 88 regions when m=3m = 3 and n=2.n = 2.

答案:244
知识点:区域计数欧拉多面体公式图论交点计数
难度评级:2840
解答:

两条线段 AiBj\overline{A_iB_j}AkBl\overline{A_kB_l} 严格在两条直线之间相交,当且仅当两个 AA 点的先后顺序与对应两个 BB 点的先后顺序相反;任取两个 AA 点和两个 BB 点时, 恰有一种配对会发生这种情况。由一般位置假设,这些交点互不相同,所以交点数为 X=(m2)(n2)X = \binom{m}{2}\binom{n}{2}

将两条直线截成足够长的线段并应用欧拉公式。顶点包括 m+nm + n 个标记点、XX 个交点和 44 个截断端点,所以 V=m+n+X+4V = m + n + X + 4。直线 A\ell_A 被分成 m+1m + 1 条边, B\ell_B 被分成 n+1n + 1; 条边;每个交点分割两条所画线段,所以所画线段贡献 mn+2Xmn + 2X 条边,得到 E=mn+m+n+2X+2E = mn + m + n + 2X + 2。于是 其中一个面是无界的,所以有 mn+X1mn + X - 1 个有界区域。对 m=3m = 3n=2n = 2,这给出 6+31=86 + 3 - 1 = 8 与图形一致。 F=EV+2=mn+X,F = E - V + 2 = mn + X,

m=7m = 7n=5n = 535+(72)(52)135 + \binom{7}{2}\binom{5}{2} - 1 =35+21101= 35 + 21 \cdot 10 - 1 =244= 244

Two segments AiBj\overline{A_iB_j} and AkBl\overline{A_kB_l} cross strictly between the lines exactly when one of the AA's comes first and the other's BB comes first, which happens for exactly one pairing of any two AA's with any two BB's. By the general-position hypothesis these crossings are distinct, so there are X=(m2)(n2)X = \binom{m}{2}\binom{n}{2} of them.

Clip the two lines to long segments and apply Euler's formula. The vertices are the m+nm + n marked points, the XX crossings, and the 44 clipped line ends, so V=m+n+X+4.V = m + n + X + 4. Line A\ell_A is divided into m+1m + 1 edges and B\ell_B into n+1;n + 1; each crossing splits two segments, so the drawn segments contribute mn+2Xmn + 2X edges, giving E=mn+m+n+2X+2.E = mn + m + n + 2X + 2. Then F=EV+2=mn+X,F = E - V + 2 = mn + X, of which one face is unbounded, so there are mn+X1mn + X - 1 bounded regions. For m=3,m = 3, n=2n = 2 this gives 6+31=8,6 + 3 - 1 = 8, matching the figure.

For m=7m = 7 and n=5:n = 5: 35+(72)(52)135 + \binom{7}{2}\binom{5}{2} - 1 =35+21101= 35 + 21 \cdot 10 - 1 =244.= 244.

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