2021 AMC 12A Fall 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

下式的值是多少?(21122021)2169 \frac{(2112 - 2021)^2}{169}\text{?}

What is the value of (21122021)2169? \frac{(2112 - 2021)^2}{169}?

77

2121

4949

6464

9191

知识点:因式分解完全平方数
难度评级:890
小提示:

21122021=912112 - 2021 = 91

21122021=912112 - 2021 = 91

大提示:

91=7×1391 = 7 \times 13,且 169=132169 = 13^2

91=7×1391 = 7 \times 13 and 169=132169 = 13^2

解答:

因为 21122021=91=7132112 - 2021 = 91 = 7 \cdot 13,且 169=132169 = 13^2,所以这个分数为 (713)2132=72=49\dfrac{(7 \cdot 13)^2}{13^2} = 7^2 = 49

所以正确答案是 C

Since 21122021=91=7132112 - 2021 = 91 = 7 \cdot 13 and 169=132,169 = 13^2, the fraction is (713)2132=72=49.\dfrac{(7 \cdot 13)^2}{13^2} = 7^2 = 49.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

Menkara 有一张 4×64 \times 6 的索引卡片。如果她把这张卡片的一边长度缩短 11 英寸,卡片的面积会变成 1818 平方英寸。如果她改为把另一边的长度缩短 11 英寸,卡片的面积会是多少平方英寸?

Menkara has a 4×64 \times 6 index card. If she shortens the length of one side of this card by 11 inch, the card would have area 1818 square inches. What would the area of the card be in square inches if instead she shortens the length of the other side by 11 inch?

1616

1717

1818

1919

2020

知识点:矩形面积
难度评级:1020
小提示:

缩短一边 11 英寸后面积为 1818,说明是 3×6=183 \times 6 = 18,所以被缩短的是 44 英寸的边

Shortening a side by 11 to get area 1818 means 3×6=18,3 \times 6 = 18, so the 44-inch side was the one reduced

大提示:

改为将 66 英寸的边缩短 11 英寸,得到 4×54 \times 5

Instead reduce the 66-inch side by 1,1, giving 4×54 \times 5

解答:

原卡片是 4×64 \times 6。把一边缩短 11 英寸后面积为 1818,必须是 3×6=183 \times 6 = 18,所以被缩短的是 44 英寸的边。

若改为把另一边缩短 11 英寸,则面积为 4×5=204 \times 5 = 20 平方英寸。

所以正确答案是 E

The original card is 4×6.4 \times 6. Shortening a side by 11 inch gives area 18,18, which requires 3×6=18,3 \times 6 = 18, so the reduced side was the 44-inch side.

Shortening the other side by 11 inch instead gives 4×5=204 \times 5 = 20 square inches.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

3.

Lopez 先生上班有两条路线可选。路线 A 长 66 英里,他在这条路线上的平均速度为每小时 3030 英里。路线 B 长 55 英里,他在这条路线上的平均速度为每小时 4040 英里,但其中有一段 12\tfrac{1}{2} 英里的学校区域,平均速度为每小时 2020 英里。路线 B 比路线 A 快多少分钟?

Mr. Lopez has a choice of two routes to get to work. Route A is 66 miles long, and his average speed along this route is 3030 miles per hour. Route B is 55 miles long, and his average speed along this route is 4040 miles per hour, except for a 12\tfrac{1}{2}-mile stretch in a school zone where his average speed is 2020 miles per hour. By how many minutes is Route B quicker than Route A?

2342 \tfrac{3}{4}

3343 \tfrac{3}{4}

4124 \tfrac{1}{2}

5125 \tfrac{1}{2}

6346 \tfrac{3}{4}

难度评级:1130
小提示:

路线 A 用时 630\dfrac{6}{30} 小时;把它换算成分钟

Route A takes 630\dfrac{6}{30} hour; convert to minutes

大提示:

路线 B 分成 4.54.5 英里按每小时 4040 英里行驶,以及 0.50.5 英里按每小时 2020 英里行驶

Route B splits into 4.54.5 miles at 4040 mph and 0.50.5 mile at 2020 mph

解答:

路线 A 用时 630=15\dfrac{6}{30} = \dfrac{1}{5} 小时 =12= 12 分钟。

路线 B 中 4.54.5 英里按每小时 4040 英里行驶,0.50.5 英里按每小时 2020 英里行驶,用时 4.540+0.520\dfrac{4.5}{40} + \dfrac{0.5}{20} =0.1125+0.025= 0.1125 + 0.025 =0.1375= 0.1375 小时 =8.25= 8.25 分钟。

差值为 128.25=3.75=33412 - 8.25 = 3.75 = 3\tfrac{3}{4} 分钟。

所以正确答案是 B

Route A takes 630=15\dfrac{6}{30} = \dfrac{1}{5} hour =12= 12 minutes.

Route B has 4.54.5 miles at 4040 mph and 0.50.5 mile at 2020 mph, taking 4.540+0.520\dfrac{4.5}{40} + \dfrac{0.5}{20} =0.1125+0.025= 0.1125 + 0.025 =0.1375= 0.1375 hour =8.25= 8.25 minutes.

The difference is 128.25=3.75=33412 - 8.25 = 3.75 = 3\tfrac{3}{4} minutes.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

六位数 20210A\underline{2}\,\underline{0}\,\underline{2}\,\underline{1}\,\underline{0}\,\underline{A} 只有在某一个数字 AA 下是质数。AA 是多少?

The six-digit number 20210A\underline{2}\,\underline{0}\,\underline{2}\,\underline{1}\,\underline{0}\,\underline{A} is prime for only one digit A.A. What is A?A?

11

33

55

77

99

知识点:质数整除性
难度评级:1200
小提示:

这个数是 202100+A202100 + A;偶数 AA 会使它为偶数,且 A=5A = 5 会使它成为 55 的倍数

The number is 202100+A;202100 + A; even AA makes it even, and A=5A = 5 makes it a multiple of 55

大提示:

A=1A = 1A=7A = 7 时数字和是 33 的倍数,并且 202103=1118373202103 = 11 \cdot 18373

For A=1A = 1 and A=7A = 7 the digit sum is a multiple of 3,3, and 202103=1118373202103 = 11 \cdot 18373

解答:

这个数是 202100+A202100 + A。任何偶数 AA 都会使它为偶数,而 A=5A = 5 时它能被 55 整除,所以 AA 必须是奇数且不是 55

A=1A = 1 时数字和为 66(能被 33 整除);A=7A = 7 时数字和为 1212 (能被 33 整除);并且 202103=1118373202103 = 11 \cdot 18373。只有 202109202109 通过这些检验,而它是质数。

所以正确答案是 E

The number is 202100+A.202100 + A. Any even AA makes it even, and A=5A = 5 makes it divisible by 5,5, so AA must be odd and not 5.5.

For A=1A = 1 the digit sum is 66 (divisible by 33); for A=7A = 7 the digit sum is 1212 (divisible by 33); and 202103=1118373.202103 = 11 \cdot 18373. Only 202109202109 survives all tests, and it is prime.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

5.

鸸鹋 Elmer 在乡村道路上相邻两根电线杆之间行走需要 4444 个等长步幅。鸵鸟 Oscar 用 1212 个等长跃步可以走完同一距离。电线杆等距排列,这条路上的第 4141 根电线杆距离第一根电线杆正好一英里(52805280 英尺)。Oscar 的一个跃步比 Elmer 的一个步幅长多少英尺?

Elmer the emu takes 4444 equal strides to walk between consecutive telephone poles on a rural road. Oscar the ostrich can cover the same distance in 1212 equal leaps. The telephone poles are evenly spaced, and the 4141st pole along this road is exactly one mile (52805280 feet) from the first pole. How much longer, in feet, is Oscar’s leap than Elmer’s stride?

66

88

1010

1111

1515

难度评级:1270
小提示:

从第一根到第 4141 根电线杆共有 4040 个间隔,所以每个间隔长 528040\dfrac{5280}{40} 英尺

From the first pole to the 4141st pole there are 4040 gaps, so each gap is 528040\dfrac{5280}{40} feet

大提示:

Elmer 的步幅是一个间隔除以 4444;Oscar 的跃步是一个间隔除以 1212

Elmer’s stride is one gap divided by 44;44; Oscar’s leap is one gap divided by 1212

解答:

第一根和第 4141 根电线杆之间有 4040 个间隔,所以每个间隔长 528040=132\dfrac{5280}{40} = 132 英尺。

Elmer 的步幅为 13244=3\dfrac{132}{44} = 3 英尺,Oscar 的跃步为 13212=11\dfrac{132}{12} = 11 英尺,差为 113=811 - 3 = 8 英尺。

所以正确答案是 B

There are 4040 gaps between the first and 4141st poles, so each gap is 528040=132\dfrac{5280}{40} = 132 feet.

Elmer’s stride is 13244=3\dfrac{132}{44} = 3 feet and Oscar’s leap is 13212=11\dfrac{132}{12} = 11 feet, a difference of 113=811 - 3 = 8 feet.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

如下图所示,点 EE 位于直线 CDCD 所确定的、与点 AA 相反的半平面内,且 CDE=110\angle CDE = 110^\circ。点 FFAD\overline{AD} 上,使得 DE=DFDE = DF,并且 ABCDABCD 是正方形。AFE\angle AFE 的度数是多少?

As shown in the figure below, point EE lies on the opposite half-plane determined by line CDCD from point AA so that CDE=110.\angle CDE = 110^\circ. Point FF lies on AD\overline{AD} so that DE=DF,DE = DF, and ABCDABCD is a square. What is the degree measure of AFE?\angle AFE?

160160

164164

166166

170170

174174

难度评级:1350
小提示:

在点 DD 处,三角形的这个角等于 360360^\circ 减去 ADC+CDE\angle ADC+\angle CDE

Around point D,D, the triangle’s angle is 360360^\circ minus ADC+CDE\angle ADC+\angle CDE

大提示:

三角形 DFEDFE 是等腰三角形,且 DF=DEDF = DE,所以两个底角相等

Triangle DFEDFE is isosceles with DF=DE,DF = DE, so its two base angles are equal

解答:

因为 ABCDABCD 是正方形,ADC=90\angle ADC = 90^\circ。又因为 EEAA 在直线 CDCD 的两侧,射线 DEDE 越过了 DCDC,所以三角形 DFEDFEDD 处的角 (其中 FFAD\overline{AD} 上)为 FDE=360\angle FDE = 360^\circ (ADC+CDE)- (\angle ADC + \angle CDE) =360(90+110)= 360^\circ - (90^\circ + 110^\circ) =160= 160^\circ

因为 DF=DEDF = DE,三角形 DFEDFE 是等腰三角形,其底角 DFE=1801602=10\angle DFE = \tfrac{180^\circ - 160^\circ}{2} = 10^\circ

因为 AAFFDD 共线,所以 AFE=180DFE=170\angle AFE = 180^\circ - \angle DFE = 170^\circ

所以正确答案是 D

Because ABCDABCD is a square, ADC=90.\angle ADC = 90^\circ. Since EE and AA lie on opposite sides of line CD,CD, ray DEDE is swung past DC,DC, so the angle of triangle DFEDFE at DD (with FF on AD\overline{AD}) is FDE=360\angle FDE = 360^\circ (ADC+CDE)- (\angle ADC + \angle CDE) =360(90+110)= 360^\circ - (90^\circ + 110^\circ) =160.= 160^\circ.

Since DF=DE,DF = DE, triangle DFEDFE is isosceles with base angles DFE=1801602=10.\angle DFE = \tfrac{180^\circ - 160^\circ}{2} = 10^\circ.

As A,A, F,F, DD are collinear, AFE=180DFE=170.\angle AFE = 180^\circ - \angle DFE = 170^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

一所学校有 100100 名学生和 55 名老师。第一节课中,每名学生上一门课,每名老师教一门课。五门课的人数分别为 50502020202055,和 55。随机选一名老师,记录其班级的学生人数,所得数值的平均值记为 tt。随机选一名学生,记录其所在班级的学生人数(包括这名学生本人),所得数值的平均值记为 sstst - s 是多少?

A school has 100100 students and 55 teachers. In the first period, each student is taking one class, and each teacher is teaching one class. The enrollments in the classes are 50,50, 20,20, 20,20, 5,5, and 5.5. Let tt be the average value obtained if a teacher is picked at random and the number of students in their class is noted. Let ss be the average value obtained if a student was picked at random and the number of students in their class, including the student, is noted. What is ts?t - s?

18.5-18.5

13.5-13.5

00

13.513.5

18.518.5

知识点:平均数期望值
难度评级:1410
小提示:

tt 是对 55 个班级的普通平均:50+20+20+5+55\dfrac{50+20+20+5+5}{5}

tt is a plain average over the 55 classes: 50+20+20+5+55\dfrac{50+20+20+5+5}{5}

大提示:

对于 ss,每个大小为 nn 的班级会被计数 nn 次:s=n2100s = \dfrac{\sum n^2}{100}

For s,s, each class of size nn is counted nn times: s=n2100s = \dfrac{\sum n^2}{100}

解答:

老师平均值为 t=50+20+20+5+55t = \dfrac{50 + 20 + 20 + 5 + 5}{5} =1005=20= \dfrac{100}{5} = 20

学生平均值按每个班级中的学生人数给班级人数加权:s=502+202+202+52+52100=2500+400+400+25+25100=33.5 \begin{aligned} s &= \small \frac{50^2 + 20^2 + 20^2 + 5^2 + 5^2}{100} \\ &= \small \frac{2500 + 400 + 400 + 25 + 25}{100} \\ &= 33.5 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 ts=2033.5=13.5t - s = 20 - 33.5 = -13.5

所以正确答案是 B

The teacher average is t=50+20+20+5+55t = \dfrac{50 + 20 + 20 + 5 + 5}{5} =1005=20.= \dfrac{100}{5} = 20.

The student average weights each class size by how many students are in it: s=502+202+202+52+52100=2500+400+400+25+25100=33.5. \begin{aligned} s &= \small \frac{50^2 + 20^2 + 20^2 + 5^2 + 5^2}{100} \\ &= \small \frac{2500 + 400 + 400 + 25 + 25}{100} \\ &= 33.5. \end{aligned}

So ts=2033.5=13.5.t - s = 20 - 33.5 = -13.5.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

MM 为从 10103030(含端点)所有整数的最小公倍数。令 NNMM323233333434353536363737383839394040 的最小公倍数。NM\dfrac{N}{M} 的值是多少?

Let MM be the least common multiple of all the integers 1010 through 30,30, inclusive. Let NN be the least common multiple of M,M, 32,32, 33,33, 34,34, 35,35, 36,36, 37,37, 38,38, 39,39, and 40.40. What is the value of NM?\dfrac{N}{M}?

11

22

3737

7474

28862886

难度评级:1440
小提示:

MM 已经含有 24,33,52,72^4, 3^3, 5^2, 7,以及不超过 2929 的所有质数;检查 32324040 会新增什么

MM already contains 24,33,52,7,2^4, 3^3, 5^2, 7, and all primes up to 29;29; check what 32324040 add

大提示:

32=2532 = 2^5 提高了 22 的幂次,且 3737 是新的质数;没有其他新增内容

32=2532 = 2^5 raises the power of 2,2, and 3737 is a new prime; nothing else is new

解答:

M=lcm(10,,30)M = \operatorname{lcm}(10, \ldots, 30) 含有 242^4(来自 1616),333^3(来自 2727),525^2(来自 2525),77,以及直到 2929 的每个质数。

32,,4032, \ldots, 40 中,唯一的新贡献是 32=2532 = 2^5,它把 22 的幂次从 242^4 提高到 252^5,以及新的质数 3737。其他数都只分解成 MM 中已经有的质数和幂次。

因此 NM=237=74\dfrac{N}{M} = 2 \cdot 37 = 74

所以正确答案是 D

M=lcm(10,,30)M = \operatorname{lcm}(10, \ldots, 30) contains 242^4 (from 1616), 333^3 (from 2727), 525^2 (from 2525), 7,7, and every prime up to 29.29.

Among 32,,40,32, \ldots, 40, the only new contributions are 32=25,32 = 2^5, which raises the power of 22 from 242^4 to 25,2^5, and the new prime 37.37. Everything else factors into primes and powers already in M.M.

Therefore NM=237=74.\dfrac{N}{M} = 2 \cdot 37 = 74.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

一个长方体的表面积和体积在数值上相等,它的边长为 log2x\log_2 xlog3x\log_3 x,和 log4x\log_4 xxx 是多少?

A right rectangular prism whose surface area and volume are numerically equal has edge lengths log2x,\log_2 x, log3x,\log_3 x, and log4x.\log_4 x. What is x?x?

262\sqrt{6}

666\sqrt{6}

2424

4848

576576

难度评级:1500
小提示:

若边长为 a,b,ca, b, c,方程 abc=2(ab+bc+ca)abc = 2(ab + bc + ca) 可化为 1=2(1a+1b+1c)1 = 2\left(\tfrac{1}{a} + \tfrac{1}{b} + \tfrac{1}{c}\right)

With edges a,b,c,a, b, c, the equation abc=2(ab+bc+ca)abc = 2(ab + bc + ca) divides to 1=2(1a+1b+1c)1 = 2\left(\tfrac{1}{a} + \tfrac{1}{b} + \tfrac{1}{c}\right)

大提示:

1log2x\dfrac{1}{\log_2 x} +1log3x+ \dfrac{1}{\log_3 x} +1log4x+ \dfrac{1}{\log_4 x} =logx2+logx3+logx4= \log_x 2 + \log_x 3 + \log_x 4 =logx24= \log_x 24

1log2x\dfrac{1}{\log_2 x} +1log3x+ \dfrac{1}{\log_3 x} +1log4x+ \dfrac{1}{\log_4 x} =logx2+logx3+logx4= \log_x 2 + \log_x 3 + \log_x 4 =logx24= \log_x 24

解答:

a=log2xa = \log_2 xb=log3xb = \log_3 xc=log4xc = \log_4 x。表面积等于体积给出 2(ab+bc+ca)=abc2(ab + bc + ca) = abc。两边除以 abcabc,得 1=2(1c+1a+1b) 1 = 2\left(\frac{1}{c} + \frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b}\right)\text{。}

因为 1a=logx2\dfrac{1}{a} = \log_x 2,等等,所以和为 logx2+logx3+logx4=logx24\log_x 2 + \log_x 3 + \log_x 4 = \log_x 24。于是 1=2logx241 = 2\log_x 24,所以 logx24=12\log_x 24 = \tfrac{1}{2},即 x12=24x^{\frac{1}{2}} = 24,从而 x=576x = 576

所以正确答案是 E

Let a=log2x,a = \log_2 x, b=log3x,b = \log_3 x, c=log4x.c = \log_4 x. Surface area equals volume gives 2(ab+bc+ca)=abc.2(ab + bc + ca) = abc. Dividing by abc,abc, 1=2(1c+1a+1b). 1 = 2\left(\frac{1}{c} + \frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b}\right).

Since 1a=logx2,\dfrac{1}{a} = \log_x 2, etc., the sum is logx2+logx3+logx4=logx24.\log_x 2 + \log_x 3 + \log_x 4 = \log_x 24. Thus 1=2logx24,1 = 2\log_x 24, so logx24=12,\log_x 24 = \tfrac{1}{2}, meaning x12=24x^{\frac{1}{2}} = 24 and x=576.x = 576.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

NN 以九为底的表示为 27,006,000,052927{,}006{,}000{,}052_9NN 除以 55 的余数是多少?

The base-nine representation of the number NN is 27,006,000,0529.27{,}006{,}000{,}052_9. What is the remainder when NN is divided by 5?5?

00

11

22

33

44

知识点:模运算进制
难度评级:1560
小提示:

91(mod5)9 \equiv -1 \pmod 5,所以 9k(1)k(mod5)9^k \equiv (-1)^k \pmod 5

91(mod5),9 \equiv -1 \pmod 5, so 9k(1)k(mod5)9^k \equiv (-1)^k \pmod 5

大提示:

从右往左对以九为底的数字取交错和

Take the alternating sum of the base-nine digits (from the right)

解答:

因为 91(mod5)9 \equiv -1 \pmod 5,所以每个幂 9k(1)k9^k \equiv (-1)^k,因此 NN 同余于其以九为底的数字的交错和。

非零数字及其从右往左的位置为:22(位置 00),55(位置 11),66(位置 66),77(位置 99),以及 22(位置 1010)。交错和为 25+67+2=22 - 5 + 6 - 7 + 2 = -2 3(mod5)\equiv 3 \pmod 5

所以正确答案是 D

Since 91(mod5),9 \equiv -1 \pmod 5, each power 9k(1)k,9^k \equiv (-1)^k, so NN is congruent to the alternating sum of its base-nine digits.

The nonzero digits, with their positions from the right, are 22 (position 00), 55 (position 11), 66 (position 66), 77 (position 99), and 22 (position 1010). The alternating sum is 25+67+2=22 - 5 + 6 - 7 + 2 = -2 3(mod5).\equiv 3 \pmod 5.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

考虑两个同心圆,半径分别为 17171919。较大的圆有一条弦,其中一半位于较小圆内。这条较大圆中的弦长是多少?

Consider two concentric circles of radius 1717 and 19.19. The larger circle has a chord, half of which lies inside the smaller circle. What is the length of the chord in the larger circle?

12212\sqrt{2}

10310\sqrt{3}

1719\sqrt{17 \cdot 19}

1818

868\sqrt{6}

知识点:勾股定理
难度评级:1590
小提示:

设弦到圆心的距离为 dd。它的半长是 192d2\sqrt{19^2 - d^2},在小圆内的部分半长是 172d2\sqrt{17^2 - d^2}

Let the chord be at distance dd from the center. Its half-length is 192d2,\sqrt{19^2 - d^2}, and the part inside the small circle has half-length 172d2\sqrt{17^2 - d^2}

大提示:

“一半位于小圆内”表示内部部分等于整条弦的一半:2172d2=192d22\sqrt{17^2 - d^2} = \sqrt{19^2 - d^2}

“Half lies inside” means the inside portion equals half the whole chord: 2172d2=192d22\sqrt{17^2 - d^2} = \sqrt{19^2 - d^2}

解答:

设这条弦到共同圆心的距离为 dd。它的总长度为 2361d22\sqrt{361 - d^2},位于较小圆内的部分长度为 2289d22\sqrt{289 - d^2}

因为弦的一半位于小圆内,2289d2=122361d22\sqrt{289 - d^2} = \tfrac{1}{2}\cdot 2\sqrt{361 - d^2}。平方得 4(289d2)=361d24(289 - d^2) = 361 - d^2,所以 3d2=7953d^2 = 795d2=265d^2 = 265

弦长为 2361265=296=862\sqrt{361 - 265} = 2\sqrt{96} = 8\sqrt{6}

所以正确答案是 E

Let the chord lie at distance dd from the common center. Its total length is 2361d2,2\sqrt{361 - d^2}, and the portion inside the smaller circle has length 2289d2.2\sqrt{289 - d^2}.

Since half the chord lies inside, 2289d2=122361d2.2\sqrt{289 - d^2} = \tfrac{1}{2}\cdot 2\sqrt{361 - d^2}. Squaring gives 4(289d2)=361d2,4(289 - d^2) = 361 - d^2, so 3d2=7953d^2 = 795 and d2=265.d^2 = 265.

The chord length is 2361265=296=86.2\sqrt{361 - 265} = 2\sqrt{96} = 8\sqrt{6}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

下式的展开式共有 10011001 项,其中系数为有理数的项有多少个?(x23+y3)1000 \left(x\sqrt[3]{2} + y\sqrt{3}\right)^{1000}\text{?}

What is the number of terms with rational coefficients among the 10011001 terms in the expansion of (x23+y3)1000? \left(x\sqrt[3]{2} + y\sqrt{3}\right)^{1000}?

00

166166

167167

500500

501501

难度评级:1630
小提示:

指数为 kk 的项带有 21000k33k22^{\frac{1000-k}{3}}\,3^{\frac{k}{2}};要有理,需要 1000k1000 - k33 的倍数,且 kk22 的倍数。

The term for index kk carries 21000k33k2;2^{\frac{1000-k}{3}}\,3^{\frac{k}{2}}; rationality needs 1000k1000 - k to be a multiple of 33 and kk to be a multiple of 22

大提示:

这些条件给出 k1(mod3)k \equiv 1 \pmod 3kk 为偶数,即 k4(mod6)k \equiv 4 \pmod 6

These force k1(mod3)k \equiv 1 \pmod 3 and kk even, i.e. k4(mod6)k \equiv 4 \pmod 6

解答:

通项为 (1000k)(x23)1000k(y3)k\binom{1000}{k}(x\sqrt[3]{2})^{1000-k}(y\sqrt{3})^{k},其系数含有 21000k32^{\frac{1000-k}{3}}3k23^{\frac{k}{2}}。它有理当且仅当 (1000k)(1000 - k)33 的倍数且 kk 为偶数。

因为 10001(mod3)1000 \equiv 1 \pmod 3,所以需要 k1(mod3)k \equiv 1 \pmod 3kk 为偶数,合并得 k4(mod6)k \equiv 4 \pmod 6。有效值为 k=4,10,,1000k = 4, 10, \ldots, 1000,共有 100046+1=167\dfrac{1000 - 4}{6} + 1 = 167 个。

所以正确答案是 C

The general term is (1000k)(x23)1000k(y3)k,\binom{1000}{k}(x\sqrt[3]{2})^{1000-k}(y\sqrt{3})^{k}, whose coefficient contains 21000k32^{\frac{1000-k}{3}} and 3k2.3^{\frac{k}{2}}. This is rational exactly when (1000k)(1000 - k) is a multiple of 33 and kk is even.

Since 10001(mod3),1000 \equiv 1 \pmod 3, we need k1(mod3)k \equiv 1 \pmod 3 and kk even, which combine to k4(mod6).k \equiv 4 \pmod 6. The valid values k=4,10,,1000k = 4, 10, \ldots, 1000 number 100046+1=167.\dfrac{1000 - 4}{6} + 1 = 167.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

13.

直线 y=xy = xy=3xy = 3x 的图像在原点形成的锐角的角平分线方程为 y=kxy = kxkk 是多少?

The angle bisector of the acute angle formed at the origin by the graphs of the lines y=xy = x and y=3xy = 3x has equation y=kx.y = kx. What is k?k?

1+52\dfrac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}

1+72\dfrac{1 + \sqrt{7}}{2}

2+32\dfrac{2 + \sqrt{3}}{2}

22

2+52\dfrac{2 + \sqrt{5}}{2}

难度评级:1660
小提示:

角平分线方向是两条直线方向单位向量之和:(1,1)2+(1,3)10\dfrac{(1,1)}{\sqrt2} + \dfrac{(1,3)}{\sqrt{10}}

A bisector direction is the sum of unit vectors along the two lines: (1,1)2+(1,3)10\dfrac{(1,1)}{\sqrt2} + \dfrac{(1,3)}{\sqrt{10}}

大提示:

kk 是(第二个分量)/(第一个分量);再有理化结果

kk is the ratio (second component)/(first component); rationalize the result

解答:

角平分线沿两条直线的单位方向向量之和:(1,1)2+(1,3)10\dfrac{(1,1)}{\sqrt2} + \dfrac{(1,3)}{\sqrt{10}}。它的斜率为 k=12+31012+110=5+35+1 k = \frac{\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2} + \tfrac{3}{\sqrt{10}}}{\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2} + \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{10}}} = \frac{\sqrt5 + 3}{\sqrt5 + 1}\text{。}

分子分母同乘 51\sqrt5 - 1,得 (5+3)(51)4\dfrac{(\sqrt5 + 3)(\sqrt5 - 1)}{4} =2+254= \dfrac{2 + 2\sqrt5}{4} =1+52= \dfrac{1 + \sqrt5}{2}

所以正确答案是 A

The bisector points along the sum of the unit vectors of the two lines: (1,1)2+(1,3)10.\dfrac{(1,1)}{\sqrt2} + \dfrac{(1,3)}{\sqrt{10}}. Its slope is k=12+31012+110=5+35+1. k = \frac{\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2} + \tfrac{3}{\sqrt{10}}}{\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2} + \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{10}}} = \frac{\sqrt5 + 3}{\sqrt5 + 1}.

Multiplying numerator and denominator by 51\sqrt5 - 1 gives (5+3)(51)4\dfrac{(\sqrt5 + 3)(\sqrt5 - 1)}{4} =2+254= \dfrac{2 + 2\sqrt5}{4} =1+52.= \dfrac{1 + \sqrt5}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

14.

如图,等边六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 有三个互不相邻的锐内角,每个都是 3030^\circ。该六边形围成的面积为 636\sqrt{3}。这个六边形的周长是多少?

In the figure, equilateral hexagon ABCDEFABCDEF has three nonadjacent acute interior angles that each measure 30.30^\circ. The enclosed area of the hexagon is 63.6\sqrt{3}. What is the perimeter of the hexagon?

44

434\sqrt{3}

1212

1818

12312\sqrt{3}

难度评级:1730
小提示:

设边长为 ss。三个 3030^\circ 尖端是腰长为 ss 的等腰三角形;它们位于三个凹角顶点形成的内三角形的边上

Let the side be s.s. The three 3030^\circ tips are isosceles triangles with legs s;s; they sit on the sides of the inner triangle formed by the three reflex vertices

大提示:

每个尖端面积为 12s2sin30\tfrac12 s^2 \sin 30^\circ,内侧等边三角形边长为 2ssin152s\sin 15^\circ

Each tip has area 12s2sin30,\tfrac12 s^2 \sin 30^\circ, and the inner equilateral triangle has side 2ssin152s\sin 15^\circ

解答:

设公共边长为 ss。三个锐角顶点是三个等腰三角形的尖端,这些三角形的两边为 ss,顶角为 3030^\circ;每个面积为 12s2sin30=s24\tfrac12 s^2 \sin 30^\circ = \tfrac{s^2}{4}

三个凹角顶点形成一个内侧等边三角形,边长为 2ssin152s\sin 15^\circ,面积为 3s2sin215\sqrt3\,s^2\sin^2 15^\circ。利用 sin215=234\sin^2 15^\circ = \tfrac{2 - \sqrt3}{4},总面积为 3s24+3s2234=s232 \frac{3s^2}{4} + \sqrt3\,s^2\cdot\frac{2 - \sqrt3}{4} = \frac{s^2\sqrt3}{2}\text{。}

s232=63\tfrac{s^2\sqrt3}{2} = 6\sqrt3,得 s2=12s^2 = 12,所以 s=23s = 2\sqrt3,周长为 6s=1236s = 12\sqrt3

所以正确答案是 E

Let the common side length be s.s. The three acute vertices are the tips of isosceles triangles with two sides ss and apex 30;30^\circ; each has area 12s2sin30=s24.\tfrac12 s^2 \sin 30^\circ = \tfrac{s^2}{4}.

The three reflex vertices form an inner equilateral triangle with side 2ssin15,2s\sin 15^\circ, whose area is 3s2sin215.\sqrt3\,s^2\sin^2 15^\circ. Using sin215=234,\sin^2 15^\circ = \tfrac{2 - \sqrt3}{4}, the total area is 3s24+3s2234=s232. \frac{3s^2}{4} + \sqrt3\,s^2\cdot\frac{2 - \sqrt3}{4} = \frac{s^2\sqrt3}{2}.

Setting s232=63\tfrac{s^2\sqrt3}{2} = 6\sqrt3 gives s2=12,s^2 = 12, so s=23s = 2\sqrt3 and the perimeter is 6s=123.6s = 12\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

回忆:复数 w=a+biw = a + bi(其中 aabb 为实数,i=1i = \sqrt{-1})的共轭是复数 w=abi\overline{w} = a - bi。对任意复数 zz,令 f(z)=4izf(z) = 4i\overline{z}。多项式P(z)=z4+4z3+3z2+2z+1 P(z) = z^4 + 4z^3 + 3z^2 + 2z + 1 有四个复根:z1z_1z2z_2z3z_3z4z_4。设Q(z)=z4+Az3+Bz2+Cz+D \begin{aligned} &Q(z) = z^4 + Az^3 + Bz^2 \\ &\quad {}+ Cz + D \end{aligned} 是以 f(z1)f(z_1)f(z2)f(z_2)f(z3)f(z_3)f(z4)f(z_4) 为根的多项式,其中系数 AABBCCDD 都是复数。B+DB + D 是多少?

Recall that the conjugate of the complex number w=a+bi,w = a + bi, where aa and bb are real numbers and i=1,i = \sqrt{-1}, is the complex number w=abi.\overline{w} = a - bi. For any complex number z,z, let f(z)=4iz.f(z) = 4i\overline{z}. The polynomial P(z)=z4+4z3+3z2+2z+1 P(z) = z^4 + 4z^3 + 3z^2 + 2z + 1 has four complex roots: z1,z_1, z2,z_2, z3,z_3, and z4.z_4. Let Q(z)=z4+Az3+Bz2+Cz+D \begin{aligned} &Q(z) = z^4 + Az^3 + Bz^2 \\ &\quad {}+ Cz + D \end{aligned} be the polynomial whose roots are f(z1),f(z_1), f(z2),f(z_2), f(z3),f(z_3), and f(z4),f(z_4), where the coefficients A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD are complex numbers. What is B+D?B + D?

304-304

208-208

12i12i

208208

304304

知识点:韦达定理复数
难度评级:1800
小提示:

zj\overline{z_j} 的基本对称式是 zjz_j 的对应对称式的共轭;PP 的系数全为实数,所以这些对称和也是实数

The elementary symmetric functions of zj\overline{z_j} are the conjugates of those of zj;z_j; all of PP’s coefficients are real, so those symmetric sums are real

大提示:

B=(4i)2i<jzizjB = (4i)^2 \sum_{i\lt j}\overline{z_i}\,\overline{z_j},且 D=(4i)4zjD = (4i)^4 \prod \overline{z_j}

B=(4i)2i<jzizjB = (4i)^2 \sum_{i\lt j}\overline{z_i}\,\overline{z_j} and D=(4i)4zjD = (4i)^4 \prod \overline{z_j}

解答:

PP,使用韦达定理,i<jzizj=3\sum_{i\lt j} z_iz_j = 3,且 zj=1\prod z_j = 1,二者都是实数,所以它们的共轭仍为 3311

QQ 的根为 4izj4i\overline{z_j}。于是 BB 是两两乘积之和:B=(4i)2i<jzizjB = (4i)^2 \sum_{i\lt j}\overline{z_i}\,\overline{z_j} =163=48= -16 \cdot 3 = -48。且 D=(4i)4zj=2561=256D = (4i)^4 \prod \overline{z_j} = 256 \cdot 1 = 256

所以 B+D=48+256=208B + D = -48 + 256 = 208

所以正确答案是 D

By Vieta on P,P, i<jzizj=3\sum_{i\lt j} z_iz_j = 3 and zj=1,\prod z_j = 1, both real, so their conjugates are also 33 and 1.1.

The roots of QQ are 4izj.4i\overline{z_j}. Then BB is the sum of products of pairs: B=(4i)2i<jzizjB = (4i)^2 \sum_{i\lt j}\overline{z_i}\,\overline{z_j} =163=48.= -16 \cdot 3 = -48. And D=(4i)4zj=2561=256.D = (4i)^4 \prod \overline{z_j} = 256 \cdot 1 = 256.

So B+D=48+256=208.B + D = -48 + 256 = 208.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

一个组织有 3030 名员工,其中 2020 人使用 A 品牌电脑,另外 1010 人使用 B 品牌电脑。出于安全原因,电脑只能彼此相连,且只能用电缆连接。电缆只能把一台 A 品牌电脑和一台 B 品牌电脑相连。如果两名员工的电脑直接由电缆相连,或可以通过一系列相连的电脑转发消息,则他们可以相互通信。最初没有任何电脑与其他电脑相连。一名技术员任意选择一台每种品牌的电脑,并在它们之间安装电缆,前提是这对电脑之间还没有电缆。技术员在每名员工都能相互通信时停止。最多可能使用多少根电缆?

An organization has 3030 employees, 2020 of whom have a brand A computer while the other 1010 have a brand B computer. For security, the computers can only be connected to each other and only by cables. The cables can only connect a brand A computer to a brand B computer. Employees can communicate with each other if their computers are directly connected by a cable or by relaying messages through a series of connected computers. Initially, no computer is connected to any other. A technician arbitrarily selects one computer of each brand and installs a cable between them, provided there is not already a cable between that pair. The technician stops once every employee can communicate with each other. What is the maximum possible number of cables used?

190190

191191

192192

195195

196196

知识点:图论极端原理
难度评级:1840
小提示:

为了尽量延迟连通,尽可能久地保持图不连通,然后最后一根电缆把所有部分连接起来

To delay connectivity, keep the graph disconnected as long as possible, then one final cable joins everything

大提示:

在仍不连通的情况下,最多边数来自 1919 台 A 品牌和 1010 台 B 品牌形成的完全二分图,另留一台 A 品牌电脑孤立

The most edges while still disconnected is a complete bipartite graph on 1919 brand A and 1010 brand B, leaving one brand A computer isolated

解答:

技术员不断加电缆,直到图变为连通。为了最大化电缆数,要让网络尽可能久地保持不连通:留下一台 A 品牌电脑孤立,并把其余 1919 台 A 品牌电脑与全部 1010 台 B 品牌电脑完全相连。

这样在仍不连通时使用了 1910=19019 \cdot 10 = 190 根电缆。下一根电缆连接最后一台 A 品牌电脑,使所有人连通,总数为 190+1=191190 + 1 = 191

所以正确答案是 B

The technician keeps adding cables until the graph becomes connected. To maximize the count, keep the network disconnected for as long as possible: leave a single brand A computer isolated and fully connect the remaining 1919 brand A computers to all 1010 brand B computers.

That uses 1910=19019 \cdot 10 = 190 cables while still disconnected. The next cable connects the last brand A computer, joining everyone, for a total of 190+1=191.190 + 1 = 191.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

有多少个正整数有序对 (b,c)(b, c),使得 x2+bx+c=0x^2 + bx + c = 0x2+cx+b=0x^2 + cx + b = 0 都没有两个不同的实数解?

For how many ordered pairs (b,c)(b, c) of positive integers does neither x2+bx+c=0x^2 + bx + c = 0 nor x2+cx+b=0x^2 + cx + b = 0 have two distinct real solutions?

44

66

88

1212

1616

难度评级:1910
小提示:

“没有两个不同的实数解”表示每个判别式都 0\le 0b24cb^2 \le 4cc24bc^2 \le 4b

“No two distinct real solutions” means each discriminant is 0:\le 0: b24cb^2 \le 4c and c24bc^2 \le 4b

大提示:

相乘得 b2c216bcb^2c^2 \le 16bc,所以 bc16bc \le 16;检验小的正整数

Multiplying gives b2c216bc,b^2c^2 \le 16bc, so bc16;bc \le 16; test small positive integers

解答:

两个二次方程都没有两个不同实根,当且仅当两个判别式都非正:b24cb^2 \le 4cc24bc^2 \le 4b

cb24c\ge \frac{b^2}{4}c2bc\le2\sqrt b 结合,得到 b328b^{\frac{3}{2}}\le8,所以 b4b\le4。逐一检查:b=1b = 1c{1,2}c \in \{1,2\}b=2b = 2c{1,2}c \in \{1,2\}b=3b = 3c=3c = 3b=4b = 4c=4c = 4

这些为 (1,1)(1,1)(1,2)(1,2)(2,1)(2,1)(2,2)(2,2)(3,3)(3,3)(4,4)(4,4),共 66 个有序对。

所以正确答案是 B

Neither quadratic has two distinct real roots exactly when both discriminants are nonpositive: b24cb^2 \le 4c and c24b.c^2 \le 4b.

Combining cb24c\ge \frac{b^2}{4} with c2bc\le2\sqrt b gives b328,b^{\frac{3}{2}}\le8, so b4.b\le4. Checking: b=1b = 1 gives c{1,2};c \in \{1,2\}; b=2b = 2 gives c{1,2};c \in \{1,2\}; b=3b = 3 gives c=3;c = 3; and b=4b = 4 gives c=4.c = 4.

That is (1,1),(1,1), (1,2),(1,2), (2,1),(2,1), (2,2),(2,2), (3,3),(3,3), (4,4)(4,4)66 ordered pairs.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

2020 个球各自独立随机地投入 55 个箱子之一。设 pp 为某个箱子最终有 33 个球、另一个箱子有 55 个球、其余三个箱子各有 44 个球的概率。设 qq 为每个箱子最终都有 44 个球的概率。pq\dfrac{p}{q} 是多少?

Each of 2020 balls is tossed independently and at random into one of 55 bins. Let pp be the probability that some bin ends up with 33 balls, another with 55 balls, and the other three with 44 balls each. Let qq be the probability that every bin ends up with 44 balls. What is pq?\dfrac{p}{q}?

11

44

88

1212

1616

难度评级:1990
小提示:

两个概率都有相同的 5205^{20} 分母,所以 pq\dfrac{p}{q} 是计数之比

Both probabilities share the same 5205^{20} denominator, so pq\dfrac{p}{q} is a ratio of counts

大提示:

qq 使用 20!(4!)5\dfrac{20!}{(4!)^5}pp 使用 545\cdot 4 种特殊箱子的选择,再乘以 20!3!5!(4!)3\dfrac{20!}{3!\,5!\,(4!)^3}

qq uses 20!(4!)5;\dfrac{20!}{(4!)^5}; pp uses 545\cdot 4 choices of the special bins times 20!3!5!(4!)3\dfrac{20!}{3!\,5!\,(4!)^3}

解答:

两个概率都除以 5205^{20},所以 pq\dfrac{p}{q} 是排列计数之比。

对于 qq,所有箱子都有 44 个球,计数为 20!(4!)5\dfrac{20!}{(4!)^5}。对于 pp,选择哪个箱子有 33 个、哪个箱子有 55 个有 54=205\cdot 4 = 20 种,再乘以 20!3!5!(4!)3\dfrac{20!}{3!\,5!\,(4!)^3}。因此 pq=20(4!)53!5!(4!)3=20(4!)23!5!=20576720=16 \begin{aligned} \frac{p}{q} &= 20 \cdot \frac{(4!)^5}{3!\,5!\,(4!)^3} \\ &= 20 \cdot \frac{(4!)^2}{3!\,5!} \\ &= 20 \cdot \frac{576}{720} \\ &= 16 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Both probabilities divide by 520,5^{20}, so pq\dfrac{p}{q} is a ratio of arrangement counts.

For q,q, all bins have 4:4: 20!(4!)5.\dfrac{20!}{(4!)^5}. For p,p, choose which bin has 33 and which has 55 in 54=205\cdot 4 = 20 ways, times 20!3!5!(4!)3.\dfrac{20!}{3!\,5!\,(4!)^3}. Therefore pq=20(4!)53!5!(4!)3=20(4!)23!5!=20576720=16. \begin{aligned} \frac{p}{q} &= 20 \cdot \frac{(4!)^5}{3!\,5!\,(4!)^3} \\ &= 20 \cdot \frac{(4!)^2}{3!\,5!} \\ &= 20 \cdot \frac{576}{720} \\ &= 16. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

19.

xx 为大于 11 的最小实数,使得 sin(x)=sin(x2)\sin(x) = \sin(x^2),其中角度单位为度。将 xx 向上取整到最接近的整数是多少?

Let xx be the least real number greater than 11 such that sin(x)=sin(x2),\sin(x) = \sin(x^2), where the arguments are in degrees. What is xx rounded up to the closest integer?

1010

1313

1414

1919

2020

难度评级:2040
小提示:

sinx=sinx2\sin x = \sin x^2 要求 x2=x+360kx^2 = x + 360kx2=180x+360kx^2 = 180 - x + 360k,其中 kk 为整数

sinx=sinx2\sin x = \sin x^2 requires x2=x+360kx^2 = x + 360k or x2=180x+360kx^2 = 180 - x + 360k for an integer kk

大提示:

最小的 x>1x \gt 1 来自 x2=180xx^2 = 180 - x(其中 k=0k = 0

The smallest x>1x \gt 1 comes from x2=180xx^2 = 180 - x (with k=0k = 0)

解答:

正弦值相等要求对某个整数 kkx2=x+360kx^2 = x + 360kx2=180x+360kx^2 = 180 - x + 360k

方程族 x2=x+360kx^2 = x + 360k 第一次超过 11 出现在 k=1k = 1,给出 x19.5x \approx 19.5。方程族 x2=180x+360kx^2 = 180 - x + 360kk=0k = 0 时给出 x2+x180=0x^2 + x - 180 = 0,所以 x=1+721212.93x = \dfrac{-1 + \sqrt{721}}{2} \approx 12.93,这更小。

向上取整后,x=13x = 13

所以正确答案是 B

Equal sines require x2=x+360kx^2 = x + 360k or x2=180x+360kx^2 = 180 - x + 360k for some integer k.k.

The family x2=x+360kx^2 = x + 360k first exceeds 11 at k=1,k = 1, giving x19.5.x \approx 19.5. The family x2=180x+360kx^2 = 180 - x + 360k with k=0k = 0 gives x2+x180=0,x^2 + x - 180 = 0, so x=1+721212.93,x = \dfrac{-1 + \sqrt{721}}{2} \approx 12.93, which is smaller.

Rounded up, x=13.x = 13.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

对每个正整数 nn,令 f1(n)f_1(n)nn 的正整数因数个数的两倍;对 j2j \ge 2,令 fj(n)=f1(fj1(n))f_j(n) = f_1(f_{j-1}(n))。有多少个 n50n \le 50 满足 f50(n)=12f_{50}(n) = 12

For each positive integer n,n, let f1(n)f_1(n) be twice the number of positive integer divisors of n,n, and for j2,j \ge 2, let fj(n)=f1(fj1(n)).f_j(n) = f_1(f_{j-1}(n)). For how many values of n50n \le 50 is f50(n)=12?f_{50}(n) = 12?

77

88

99

1010

1111

知识点:因数个数递推
难度评级:2110
小提示:

f1(12)=26=12f_1(12) = 2\cdot 6 = 12,所以 1212 是不动点;f1(8)=24=8f_1(8) = 2\cdot 4 = 8 也是不动点

f1(12)=26=12,f_1(12) = 2\cdot 6 = 12, so 1212 is a fixed point; f1(8)=24=8f_1(8) = 2\cdot 4 = 8 is another

大提示:

足够多步之后,每个 nn 都会落到 881212;数出轨道到达 1212 的那些

After enough steps every nn lands on 88 or 12;12; count those whose orbit reaches 1212

解答:

881212 都是不动点。对 n50n\le50,第一个值 f1(n)=2d(n)f_1(n)=2d(n) 至多为 2020。检查不超过 2020 的偶数可知,一个轨道恰好在第一个值为 12,1812,182020 时到达 1212。所以需要 d(n)=6,9d(n)=6,91010

不超过 5050 且有 66 个因数的数是 12,18,20,28,32,44,45,5012,18,20,28,32,44,45,50;有 99 个因数的唯一一个数是 3636,有 1010 个因数的唯一一个数是 4848。这 1010 个值都到达不动点 1212

因此,正确答案是 D

Both 88 and 1212 are fixed. For n50,n\le50, the first value f1(n)=2d(n)f_1(n)=2d(n) is at most 20.20. Checking the even values through 2020 shows that an orbit reaches 1212 exactly when its first value is 12,18,12,18, or 20.20. Thus we need d(n)=6,9,d(n)=6,9, or 10.10.

The numbers at most 5050 with 66 divisors are 12,18,20,28,32,44,45,50;12,18,20,28,32,44,45,50; the only one with 99 divisors is 36,36, and the only one with 1010 divisors is 48.48. These 1010 values all reach the fixed point 12.12.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

21.

ABCDABCD 是等腰梯形,满足 BCAD\overline{BC} \parallel \overline{AD}AB=CDAB = CD。点 XXYY 在对角线 AC\overline{AC} 上,且 XXAAYY 之间,如图所示。已知 AXD=BYC=90\angle AXD = \angle BYC = 90^\circAX=3AX = 3XY=1XY = 1,且 YC=2YC = 2ABCDABCD 的面积是多少?

Let ABCDABCD be an isosceles trapezoid with BCAD\overline{BC} \parallel \overline{AD} and AB=CD.AB = CD. Points XX and YY lie on diagonal AC\overline{AC} with XX between AA and Y,Y, as shown in the figure. Suppose AXD=BYC=90,\angle AXD = \angle BYC = 90^\circ, AX=3,AX = 3, XY=1,XY = 1, and YC=2.YC = 2. What is the area of ABCD?ABCD?

1515

5115\sqrt{11}

3353\sqrt{35}

1818

777\sqrt{7}

难度评级:2170
小提示:

A,X,Y,CA, X, Y, C 放在一条水平线上,且 AX=3AX = 3XY=1XY = 1YC=2YC = 2。于是 DDXX 的竖直下方,BBYY 的竖直上方

Place A,X,Y,CA, X, Y, C on a horizontal line with AX=3,AX = 3, XY=1,XY = 1, YC=2.YC = 2. Then DD is vertically below XX and BB vertically above YY

大提示:

利用 BCAD\overline{BC}\parallel\overline{AD}AB=CDAB = CD 关联 BBDD 的高度,再用鞋带公式

Use BCAD\overline{BC}\parallel\overline{AD} and AB=CDAB = CD to relate the heights of BB and D,D, then apply the shoelace formula

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0,0)X=(3,0)X = (3,0)Y=(4,0)Y = (4,0)C=(6,0)C = (6,0)。直角条件给出 D=(3,t)D = (3, t),且 B=(4,s)B = (4, s),它们在 ACAC 的两侧。

平行关系 ADBC\overline{AD}\parallel\overline{BC} 强制 t=32st = -\tfrac{3}{2}s,而 AB=CDAB = CD 给出 16+s2=9+t216 + s^2 = 9 + t^2,所以 t2s2=7t^2 - s^2 = 7。代入得 s2=285s^2 = \tfrac{28}{5}

鞋带公式给出面积 =3ts= 3\,|t - s| =352s= 3\cdot\tfrac{5}{2}s =152s= \tfrac{15}{2}s =152285= \tfrac{15}{2}\sqrt{\tfrac{28}{5}} =335= 3\sqrt{35}

所以正确答案是 C

Put A=(0,0),A = (0,0), X=(3,0),X = (3,0), Y=(4,0),Y = (4,0), C=(6,0).C = (6,0). The right angles give D=(3,t)D = (3, t) and B=(4,s)B = (4, s) on opposite sides of AC.AC.

Parallelism ADBC\overline{AD}\parallel\overline{BC} forces t=32s,t = -\tfrac{3}{2}s, and AB=CDAB = CD gives 16+s2=9+t2,16 + s^2 = 9 + t^2, so t2s2=7.t^2 - s^2 = 7. Substituting yields s2=285.s^2 = \tfrac{28}{5}.

The shoelace formula gives area =3ts= 3\,|t - s| =352s= 3\cdot\tfrac{5}{2}s =152s= \tfrac{15}{2}s =152285= \tfrac{15}{2}\sqrt{\tfrac{28}{5}} =335.= 3\sqrt{35}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

Azar 和 Carl 玩井字棋。Azar 先在一个 3333 方格阵列中的某个格子放一个 XX,然后 Carl 在剩余格子之一放一个 OO。之后 Azar 在剩余格子之一放一个 XX,依此类推,直到所有 99 个格子都被填满,或者某一位玩家有 33 个自己的符号横向、纵向或对角线连成一行;此时游戏立即停止,该玩家获胜。假设玩家随机落子,而不是试图遵循理性策略,并且 Carl 在放下第三个 OO 时赢得游戏。游戏结束后棋盘可能有多少种样子?

Azar and Carl play a game of tic-tac-toe. Azar places an XX in one of the boxes in a 33-by-33 array of boxes, then Carl places an OO in one of the remaining boxes. After that, Azar places an XX in one of the remaining boxes, and so on until all 99 boxes are filled or one of the players has 33 of their symbols in a row — horizontal, vertical, or diagonal — whichever comes first, in which case that player wins the game. Suppose the players make their moves at random, rather than trying to follow a rational strategy, and that Carl wins the game when he places his third O.O. How many ways can the board look after the game is over?

3636

112112

120120

148148

160160

难度评级:2270
小提示:

最终棋盘有三个 OO 连成一行,且三个 XX 不能自己也连成一行

The final board has three OOs forming a line and three XXs that must not themselves form a line

大提示:

OO 的连线是行/列还是对角线分情况,因为这会改变 XX 的放置中有多少会意外成行

Split into cases by whether OO’s line is a row/column or a diagonal, since that changes how many XX placements accidentally make a row

解答:

Carl 在第三个 OO 时获胜,所以棋盘上有三个 OO 形成 88 条线之一,另有三个 XX 在其余六个格子中。XX 不能成一行(否则 Azar 已经先赢了)。

OO 的线是某一行或某一列(66 种选择),剩下六个格子包含两条完整线,所以有效 XX 放法数为 (63)2=18\binom{6}{3} - 2 = 18。若 OO 的线是对角线(22 种选择),剩下六个格子不包含完整线,有 (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 种。

总数为 618+220=108+40=1486\cdot 18 + 2\cdot 20 = 108 + 40 = 148

所以正确答案是 D

Carl wins on his third O,O, so the board has three OOs forming one of the 88 lines and three XXs in the other six cells. The XXs must not form a line (else Azar would have won first).

If the OO line is a row or column (66 choices), the remaining six cells contain two full lines, so valid XX placements number (63)2=18.\binom{6}{3} - 2 = 18. If the OO line is a diagonal (22 choices), the remaining six cells contain no full line, giving (63)=20.\binom{6}{3} = 20.

The total is 618+220=108+40=148.6\cdot 18 + 2\cdot 20 = 108 + 40 = 148.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

首项系数为 11、且系数为实数的二次多项式称为“无礼”的,如果方程 p(p(x))=0p(p(x)) = 0 恰好有三个实数解。在所有无礼二次多项式中,有唯一一个多项式 p~(x)\tilde{p}(x),使得其根的和最大。p~(1)\tilde{p}(1) 是多少?

A quadratic polynomial with real coefficients and leading coefficient 11 is called disrespectful if the equation p(p(x))=0p(p(x)) = 0 is satisfied by exactly three real numbers. Among all the disrespectful quadratic polynomials, there is a unique such polynomial p~(x)\tilde{p}(x) for which the sum of the roots is maximized. What is p~(1)?\tilde{p}(1)?

516\dfrac{5}{16}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

58\dfrac{5}{8}

11

98\dfrac{9}{8}

难度评级:2380
小提示:

pp 的根为 r,sr, sp(p(x))=0p(p(x)) = 0 表示 p(x)=rp(x) = rp(x)=sp(x) = s;恰有三个根要求其中一个方程有重根

If pp has roots r,s,r, s, then p(p(x))=0p(p(x)) = 0 means p(x)=rp(x) = r or p(x)=s;p(x) = s; exactly three roots requires one of these to have a double root

大提示:

(rs)2+4s=0(r - s)^2 + 4s = 0 下令 u=rsu = r - s,最大化 r+s=u22+ur + s = -\tfrac{u^2}{2} + u

With (rs)2+4s=0(r - s)^2 + 4s = 0 and letting u=rs,u = r - s, maximize r+s=u22+ur + s = -\tfrac{u^2}{2} + u

解答:

pp 的根为 rrss。那么 p(p(x))=0p(p(x)) = 0 分解成 p(x)=rp(x) = rp(x)=sp(x) = s,两个判别式分别为 (rs)2+4r(r - s)^2 + 4r(rs)2+4s(r - s)^2 + 4s。恰有三个实根意味着一个判别式为 00,另一个为正。

(rs)2+4s=0(r - s)^2 + 4s = 0,并令 u=rsu = r - s。则 s=u24s = -\tfrac{u^2}{4},另一个判别式为 4u4u,所以 u>0u>0。此外,r+s=u22+ur+s=-\tfrac{u^2}{2}+u,它在 u=1u=1 时达到最大值,此时 r=34r=\tfrac34s=14s=-\tfrac14

所以 p~(x)=(x34)(x+14)\tilde{p}(x) = \left(x - \tfrac34\right)\left(x + \tfrac14\right),并且 p~(1)=1454=516\tilde{p}(1) = \tfrac14\cdot\tfrac54 = \tfrac{5}{16}

因此,正确答案是 A

Let pp have roots rr and s.s. Then p(p(x))=0p(p(x)) = 0 splits into p(x)=rp(x) = r and p(x)=s,p(x) = s, with discriminants (rs)2+4r(r - s)^2 + 4r and (rs)2+4s.(r - s)^2 + 4s. Exactly three real roots means one discriminant is 00 and the other positive.

Take (rs)2+4s=0(r - s)^2 + 4s = 0 and set u=rs.u = r - s. Then s=u24s = -\tfrac{u^2}{4} and the other discriminant is 4u,4u, so u>0.u>0. Also r+s=u22+u,r+s=-\tfrac{u^2}{2}+u, maximized at u=1,u=1, giving r=34r=\tfrac34 and s=14.s=-\tfrac14.

So p~(x)=(x34)(x+14),\tilde{p}(x) = \left(x - \tfrac34\right)\left(x + \tfrac14\right), and p~(1)=1454=516.\tilde{p}(1) = \tfrac14\cdot\tfrac54 = \tfrac{5}{16}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

凸四边形 ABCDABCD 满足 AB=18AB = 18A=60\angle A = 60^\circ,且 ABCD\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD}。四条边的长度按某种顺序构成一个等差数列,并且边 ABAB 是最大长度的边。另一条边的长度为 aa。所有可能的 aa 值之和是多少?

Convex quadrilateral ABCDABCD has AB=18,AB = 18, A=60,\angle A = 60^\circ, and ABCD.\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD}. In some order, the lengths of the four sides form an arithmetic progression, and side ABAB is a side of maximum length. The length of another side is a.a. What is the sum of all possible values of a?a?

2424

4242

6060

6666

8484

难度评级:2520
小提示:

因为 AB=18AB = 18 是最大值,四边长为 18,18d,182d,183d18, 18 - d, 18 - 2d, 18 - 3d;令 A=(0,0)A = (0,0)B=(18,0)B = (18,0),并把 DD 放在 6060^\circ 方向上

With AB=18AB = 18 the maximum, the four sides are 18,18d,182d,183d;18, 18 - d, 18 - 2d, 18 - 3d; place A=(0,0),A = (0,0), B=(18,0),B = (18,0), and DD at angle 6060^\circ

大提示:

对三条较短边分配给 BC,CD,DABC, CD, DA 的每种方式,要求 CD\overline{CD} 水平并解出 dd;还要包括公差 d=0d = 0 的情形

For each assignment of the three smaller lengths to BC,CD,DA,BC, CD, DA, impose that CD\overline{CD} is horizontal and solve for d;d; also include common difference d=0d = 0

解答:

因为 AB=18AB = 18 是最大边,四条边为 18,18d,182d,183d18, 18 - d, 18 - 2d, 18 - 3d。取 A=(0,0)A = (0,0)B=(18,0)B = (18,0)D=(m2,m32)D = \left(\tfrac{m}{2}, \tfrac{m\sqrt3}{2}\right),其中 m=DAm=DA,令 n=CDn=CD=BC\ell=BC。则 C=(m2+n,m32)C=(\tfrac m2+n,\tfrac{m\sqrt3}{2}),所以 2=m2+(18n)2m(18n) \begin{aligned} \ell^2&=m^2+(18-n)^2 \\ &\quad {}-m(18-n) \end{aligned}\text{。}

uj=18jdu_j=18-jd,其中 j=1,2,3j=1,2,3。将 (u1,u2,u3)(u_1,u_2,u_3) 的排列 123,132,213,231,312,321123,132,213,231,312,321 依次代入 (m,n,)(m,n,\ell),得到非零候选值 d=18,2,9,5,6,6d=18,2,9,5,6,6,因为 u3u_3 为正要求 d<6d<6,所以只留下 d=2d=2d=5d=5。情形 d=0d=0 也给出一个有效的菱形。

因此边长集合为 {18,16,14,12}\{18,16,14,12\}{18,13,8,3}\{18,13,8,3\},和 {18,18,18,18}\{18,18,18,18\}

ABAB 边长的可能值为 {3,8,12,13,14,16,18}\{3, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18\},其和为 8484

因此,正确答案是 E

Since AB=18AB = 18 is the largest, the four sides are 18,18d,182d,183d.18, 18 - d, 18 - 2d, 18 - 3d. Placing A=(0,0),A = (0,0), B=(18,0),B = (18,0), and D=(m2,m32)D = \left(\tfrac{m}{2}, \tfrac{m\sqrt3}{2}\right) with m=DA,m=DA, let n=CDn=CD and =BC.\ell=BC. Then C=(m2+n,m32),C=(\tfrac m2+n,\tfrac{m\sqrt3}{2}), so 2=m2+(18n)2m(18n). \begin{aligned} \ell^2&=m^2+(18-n)^2 \\ &\quad {}-m(18-n). \end{aligned}

Write uj=18jdu_j=18-jd for j=1,2,3.j=1,2,3. Substituting the permutations 123,132,213,231,312,321123,132,213,231,312,321 of (u1,u2,u3)(u_1,u_2,u_3) for (m,n,)(m,n,\ell) gives the nonzero candidates d=18,2,9,5,6,6,d=18,2,9,5,6,6, respectively. Positivity of u3u_3 requires d<6,d<6, leaving only d=2d=2 and d=5.d=5. The case d=0d=0 also gives a valid rhombus.

Thus the side sets are {18,16,14,12},\{18,16,14,12\}, {18,13,8,3},\{18,13,8,3\}, and {18,18,18,18}.\{18,18,18,18\}.

The possible values of a non-ABAB side length are {3,8,12,13,14,16,18},\{3, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18\}, whose sum is 84.84.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

25.

m5m \ge 5 为奇整数,并令 D(m)D(m) 表示满足下列条件的四元组 (a1,a2,a3,a4)(a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4) 的个数:四个分量是互不相同的整数,且对所有 ii 都有 1aim1 \le a_i \le m,并且 mm 整除 a1+a2+a3+a4a_1 + a_2 + a_3 + a_4。存在一个多项式 q(x)=c3x3+c2x2+c1x+c0 q(x) = c_3x^3 + c_2x^2 + c_1x + c_0 使得对所有奇整数 m5m \ge 5 都有 D(m)=q(m)D(m) = q(m)c1c_1 是多少?

Let m5m \ge 5 be an odd integer, and let D(m)D(m) denote the number of quadruples (a1,a2,a3,a4)(a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4) of distinct integers with 1aim1 \le a_i \le m for all ii such that mm divides a1+a2+a3+a4.a_1 + a_2 + a_3 + a_4. There is a polynomial q(x)=c3x3+c2x2+c1x+c0 q(x) = c_3x^3 + c_2x^2 + c_1x + c_0 such that D(m)=q(m)D(m) = q(m) for all odd integers m5.m \ge 5. What is c1?c_1?

6-6

1-1

44

66

1111

难度评级:2650
小提示:

先数出所有和为 0(modm)0\pmod m 的有序剩余类四元组,再对坐标相等的情形做容斥

First count all ordered residue quadruples summing to 0(modm),0\pmod m, then use inclusion-exclusion on equal coordinates

大提示:

把坐标重合的情形按一对相等、两对相等、三个相等、四个全相等来分类;mm 为奇数保证了乘以 22 和乘以 44 都可逆

Group collision patterns as one pair, two pairs, a triple, or all four equal; odd mm makes multiplication by 22 and 44 invertible

解答:

1,2,,m1,2,\ldots,m 看作模 mm 的全部剩余类。若不要求各分量互不相同,则前三个分量可以任取,第四个分量随之唯一确定,于是共有 m3m^3 个有序四元组。

按哪些坐标相等来划分并做容斥,即可得到其余各项。恰有一对坐标相等的选法有 66 种,每种留下 m2m^2 组解,共贡献 6m2-6m^233 种“两对相等”的划分贡献 +3m+3m44 种“三个相等加一个单独”的划分的容斥系数为 22,贡献 +8m+8m。最后,四个全相等的划分系数为 6-6,且只有一组解。(这里 mm 为奇数保证了 2244mm 可逆。)因此D(m)=m36m2+11m6=(m1)(m2)(m3) \begin{aligned} D(m)&=m^3-6m^2 \\ &\quad {}+11m-6 \\ &=(m-1)(m-2) \\ &\quad {}\cdot(m-3) \end{aligned}\text{。} 于是 c1=11c_1=11

所以正确答案是 E

Regard 1,2,,m1,2,\ldots,m as all residues modulo m.m. Without the distinctness condition, the first three entries are arbitrary and the fourth is determined, giving m3m^3 ordered quadruples.

Inclusion-exclusion over equal-coordinate partitions gives the remaining terms. There are 66 choices of one equal pair, each leaving m2m^2 solutions, for 6m2.-6m^2. The 33 two-pair partitions contribute +3m.+3m. The 44 triple-and-single partitions have inclusion-exclusion coefficient 22 and contribute +8m.+8m. Finally, the all-equal partition has coefficient 6-6 and one solution. (Here odd mm makes 22 and 44 invertible modulo m.m.) Therefore D(m)=m36m2+11m6=(m1)(m2)(m3). \begin{aligned} D(m)&=m^3-6m^2 \\ &\quad {}+11m-6 \\ &=(m-1)(m-2) \\ &\quad {}\cdot(m-3). \end{aligned} Hence c1=11.c_1=11.

Thus, the correct answer is E.