2004 AIME I 第 9 题

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9.

ABCABC 是边长为 334455 的三角形,DEFGDEFG 是一个 6677 的矩形。画一条线段将三角形 ABCABC 分成一个三角形 U1U_1 和一个梯形 V1V_1,再画另一条线段将矩形 DEFGDEFG 分成一个三角形 U2U_2 和一个梯形 V2V_2,使得 U1U_1U2U_2 相似,且 V1V_1V2V_2 相似。U1U_1 面积的最小值可写成 m/nm/n,其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let ABCABC be a triangle with sides 3,3, 4,4, and 5,5, and DEFGDEFG be a 66-by-77 rectangle. A segment is drawn to divide triangle ABCABC into a triangle U1U_1 and a trapezoid V1,V_1, and another segment is drawn to divide rectangle DEFGDEFG into a triangle U2U_2 and a trapezoid V2V_2 such that U1U_1 is similar to U2U_2 and V1V_1 is similar to V2.V_2. The minimum value of the area of U1U_1 can be written in the form m/n,m/n, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:35
知识点:相似面积比分类讨论
难度评级:2990
解答:

一条线段只有从矩形的一个顶点连到一条非相邻边,才能把矩形切成一个三角形和一个梯形,因此 U2U_2 是一个直角三角形,其两条直角边沿矩形两边,其中一条是完整边(6677)。因为 U1U2U_1 \sim U_233-44-55 直角三角形 ABCABC 中的切线也必须产生一个直角三角形,所以它平行于一条直角边, 于是 U1ABCU_1 \sim ABC。 因此 U2U_2 也是一个 33-44-55 三角形:其直角边为 6692\frac{9}{2}(完整边为 66),或 77214\frac{21}{4}(完整边为 77); 其他方向需要直角边为 88283\frac{28}{3}, 放不进矩形。

两种情形下,梯形 V2V_2 都有两个直角,且切线与较长底边所成锐角的正切为 69/2=721/4=43\frac{6}{9/2} = \frac{7}{21/4} = \frac{4}{3}。 在三角形 ABCABC 中,平行于长度为 33 的边作切线会使 V1V_1 中相应锐角的正切为 43\frac{4}{3} 可以匹配;而平行于长度为 44 的边会给出正切 34\frac{3}{4}, 无法匹配。所以切线平行于长度为 33 的边,且 V1V_1 的两条平行底边是切出的线段 ss 和长度为 33 的边。

梯形相似要求 s:3s : 3 等于 V2V_2 的底边比,在第一种情形中为 79/27=514\frac{7 - 9/2}{7} = \frac{5}{14},第二种情形中为 621/46=18\frac{6 - 21/4}{6} = \frac{1}{8}。于是 [U1]=(s3)2[ABC][U_1] = \left(\frac{s}{3}\right)^2 [ABC],得到 (514)26=7598\left(\frac{5}{14}\right)^2 \cdot 6 = \frac{75}{98}(18)26=332\left(\frac{1}{8}\right)^2 \cdot 6 = \frac{3}{32}。最小值是 332\frac{3}{32},所以 m+n=3+32=35m + n = 3 + 32 = 35

A segment cuts the rectangle into a triangle and a trapezoid only if it runs from a vertex to a point on a nonadjacent side, so U2U_2 is a right triangle whose legs lie along two sides of the rectangle, one leg being a full side (66 or 77). Since U1U2,U_1 \sim U_2, the cut in the 33-44-55 right triangle ABCABC must also produce a right triangle, so it is parallel to a leg, and then U1ABC.U_1 \sim ABC. Hence U2U_2 is a 33-44-55 triangle too: its legs are 66 and 92\frac{9}{2} (full side 66) or 77 and 214\frac{21}{4} (full side 77); the other orientations need legs 88 or 283,\frac{28}{3}, which do not fit.

In both cases the trapezoid V2V_2 has two right angles and an acute angle between the cut and its longer base with tangent 69/2=721/4=43.\frac{6}{9/2} = \frac{7}{21/4} = \frac{4}{3}. In triangle ABC,ABC, a cut parallel to the leg of length 33 gives V1V_1 an acute angle with tangent 43,\frac{4}{3}, matching, while a cut parallel to the leg of length 44 gives tangent 34,\frac{3}{4}, which cannot match. So the cut is parallel to the side of length 3,3, and the parallel bases of V1V_1 are the cut segment ss and the side of length 3.3.

Similarity of the trapezoids forces s:3s : 3 to equal the ratio of the bases of V2,V_2, which is 79/27=514\frac{7 - 9/2}{7} = \frac{5}{14} in the first case and 621/46=18\frac{6 - 21/4}{6} = \frac{1}{8} in the second. Then [U1]=(s3)2[ABC],[U_1] = \left(\frac{s}{3}\right)^2 [ABC], giving (514)26=7598\left(\frac{5}{14}\right)^2 \cdot 6 = \frac{75}{98} or (18)26=332.\left(\frac{1}{8}\right)^2 \cdot 6 = \frac{3}{32}. The minimum is 332,\frac{3}{32}, so m+n=3+32=35.m + n = 3 + 32 = 35.

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