2021 AMC 12A Fall 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
2.
Menkara 有一张 的索引卡片。如果她把这张卡片的一边长度缩短 英寸,卡片的面积会变成 平方英寸。如果她改为把另一边的长度缩短 英寸,卡片的面积会是多少平方英寸?
Menkara has a index card. If she shortens the length of one side of this card by inch, the card would have area square inches. What would the area of the card be in square inches if instead she shortens the length of the other side by inch?
小提示:
缩短一边 英寸后面积为 ,说明是 ,所以被缩短的是 英寸的边
Shortening a side by to get area means so the -inch side was the one reduced
大提示:
改为将 英寸的边缩短 英寸,得到
Instead reduce the -inch side by giving
解答:
原卡片是 。把一边缩短 英寸后面积为 ,必须是 ,所以被缩短的是 英寸的边。
若改为把另一边缩短 英寸,则面积为 平方英寸。
所以正确答案是 E。
The original card is Shortening a side by inch gives area which requires so the reduced side was the -inch side.
Shortening the other side by inch instead gives square inches.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
3.
Lopez 先生上班有两条路线可选。路线 A 长 英里,他在这条路线上的平均速度为每小时 英里。路线 B 长 英里,他在这条路线上的平均速度为每小时 英里,但其中有一段 英里的学校区域,平均速度为每小时 英里。路线 B 比路线 A 快多少分钟?
Mr. Lopez has a choice of two routes to get to work. Route A is miles long, and his average speed along this route is miles per hour. Route B is miles long, and his average speed along this route is miles per hour, except for a -mile stretch in a school zone where his average speed is miles per hour. By how many minutes is Route B quicker than Route A?
小提示:
路线 A 用时 小时;把它换算成分钟
Route A takes hour; convert to minutes
大提示:
路线 B 分成 英里按每小时 英里行驶,以及 英里按每小时 英里行驶
Route B splits into miles at mph and mile at mph
解答:
路线 A 用时 小时 分钟。
路线 B 中 英里按每小时 英里行驶, 英里按每小时 英里行驶,用时 小时 分钟。
差值为 分钟。
所以正确答案是 B。
Route A takes hour minutes.
Route B has miles at mph and mile at mph, taking hour minutes.
The difference is minutes.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
4.
六位数 只有在某一个数字 下是质数。 是多少?
The six-digit number is prime for only one digit What is
小提示:
这个数是 ;偶数 会使它为偶数,且 会使它成为 的倍数
The number is even makes it even, and makes it a multiple of
大提示:
和 时数字和是 的倍数,并且 。
For and the digit sum is a multiple of and
解答:
这个数是 。任何偶数 都会使它为偶数,而 时它能被 整除,所以 必须是奇数且不是 。
时数字和为 (能被 整除); 时数字和为 (能被 整除);并且 。只有 通过这些检验,而它是质数。
所以正确答案是 E。
The number is Any even makes it even, and makes it divisible by so must be odd and not
For the digit sum is (divisible by ); for the digit sum is (divisible by ); and Only survives all tests, and it is prime.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
5.
鸸鹋 Elmer 在乡村道路上相邻两根电线杆之间行走需要 个等长步幅。鸵鸟 Oscar 用 个等长跃步可以走完同一距离。电线杆等距排列,这条路上的第 根电线杆距离第一根电线杆正好一英里( 英尺)。Oscar 的一个跃步比 Elmer 的一个步幅长多少英尺?
Elmer the emu takes equal strides to walk between consecutive telephone poles on a rural road. Oscar the ostrich can cover the same distance in equal leaps. The telephone poles are evenly spaced, and the st pole along this road is exactly one mile ( feet) from the first pole. How much longer, in feet, is Oscar’s leap than Elmer’s stride?
小提示:
从第一根到第 根电线杆共有 个间隔,所以每个间隔长 英尺
From the first pole to the st pole there are gaps, so each gap is feet
大提示:
Elmer 的步幅是一个间隔除以 ;Oscar 的跃步是一个间隔除以 。
Elmer’s stride is one gap divided by Oscar’s leap is one gap divided by
解答:
第一根和第 根电线杆之间有 个间隔,所以每个间隔长 英尺。
Elmer 的步幅为 英尺,Oscar 的跃步为 英尺,差为 英尺。
所以正确答案是 B。
There are gaps between the first and st poles, so each gap is feet.
Elmer’s stride is feet and Oscar’s leap is feet, a difference of feet.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
6.
如下图所示,点 位于直线 所确定的、与点 相反的半平面内,且 。点 在 上,使得 ,并且 是正方形。 的度数是多少?
As shown in the figure below, point lies on the opposite half-plane determined by line from point so that Point lies on so that and is a square. What is the degree measure of
小提示:
在点 处,三角形的这个角等于 减去
Around point the triangle’s angle is minus
大提示:
三角形 是等腰三角形,且 ,所以两个底角相等
Triangle is isosceles with so its two base angles are equal
解答:
因为 是正方形,。又因为 与 在直线 的两侧,射线 越过了 ,所以三角形 在 处的角 (其中 在 上)为 。
因为 ,三角形 是等腰三角形,其底角 。
因为 、、 共线,所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Because is a square, Since and lie on opposite sides of line ray is swung past so the angle of triangle at (with on ) is
Since triangle is isosceles with base angles
As are collinear,
Thus, the correct answer is D.
7.
一所学校有 名学生和 名老师。第一节课中,每名学生上一门课,每名老师教一门课。五门课的人数分别为 ,,,,和 。随机选一名老师,记录其班级的学生人数,所得数值的平均值记为 。随机选一名学生,记录其所在班级的学生人数(包括这名学生本人),所得数值的平均值记为 。 是多少?
A school has students and teachers. In the first period, each student is taking one class, and each teacher is teaching one class. The enrollments in the classes are and Let be the average value obtained if a teacher is picked at random and the number of students in their class is noted. Let be the average value obtained if a student was picked at random and the number of students in their class, including the student, is noted. What is
小提示:
是对 个班级的普通平均:。
is a plain average over the classes:
大提示:
对于 ,每个大小为 的班级会被计数 次:。
For each class of size is counted times:
解答:
老师平均值为 。
学生平均值按每个班级中的学生人数给班级人数加权:
所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The teacher average is
The student average weights each class size by how many students are in it:
So
Thus, the correct answer is B.
8.
令 为从 到 (含端点)所有整数的最小公倍数。令 为 ,,,,,,,, 和 的最小公倍数。 的值是多少?
Let be the least common multiple of all the integers through inclusive. Let be the least common multiple of and What is the value of
小提示:
已经含有 ,以及不超过 的所有质数;检查 至 会新增什么
already contains and all primes up to check what – add
大提示:
提高了 的幂次,且 是新的质数;没有其他新增内容
raises the power of and is a new prime; nothing else is new
解答:
含有 (来自 ),(来自 ),(来自 ),,以及直到 的每个质数。
在 中,唯一的新贡献是 ,它把 的幂次从 提高到 ,以及新的质数 。其他数都只分解成 中已经有的质数和幂次。
因此 。
所以正确答案是 D。
contains (from ), (from ), (from ), and every prime up to
Among the only new contributions are which raises the power of from to and the new prime Everything else factors into primes and powers already in
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is D.
9.
一个长方体的表面积和体积在数值上相等,它的边长为 ,,和 。 是多少?
A right rectangular prism whose surface area and volume are numerically equal has edge lengths and What is
10.
数 以九为底的表示为 。 除以 的余数是多少?
The base-nine representation of the number is What is the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
,所以
so
大提示:
从右往左对以九为底的数字取交错和
Take the alternating sum of the base-nine digits (from the right)
解答:
因为 ,所以每个幂 ,因此 同余于其以九为底的数字的交错和。
非零数字及其从右往左的位置为:(位置 ),(位置 ),(位置 ),(位置 ),以及 (位置 )。交错和为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Since each power so is congruent to the alternating sum of its base-nine digits.
The nonzero digits, with their positions from the right, are (position ), (position ), (position ), (position ), and (position ). The alternating sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
11.
考虑两个同心圆,半径分别为 和 。较大的圆有一条弦,其中一半位于较小圆内。这条较大圆中的弦长是多少?
Consider two concentric circles of radius and The larger circle has a chord, half of which lies inside the smaller circle. What is the length of the chord in the larger circle?
小提示:
设弦到圆心的距离为 。它的半长是 ,在小圆内的部分半长是 。
Let the chord be at distance from the center. Its half-length is and the part inside the small circle has half-length
大提示:
“一半位于小圆内”表示内部部分等于整条弦的一半:。
“Half lies inside” means the inside portion equals half the whole chord:
解答:
设这条弦到共同圆心的距离为 。它的总长度为 ,位于较小圆内的部分长度为 。
因为弦的一半位于小圆内,。平方得 ,所以 ,。
弦长为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let the chord lie at distance from the common center. Its total length is and the portion inside the smaller circle has length
Since half the chord lies inside, Squaring gives so and
The chord length is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
12.
下式的展开式共有 项,其中系数为有理数的项有多少个?
What is the number of terms with rational coefficients among the terms in the expansion of
小提示:
指数为 的项带有 ;要有理,需要 是 的倍数,且 是 的倍数。
The term for index carries rationality needs to be a multiple of and to be a multiple of
大提示:
这些条件给出 且 为偶数,即 。
These force and even, i.e.
解答:
通项为 ,其系数含有 和 。它有理当且仅当 是 的倍数且 为偶数。
因为 ,所以需要 且 为偶数,合并得 。有效值为 ,共有 个。
所以正确答案是 C。
The general term is whose coefficient contains and This is rational exactly when is a multiple of and is even.
Since we need and even, which combine to The valid values number
Thus, the correct answer is C.
13.
直线 与 的图像在原点形成的锐角的角平分线方程为 。 是多少?
The angle bisector of the acute angle formed at the origin by the graphs of the lines and has equation What is
小提示:
角平分线方向是两条直线方向单位向量之和:
A bisector direction is the sum of unit vectors along the two lines:
大提示:
是(第二个分量)/(第一个分量);再有理化结果
is the ratio (second component)/(first component); rationalize the result
解答:
角平分线沿两条直线的单位方向向量之和:。它的斜率为
分子分母同乘 ,得 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The bisector points along the sum of the unit vectors of the two lines: Its slope is
Multiplying numerator and denominator by gives
Thus, the correct answer is A.
14.
如图,等边六边形 有三个互不相邻的锐内角,每个都是 。该六边形围成的面积为 。这个六边形的周长是多少?
In the figure, equilateral hexagon has three nonadjacent acute interior angles that each measure The enclosed area of the hexagon is What is the perimeter of the hexagon?
小提示:
设边长为 。三个 尖端是腰长为 的等腰三角形;它们位于三个凹角顶点形成的内三角形的边上
Let the side be The three tips are isosceles triangles with legs they sit on the sides of the inner triangle formed by the three reflex vertices
大提示:
每个尖端面积为 ,内侧等边三角形边长为 。
Each tip has area and the inner equilateral triangle has side
解答:
设公共边长为 。三个锐角顶点是三个等腰三角形的尖端,这些三角形的两边为 ,顶角为 ;每个面积为 。
三个凹角顶点形成一个内侧等边三角形,边长为 ,面积为 。利用 ,总面积为
令 ,得 ,所以 ,周长为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let the common side length be The three acute vertices are the tips of isosceles triangles with two sides and apex each has area
The three reflex vertices form an inner equilateral triangle with side whose area is Using the total area is
Setting gives so and the perimeter is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
15.
回忆:复数 (其中 和 为实数,)的共轭是复数 。对任意复数 ,令 。多项式 有四个复根:、、 和 。设 是以 、、 和 为根的多项式,其中系数 、、 和 都是复数。 是多少?
Recall that the conjugate of the complex number where and are real numbers and is the complex number For any complex number let The polynomial has four complex roots: and Let be the polynomial whose roots are and where the coefficients and are complex numbers. What is
小提示:
的基本对称式是 的对应对称式的共轭; 的系数全为实数,所以这些对称和也是实数
The elementary symmetric functions of are the conjugates of those of all of ’s coefficients are real, so those symmetric sums are real
大提示:
,且
and
解答:
对 ,使用韦达定理,,且 ,二者都是实数,所以它们的共轭仍为 和 。
的根为 。于是 是两两乘积之和: 。且 。
所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
By Vieta on and both real, so their conjugates are also and
The roots of are Then is the sum of products of pairs: And
So
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
一个组织有 名员工,其中 人使用 A 品牌电脑,另外 人使用 B 品牌电脑。出于安全原因,电脑只能彼此相连,且只能用电缆连接。电缆只能把一台 A 品牌电脑和一台 B 品牌电脑相连。如果两名员工的电脑直接由电缆相连,或可以通过一系列相连的电脑转发消息,则他们可以相互通信。最初没有任何电脑与其他电脑相连。一名技术员任意选择一台每种品牌的电脑,并在它们之间安装电缆,前提是这对电脑之间还没有电缆。技术员在每名员工都能相互通信时停止。最多可能使用多少根电缆?
An organization has employees, of whom have a brand A computer while the other have a brand B computer. For security, the computers can only be connected to each other and only by cables. The cables can only connect a brand A computer to a brand B computer. Employees can communicate with each other if their computers are directly connected by a cable or by relaying messages through a series of connected computers. Initially, no computer is connected to any other. A technician arbitrarily selects one computer of each brand and installs a cable between them, provided there is not already a cable between that pair. The technician stops once every employee can communicate with each other. What is the maximum possible number of cables used?
小提示:
为了尽量延迟连通,尽可能久地保持图不连通,然后最后一根电缆把所有部分连接起来
To delay connectivity, keep the graph disconnected as long as possible, then one final cable joins everything
大提示:
在仍不连通的情况下,最多边数来自 台 A 品牌和 台 B 品牌形成的完全二分图,另留一台 A 品牌电脑孤立
The most edges while still disconnected is a complete bipartite graph on brand A and brand B, leaving one brand A computer isolated
解答:
技术员不断加电缆,直到图变为连通。为了最大化电缆数,要让网络尽可能久地保持不连通:留下一台 A 品牌电脑孤立,并把其余 台 A 品牌电脑与全部 台 B 品牌电脑完全相连。
这样在仍不连通时使用了 根电缆。下一根电缆连接最后一台 A 品牌电脑,使所有人连通,总数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The technician keeps adding cables until the graph becomes connected. To maximize the count, keep the network disconnected for as long as possible: leave a single brand A computer isolated and fully connect the remaining brand A computers to all brand B computers.
That uses cables while still disconnected. The next cable connects the last brand A computer, joining everyone, for a total of
Thus, the correct answer is B.
17.
有多少个正整数有序对 ,使得 和 都没有两个不同的实数解?
For how many ordered pairs of positive integers does neither nor have two distinct real solutions?
小提示:
“没有两个不同的实数解”表示每个判别式都 : 且 。
“No two distinct real solutions” means each discriminant is and
大提示:
相乘得 ,所以 ;检验小的正整数
Multiplying gives so test small positive integers
解答:
两个二次方程都没有两个不同实根,当且仅当两个判别式都非正: 且 。
把 与 结合,得到 ,所以 。逐一检查: 时 ; 时 ; 时 ; 时 。
这些为 、、、、、,共 个有序对。
所以正确答案是 B。
Neither quadratic has two distinct real roots exactly when both discriminants are nonpositive: and
Combining with gives so Checking: gives gives gives and gives
That is — ordered pairs.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
18.
将 个球各自独立随机地投入 个箱子之一。设 为某个箱子最终有 个球、另一个箱子有 个球、其余三个箱子各有 个球的概率。设 为每个箱子最终都有 个球的概率。 是多少?
Each of balls is tossed independently and at random into one of bins. Let be the probability that some bin ends up with balls, another with balls, and the other three with balls each. Let be the probability that every bin ends up with balls. What is
小提示:
两个概率都有相同的 分母,所以 是计数之比
Both probabilities share the same denominator, so is a ratio of counts
大提示:
使用 ; 使用 种特殊箱子的选择,再乘以
uses uses choices of the special bins times
解答:
两个概率都除以 ,所以 是排列计数之比。
对于 ,所有箱子都有 个球,计数为 。对于 ,选择哪个箱子有 个、哪个箱子有 个有 种,再乘以 。因此
所以正确答案是 E。
Both probabilities divide by so is a ratio of arrangement counts.
For all bins have For choose which bin has and which has in ways, times Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is E.
19.
令 为大于 的最小实数,使得 ,其中角度单位为度。将 向上取整到最接近的整数是多少?
Let be the least real number greater than such that where the arguments are in degrees. What is rounded up to the closest integer?
小提示:
要求 或 ,其中 为整数
requires or for an integer
大提示:
最小的 来自 (其中 )
The smallest comes from (with )
解答:
正弦值相等要求对某个整数 有 或 。
方程族 第一次超过 出现在 ,给出 。方程族 在 时给出 ,所以 ,这更小。
向上取整后,。
所以正确答案是 B。
Equal sines require or for some integer
The family first exceeds at giving The family with gives so which is smaller.
Rounded up,
Thus, the correct answer is B.
20.
对每个正整数 ,令 为 的正整数因数个数的两倍;对 ,令 。有多少个 满足 ?
For each positive integer let be twice the number of positive integer divisors of and for let For how many values of is
小提示:
,所以 是不动点; 也是不动点
so is a fixed point; is another
大提示:
足够多步之后,每个 都会落到 或 ;数出轨道到达 的那些
After enough steps every lands on or count those whose orbit reaches
解答:
和 都是不动点。对 ,第一个值 至多为 。检查不超过 的偶数可知,一个轨道恰好在第一个值为 或 时到达 。所以需要 或 。
不超过 且有 个因数的数是 ;有 个因数的唯一一个数是 ,有 个因数的唯一一个数是 。这 个值都到达不动点 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Both and are fixed. For the first value is at most Checking the even values through shows that an orbit reaches exactly when its first value is or Thus we need or
The numbers at most with divisors are the only one with divisors is and the only one with divisors is These values all reach the fixed point
Thus, the correct answer is D.
21.
设 是等腰梯形,满足 且 。点 和 在对角线 上,且 在 和 之间,如图所示。已知 、、,且 。 的面积是多少?
Let be an isosceles trapezoid with and Points and lie on diagonal with between and as shown in the figure. Suppose and What is the area of
小提示:
把 放在一条水平线上,且 、、。于是 在 的竖直下方, 在 的竖直上方
Place on a horizontal line with Then is vertically below and vertically above
大提示:
利用 和 关联 与 的高度,再用鞋带公式
Use and to relate the heights of and then apply the shoelace formula
解答:
令 ,,,。直角条件给出 ,且 ,它们在 的两侧。
平行关系 强制 ,而 给出 ,所以 。代入得 。
鞋带公式给出面积 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Put The right angles give and on opposite sides of
Parallelism forces and gives so Substituting yields
The shoelace formula gives area
Thus, the correct answer is C.
22.
Azar 和 Carl 玩井字棋。Azar 先在一个 乘 方格阵列中的某个格子放一个 ,然后 Carl 在剩余格子之一放一个 。之后 Azar 在剩余格子之一放一个 ,依此类推,直到所有 个格子都被填满,或者某一位玩家有 个自己的符号横向、纵向或对角线连成一行;此时游戏立即停止,该玩家获胜。假设玩家随机落子,而不是试图遵循理性策略,并且 Carl 在放下第三个 时赢得游戏。游戏结束后棋盘可能有多少种样子?
Azar and Carl play a game of tic-tac-toe. Azar places an in one of the boxes in a -by- array of boxes, then Carl places an in one of the remaining boxes. After that, Azar places an in one of the remaining boxes, and so on until all boxes are filled or one of the players has of their symbols in a row — horizontal, vertical, or diagonal — whichever comes first, in which case that player wins the game. Suppose the players make their moves at random, rather than trying to follow a rational strategy, and that Carl wins the game when he places his third How many ways can the board look after the game is over?
小提示:
最终棋盘有三个 连成一行,且三个 不能自己也连成一行
The final board has three s forming a line and three s that must not themselves form a line
大提示:
按 的连线是行/列还是对角线分情况,因为这会改变 的放置中有多少会意外成行
Split into cases by whether ’s line is a row/column or a diagonal, since that changes how many placements accidentally make a row
解答:
Carl 在第三个 时获胜,所以棋盘上有三个 形成 条线之一,另有三个 在其余六个格子中。 不能成一行(否则 Azar 已经先赢了)。
若 的线是某一行或某一列( 种选择),剩下六个格子包含两条完整线,所以有效 放法数为 。若 的线是对角线( 种选择),剩下六个格子不包含完整线,有 种。
总数为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Carl wins on his third so the board has three s forming one of the lines and three s in the other six cells. The s must not form a line (else Azar would have won first).
If the line is a row or column ( choices), the remaining six cells contain two full lines, so valid placements number If the line is a diagonal ( choices), the remaining six cells contain no full line, giving
The total is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
23.
首项系数为 、且系数为实数的二次多项式称为“无礼”的,如果方程 恰好有三个实数解。在所有无礼二次多项式中,有唯一一个多项式 ,使得其根的和最大。 是多少?
A quadratic polynomial with real coefficients and leading coefficient is called disrespectful if the equation is satisfied by exactly three real numbers. Among all the disrespectful quadratic polynomials, there is a unique such polynomial for which the sum of the roots is maximized. What is
小提示:
若 的根为 则 表示 或 ;恰有三个根要求其中一个方程有重根
If has roots then means or exactly three roots requires one of these to have a double root
大提示:
在 下令 ,最大化 。
With and letting maximize
解答:
设 的根为 和 。那么 分解成 与 ,两个判别式分别为 和 。恰有三个实根意味着一个判别式为 ,另一个为正。
取 ,并令 。则 ,另一个判别式为 ,所以 。此外,,它在 时达到最大值,此时 且 。
所以 ,并且 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let have roots and Then splits into and with discriminants and Exactly three real roots means one discriminant is and the other positive.
Take and set Then and the other discriminant is so Also maximized at giving and
So and
Thus, the correct answer is A.
24.
凸四边形 满足 、,且 。四条边的长度按某种顺序构成一个等差数列,并且边 是最大长度的边。另一条边的长度为 。所有可能的 值之和是多少?
Convex quadrilateral has and In some order, the lengths of the four sides form an arithmetic progression, and side is a side of maximum length. The length of another side is What is the sum of all possible values of
小提示:
因为 是最大值,四边长为 ;令 ,,并把 放在 方向上
With the maximum, the four sides are place and at angle
大提示:
对三条较短边分配给 的每种方式,要求 水平并解出 ;还要包括公差 的情形
For each assignment of the three smaller lengths to impose that is horizontal and solve for also include common difference
解答:
因为 是最大边,四条边为 。取 ,,,其中 ,令 且 。则 ,所以
令 ,其中 。将 的排列 依次代入 ,得到非零候选值 ,因为 为正要求 ,所以只留下 和 。情形 也给出一个有效的菱形。
因此边长集合为 ,,和 。
非 边长的可能值为 ,其和为 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Since is the largest, the four sides are Placing and with let and Then so
Write for Substituting the permutations of for gives the nonzero candidates respectively. Positivity of requires leaving only and The case also gives a valid rhombus.
Thus the side sets are and
The possible values of a non- side length are whose sum is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
25.
令 为奇整数,并令 表示满足下列条件的四元组 的个数:四个分量是互不相同的整数,且对所有 都有 ,并且 整除 。存在一个多项式 使得对所有奇整数 都有 。 是多少?
Let be an odd integer, and let denote the number of quadruples of distinct integers with for all such that divides There is a polynomial such that for all odd integers What is
小提示:
先数出所有和为 的有序剩余类四元组,再对坐标相等的情形做容斥
First count all ordered residue quadruples summing to then use inclusion-exclusion on equal coordinates
大提示:
把坐标重合的情形按一对相等、两对相等、三个相等、四个全相等来分类; 为奇数保证了乘以 和乘以 都可逆
Group collision patterns as one pair, two pairs, a triple, or all four equal; odd makes multiplication by and invertible
解答:
把 看作模 的全部剩余类。若不要求各分量互不相同,则前三个分量可以任取,第四个分量随之唯一确定,于是共有 个有序四元组。
按哪些坐标相等来划分并做容斥,即可得到其余各项。恰有一对坐标相等的选法有 种,每种留下 组解,共贡献 。 种“两对相等”的划分贡献 。 种“三个相等加一个单独”的划分的容斥系数为 ,贡献 。最后,四个全相等的划分系数为 ,且只有一组解。(这里 为奇数保证了 和 模 可逆。)因此 于是 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Regard as all residues modulo Without the distinctness condition, the first three entries are arbitrary and the fourth is determined, giving ordered quadruples.
Inclusion-exclusion over equal-coordinate partitions gives the remaining terms. There are choices of one equal pair, each leaving solutions, for The two-pair partitions contribute The triple-and-single partitions have inclusion-exclusion coefficient and contribute Finally, the all-equal partition has coefficient and one solution. (Here odd makes and invertible modulo ) Therefore Hence
Thus, the correct answer is E.