2010 AIME I 第 9 题

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9.

(a,b,c)(a, b, c) 是方程组 的一个实数解。a3+b3+c3a^3 + b^3 + c^3 的最大可能值可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + nx3xyz=2,y3xyz=6,z3xyz=20. \begin{aligned} x^3 - xyz &= 2, \\ y^3 - xyz &= 6, \\ z^3 - xyz &= 20. \end{aligned}

Let (a,b,c)(a, b, c) be a real solution of the system of equations x3xyz=2,y3xyz=6,z3xyz=20. \begin{aligned} x^3 - xyz &= 2, \\ y^3 - xyz &= 6, \\ z^3 - xyz &= 20. \end{aligned} The greatest possible value of a3+b3+c3a^3 + b^3 + c^3 can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:158
知识点:方程组换元法二次方程
难度评级:2740
解答:

给每个方程加上 xyzxyz,得 x3=2+xyzx^3 = 2 + xyzy3=6+xyzy^3 = 6 + xyz, 和 z3=20+xyzz^3 = 20 + xyz。令 P=xyzP = xyz。三式相乘得到 所以 28P2+172P+240=028P^2 + 172P + 240 = 0,即 7P2+43P+60=07P^2 + 43P + 60 = 0,其根为 P=157P = -\frac{15}{7}P=4P = -4。每个根都能实现:取 2+P2 + P6+P6 + P20+P20 + P 的实立方根,它们的乘积确实为 PPP3=(2+P)(6+P)(20+P)=P3+28P2+172P+240, \begin{aligned} P^3 &= (2 + P)(6 + P)(20 + P) \\ &= P^3 + 28P^2 + 172P + 240, \end{aligned}

将原方程相加,得 x3+y3+z3=28+3Px^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 28 + 3P,这在较大的根 P=157P = -\frac{15}{7} 处最大: 因此 m+n=151+7=158m + n = 151 + 7 = 158a3+b3+c3=28457=1517.a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = 28 - \frac{45}{7} = \frac{151}{7}.

Adding xyzxyz to each equation gives x3=2+xyz,x^3 = 2 + xyz, y3=6+xyz,y^3 = 6 + xyz, and z3=20+xyz.z^3 = 20 + xyz. Let P=xyz.P = xyz. Multiplying the three equations yields P3=(2+P)(6+P)(20+P)=P3+28P2+172P+240, \begin{aligned} P^3 &= (2 + P)(6 + P)(20 + P) \\ &= P^3 + 28P^2 + 172P + 240, \end{aligned} so 28P2+172P+240=0,28P^2 + 172P + 240 = 0, i.e. 7P2+43P+60=0,7P^2 + 43P + 60 = 0, whose roots are P=157P = -\frac{15}{7} and P=4.P = -4. Each root is achievable: the cube roots of 2+P,2 + P, 6+P,6 + P, 20+P20 + P then really do have product P.P.

Adding the original equations, x3+y3+z3=28+3P,x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 28 + 3P, which is maximized by the larger root P=157:P = -\frac{15}{7}: a3+b3+c3=28457=1517.a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = 28 - \frac{45}{7} = \frac{151}{7}. Thus m+n=151+7=158.m + n = 151 + 7 = 158.

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