1981 AMC 12 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
2.
点 位于边 上,这条边属于正方形 。若 的长度为一, 的长度为二,则该正方形的面积为
Point is on side of square If has length one and has length two, then the area of the square is
小提示:
三角形 是直角三角形
Triangle is a right triangle
大提示:
未知的直角边 也是正方形的边长
The unknown leg is also the side length of the square
解答:
设正方形的边长为 。在直角三角形 中,因此 ,这恰好就是正方形的面积。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let the square’s side length be In right triangle Hence which is exactly the area of the square.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
3.
4.
若两个数中较大数的三倍等于较小数的四倍,且两数之差为 ,则较大数为
If three times the larger of two numbers is four times the smaller and the difference between the numbers is then the larger of the two numbers is
5.
在梯形 中,边 与 平行,对角线 与边 等长。若 ,且 ,则
In trapezoid sides and are parallel, and diagonal and side have equal length. If and then
小提示:
利用两底边平行,求出顶点 处的整个内角
Use the parallel bases to find the full interior angle at
大提示:
然后利用 ,考察三角形
Then use in triangle
解答:
由于 ,同旁内角互补,所以 。因此 。又因 ,三角形 中 。所以
所以正确答案是 C。
Since consecutive interior angles give Hence Because triangle has Therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
6.
7.
前一百个正整数中,有多少个能同时被 、、、 整除?
How many of the first one hundred positive integers are divisible by all of the numbers
小提示:
求 、、 和 的最小公倍数
Find the least common multiple of and
大提示:
数出不超过 的该最小公倍数的倍数
Count the multiples of that least common multiple through
解答:
最小公倍数是 。在不超过 的正整数中,只有 是 的倍数。因此个数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The least common multiple is Among the positive integers through only is a multiple of Thus the count is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
8.
对所有正数 、、,乘积 等于
For all positive numbers the product equals
9.
在附图中, 是立方体的一条对角线。若 的长度为 ,则立方体的表面积为
In the adjoining figure, is a diagonal of the cube. If has length then the surface area of the cube is
小提示:
把立方体的空间对角线与边长联系起来
Relate the cube’s space diagonal to its side length
大提示:
将边长代入六个正方形面的面积公式
Substitute the side length into the formula for six square faces
解答:
若边长为 ,则空间对角线满足 ,所以 。表面积为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
If the side length is then the space diagonal is so The surface area is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
10.
直线 与 关于直线 对称。若直线 的方程为 ,其中 且 ,则 的方程为
The lines and are symmetric to each other with respect to the line If the equation of line is with and then the equation of is
11.
一个直角三角形的三条边长均为整数,并且组成等差数列。其中一条边的长度可能为
The three sides of a right triangle have integral lengths which form an arithmetic progression. One of the sides could have length
小提示:
将三条等间距的边表示为 、、
Represent the three equally spaced sides as
大提示:
每个这样的整数边直角三角形都是 -- 三角形的整数倍
Every such integral right triangle is a multiple of a -- triangle
解答:
若三边为 、、,则勾股定理给出 ,从而有 且 ,其中 为正整数。因此三边为 、、。在选项中, 可以作为一条边。
所以正确答案是 C。
If the sides are the Pythagorean equation gives hence and for some positive integer Thus the sides are Of the choices, can occur.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
12.
若 、、 均为正数,且 ,先将 增加 ,再将所得结果减少 。最终结果大于 的充要条件是
If and are positive numbers and then the number obtained by increasing by and decreasing the result by exceeds if and only if
小提示:
把连续两次百分比变化分别写成乘法因子
Write the two successive percentage changes as multiplication factors
大提示:
利用 ,再除以
Use when dividing by
解答:
最终数额为 它大于 当且仅当 。展开后得到 。由于 ,这等价于 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The final amount is It exceeds exactly when Expanding gives Since this is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
13.
假设在每年年末,一个货币单位相较该年年初会损失其价值的 。求最小的整数 ,使得经过 年后,这个货币单位至少损失其价值的 。(四舍五入到小数点后三位, 为 。)
Suppose that at the end of any year, a unit of money has lost of the value it had at the beginning of that year. Find the smallest integer such that after years the unit of money will have lost at least of its value. (To the nearest thousandth is )
14.
一个实数等比数列的前两项之和为 ,前六项之和为 。它的前四项之和为
In a geometric sequence of real numbers, the sum of the first two terms is and the sum of the first six terms is The sum of the first four terms is
小提示:
把前六项之和分解成前两项之和与 的乘积
Factor the first-six-term sum into the first-two-term sum times
大提示:
令 ,解方程
Set and solve
解答:
若首项为 ,公比为 ,则 由于 ,可得 。令 ,则 ,所以 。前四项之和为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
If the first term is and ratio is then Since we have With so The first four terms sum to
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
15.
若 、,且 ,则 为
If and then is
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
16.
数 的三进制表示为 则 的九进制表示中最左边的一位数字是
The base three representation of is The first digit (on the left) of the base nine representation of is
小提示:
由于 ,从右边开始把三进制数字每两位分成一组
Since group the base-three digits in pairs from the right
大提示:
把最左边的一组 转换成一位九进制数字
Convert the leftmost pair into a base-nine digit
解答:
这个三进制表示有偶数位,因此九进制表示中最左边的一位来自 。这一组的值为 ,所以九进制表示的首位是 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The representation has an even number of base-three digits, so its leftmost base-nine digit comes from That pair has value so the first base-nine digit is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
17.
函数 在 时没有定义,但对所有非零实数 ,都有 满足方程 的实数有
The function is not defined for but, for all nonzero real numbers The equation is satisfied by
恰好一个
exactly one real number
恰好两个
exactly two real numbers
一个也没有
no real numbers
无穷多个,但并非所有非零实数
infinitely many, but not all, nonzero real numbers
所有非零实数
all nonzero real numbers
小提示:
把 替换为 ,再次应用已知关系式
Apply the given relation again after replacing by
大提示:
由两个方程解出 ,再比较它在 与 处的值
Solve the two equations for , then compare its values at and
解答:
把 替换为 ,得到 。解这两个线性方程,得到 因此 ,要使两者相等,必须有 。于是 ,即 。 与 都满足条件,所以恰有两个实数解。
所以正确答案是 B。
Replacing by gives Solving the two linear equations yields Hence so equality requires Thus or Both and work, giving exactly two real numbers.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
18.
方程 的实数解的个数为
The number of real solutions to the equation is
小提示:
利用奇对称性,先数出正数解
Use odd symmetry and first count the positive solutions
大提示:
只有位于 之前的正弦函数正半波可能与直线相交,其中第一个正半波要单独考虑
Only positive sine humps below can meet the line, with special care for the first hump
解答:
该方程关于原点对称,并有解 。在 内还有一个正数解。对每个 ,区间 上的正半波先升到直线 上方,再降到其下方,因而产生两个解。在 之后没有正数解,因为下一个正半波开始时已经超过 ,而 。所以正数解有 个,负数解同样多,再加上零本身,共有 个。
所以正确答案是 C。
The equation is odd-symmetric and has the solution On there is one further positive solution. For each the positive sine hump on rises above and then falls below it, giving two solutions. There are no positive solutions beyond , because the next positive hump begins above while Thus there are positive solutions, the same number negative, and zero itself:
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
19.
在 中, 是边 的中点, 平分 ,, 是 的度数。若边 和 的长度分别为 和 ,则 的长度等于
In is the midpoint of side bisects and is the measure of If sides and have lengths and respectively, then length equals
小提示:
延长 过 ,使它与 相交
Extend through to meet
大提示:
利用角平分线两侧的全等关系,再应用中位线定理
Use congruence across the angle bisector, then apply the midpoint theorem
解答:
延长 ,与 相交于 。直角三角形 与 全等,因为它们共有 ,且该线平分顶点 处的角。因此 被 平分,且 。由于 ,所以 。在三角形 中,点 和 分别是 和 的中点,因此 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Extend to meet at The right triangles and are congruent because is common and bisects the angle at Hence is bisected by and Since In triangle points and are the midpoints of and so
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
20.
一束光从点 出发,在同一平面内传播并反射 次,这些反射发生在直线 与 之间;随后它垂直射到点 (该点可以在 或 上),再沿原路返回 。(如附图所示,光线在每个反射点形成两个相等的角。图中画出的是 时的光路。)若 ,则 的最大可能值是多少?
A ray of light originates from point and travels in a plane, being reflected times between lines and before striking a point (which may be on or ) perpendicularly and retracing its path to (At each point of reflection the light makes two equal angles as indicated in the adjoining figure. The figure shows the light path for ) If what is the largest value can have?
不存在最大值。
There is no largest value.
小提示:
追踪光线与每一条连续反射直线之间的锐角
Track the acute angle between the ray and each successive reflecting line
大提示:
每次反射都会使该角增加楔形角
Each reflection advances that angle by the wedge angle
解答:
设 为光线起初与 之间的锐角。连续的外角关系表明,每次反射都会使相应的锐角增加 。最后垂直射到边界时,因此 ,所以 。最大可能整数为 ,此时 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let be the initial acute angle between the ray and Successive exterior-angle relations increase the corresponding acute angle by at each reflection. At the final perpendicular strike, Thus so The greatest integer possible is attained when
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
21.
一个三角形的三边长为 、、,并满足 则边长为 的边所对角的度数为
In a triangle with sides of lengths and The measure of the angle opposite the side of length is
小提示:
将左边展开为平方差
Expand the left side as a difference of squares
大提示:
把所得的 表达式与余弦定理比较
Compare the resulting expression for with the law of cosines
解答:
已知条件给出 ,所以 若 是边 所对的角,则余弦定理给出 。因此 ,所以 ,且 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The condition gives so If is opposite the law of cosines says Therefore so and
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
22.
在三维直角坐标系中,有多少条直线经过四个不同的形如 的点,其中 、、 都是不超过四的正整数?
How many lines in a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system pass through four distinct points of the form where and are positive integers not exceeding four?
小提示:
在这个 乘 乘 网格中,四个共线格点的各坐标步长必须为 或
Four collinear lattice points in this -by--by- grid must advance by coordinate steps or
大提示:
分别数出平行于坐标轴的直线、面对角线和空间对角线
Count axis-parallel lines, face-diagonal lines, and space diagonals separately
解答:
平行于坐标轴的直线有 条。对于沿面对角线的方向,先用 种方法选择两个变化的坐标,再选择 种对角线斜率之一,并用 种方法固定剩余坐标,共有 条。最后,立方体有 条空间对角线。因此总数为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
There are axis-parallel lines. For face-diagonal directions, choose the pair of varying coordinates in ways, choose one of diagonal slopes, and fix the remaining coordinate in ways, giving Finally, the cube has space diagonals. Thus the total is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
23.
等边 内接于一个圆。另一个圆在 处与外接圆内切,并与边 和 分别相切于点 和 。若边 的长度为 ,则线段 的长度为
Equilateral is inscribed in a circle. A second circle is tangent internally to the circumcircle at and tangent to sides and at points and If side has length then segment has length
小提示:
利用对称性,将两个圆心和 都置于从 引出的高上
Use symmetry to place both circle centers and on the altitude from
大提示:
利用 半角(其顶点为 ),把小圆半径与外接圆半径联系起来
Relate the smaller circle’s radius to the circumradius using the half-angle at
解答:
等边三角形的外接圆半径为 。若小圆半径为 ,其圆心在高上,离顶点的距离为 ,这个顶点是 ,因为圆心到任一边的距离为 ,而半角为 。由下端的内切关系可得 ,所以 。两边上的切点之间的距离为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The circumradius of the equilateral triangle is If the smaller radius is its center lies on the altitude and is from because its distance to either side is and the half-angle is Internal tangency at the bottom gives so The tangency points on the two sides are separated by
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
24.
若常数 满足 ,且 ,则对每个正整数 , 等于
If is a constant such that and then for each positive integer equals
25.
在附图的三角形 中, 和 将 三等分。、、 的长度分别为 、、。 的最短边长度为
In triangle in the adjoining figure, and trisect The lengths of and are and respectively. The length of the shortest side of is
根据已知信息无法唯一确定
not uniquely determined by the given information
小提示:
设三个相等的角均为 ,并对适当的子三角形应用角平分线定理
Let the three equal angles be , and apply the angle-bisector theorem to a suitable subtriangle
大提示:
在三个相邻三角形中写出 的余弦定理表达式,并令它们相等
Equate law-of-cosines expressions for in the three adjacent triangles
解答:
令 、、、。由于 平分 ,且 平分 ,角平分线定理给出 所以 ,且 。分别对三角形 、 和 应用余弦定理,并令它们共有的 值相等,得到 因此 ,且 。三边分别为 、、,所以最短边为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let and Since bisects and bisects the angle-bisector theorem gives so and Applying the law of cosines to triangles and and equating their common values gives Hence and The sides are and so the shortest is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
26.
爱丽丝、鲍勃和卡萝尔轮流反复掷一个骰子。爱丽丝先掷;爱丽丝之后总是轮到鲍勃;鲍勃之后总是轮到卡萝尔;卡萝尔之后总是轮到爱丽丝。求卡萝尔第一个掷出六点的概率。(每次掷出六点的概率为 ,且与其他任何一次投掷的结果相互独立。)
Alice, Bob, and Carol repeatedly take turns tossing a die. Alice begins; Bob always follows Alice; Carol always follows Bob; and Alice always follows Carol. Find the probability that Carol will be the first one to toss a six. (The probability of obtaining a six on any toss is independent of the outcome of any other toss.)
小提示:
要让卡萝尔在某一轮获胜,爱丽丝和鲍勃必须先失败,然后卡萝尔成功
For Carol to win in a given round, Alice and Bob must fail before Carol succeeds
大提示:
如果三人都失败,则过程以相同的概率重新开始
If all three fail, the process restarts with the same probabilities
解答:
卡萝尔在第一轮获胜的概率为 。完整一轮都没有出现六点的概率为 。因此所求的等比级数为
所以正确答案是 D。
Carol wins in the first round with probability A complete round with no six has probability Therefore the desired geometric series is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
27.
在附图中,三角形 内接于一个圆。点 位于 上,且 ;点 位于 上,且 。边 和 的长度都等于弦 的长度,并且 。弦 与边 和 分别相交于 和 。 的面积与 的面积之比为
In the adjoining figure triangle is inscribed in a circle. Point lies on with and point lies on with Side and side each have length equal to the length of chord and Chord intersects sides and at and respectively. The ratio of the area of to the area of is
小提示:
利用等弦找出相应的等弧和等腰三角形
Use equal chords to identify the relevant equal arcs and isosceles triangles
大提示:
令 ,求 时利用一个 -- 三角形
Normalize and find from a -- triangle
解答:
缩放使 。等弦对应的弧相等,由此可知三角形 是 -- 三角形,并且 。令 。则 ,所以 。等弦还给出 。因此
所以正确答案是 C。
Scale so The equal-chord arc relations show that triangle is -- and Put Then so Equal chords also give Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
28.
考虑所有形如 的方程,其中 、、 都是实常数,并且 ,其中 、、。令 为至少满足其中一个方程的最大正实数。则
Consider the set of all equations where are real constants and for Let be the largest positive real number which satisfies at least one of these equations. Then
小提示:
对于正数 ,要把根尽量向右推,各系数应取到其下界
For positive the coefficients that push a root farthest right take their lower bounds
大提示:
用两个相邻选项的端点夹住 的最大根
Bracket the largest root of at two consecutive choice endpoints
解答:
将一个允许的多项式记为 。当 时,其中 。因此,任何正根都不会超过最大根 (即 的最大根)。取 时 ,所以 本身可以取到。由于 可得 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Write an allowed polynomial as For where Thus no positive root can exceed the largest root of Taking gives so itself is attained. Since we have
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
29.
若 ,则方程 的所有实数解之和等于
If then the sum of the real solutions of is equal to
小提示:
主值平方根迫使
The principal square root forces
大提示:
平方一次后,分解一个含有 的差
After one squaring, factor a difference involving
解答:
由于 ,平方一次得到 。令 。则 ,且 ,所以 由于 ,可得 ,即 。因此 ,且 唯一的非负根为 ,并且它满足原方程。因此它也就是所有实数解之和。
所以正确答案是 E。
Since squaring once gives Let Then and so Since we have or Therefore and The only nonnegative root is and it satisfies the original equation. It is therefore also the sum of all real solutions.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
30.
若 、、、 是方程 的解,则一个以 为全部解的方程是
If are the solutions of the equation then an equation whose solutions are is
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
利用缺少三次项这一点求
Use the missing cubic term to find
大提示:
所列的每个表达式都会变成一个原方程根的负倒数
Each listed expression becomes the negative reciprocal of one original root
解答:
韦达定理给出 。例如,类似地,新方程的根为 、、、。令 ,并代入 。两边乘以 ,得到 ,即
所以正确答案是 D。
Vieta’s formulas give Thus, for example, and similarly the new roots are Put in Multiplying by gives or
Therefore, the correct answer is D.