2014 AIME I 第 12 题

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12.

A={1,2,3,4}A = \{1, 2, 3, 4\},并从 AAAA 的所有函数中随机选择函数 ffgg (二者不一定不同)。ff 的值域与 gg 的值域不相交的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 mm

Let A={1,2,3,4},A = \{1, 2, 3, 4\}, and let ff and gg be randomly chosen (not necessarily distinct) functions from AA to A.A. The probability that the range of ff and the range of gg are disjoint is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m.m.

答案:453
知识点:函数基本概率分类讨论
难度评级:2990
解答:

ff 的值域分类。若它有 kk 个元素,则 gg 的值域与其不相交,当且仅当 ggAA 映到剩下的 4k4 - k 个元素中;在全部 44=2564^4 = 256 个函数中,这样的 gg(4k)4(4-k)^4 个。

按值域大小计数 ff:常值函数有 44 个;值域大小为 22 的有 (42)(242)=84\binom{4}{2}(2^4 - 2) = 84 个;值域大小为 33 的有 (43)36=144\binom{4}{3} \cdot 36 = 144 个(从四个元素满射到三个元素有 3636 个);双射有 4!=244! = 24 个。有利的有序函数对数量为 434+8424+14414+2404=324+1344+144=1812. \begin{aligned} &4 \cdot 3^4 + 84 \cdot 2^4 \\ &\quad {}+ 144 \cdot 1^4 + 24 \cdot 0^4 \\ &= 324 + 1344 + 144 = 1812. \end{aligned}

概率为 181248=181265536=45316384\frac{1812}{4^8} = \frac{1812}{65536} = \frac{453}{16384},由于 163841638422 的幂,而 453=3151453 = 3 \cdot 151 为奇数,此分数已是最简。因此 m=453m = 453

Condition on the range of f.f. If it has kk elements, then the range of gg is disjoint from it exactly when gg maps AA into the remaining 4k4 - k elements, which happens for (4k)4(4-k)^4 of the 44=2564^4 = 256 functions g.g.

Count functions ff by range size: 44 constant functions; (42)(242)=84\binom{4}{2}(2^4 - 2) = 84 with range size 2;2; (43)36=144\binom{4}{3} \cdot 36 = 144 with range size 33 (there are 3636 surjections from four elements onto three); and 4!=244! = 24 bijections. The number of favorable pairs is 434+8424+14414+2404=324+1344+144=1812. \begin{aligned} &4 \cdot 3^4 + 84 \cdot 2^4 \\ &\quad {}+ 144 \cdot 1^4 + 24 \cdot 0^4 \\ &= 324 + 1344 + 144 = 1812. \end{aligned}

The probability is 181248=181265536=45316384,\frac{1812}{4^8} = \frac{1812}{65536} = \frac{453}{16384}, and since 1638416384 is a power of 22 while 453=3151453 = 3 \cdot 151 is odd, this is in lowest terms. Thus m=453.m = 453.

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