1967 AMC 12 第 38 题

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38.

给定一个集合 SS,其中含有两种未定义的元素“pib”和“maa”,并给出以下四条公设:

P1\mathrm{P}_1:每个 pib 都是若干 maa 的集合。

P2\mathrm{P}_2:任意两个不同的 pib 恰好共有一个 maa。

P3\mathrm{P}_3:每个 maa 恰好属于两个 pib。

P4\mathrm{P}_4:恰好有四个 pib。

考虑以下三个定理:

T1\mathrm{T}_1:恰好有六个 maa。

T2\mathrm{T}_2:每个 pib 中恰好有三个 maa。

T3\mathrm{T}_3:对每个 maa,恰好有另一个 maa 不与它同属任何一个 pib。

可以由这些公设推出的定理是:

Given a set SS consisting of two undefined elements “pib” and “maa,” and the four postulates:

P1:\mathrm{P}_1: Every pib is a collection of maas.

P2:\mathrm{P}_2: Any two distinct pibs have one and only one maa in common.

P3:\mathrm{P}_3: Every maa belongs to two and only two pibs.

P4:\mathrm{P}_4: There are exactly four pibs.

Consider the three theorems:

T1:\mathrm{T}_1: There are exactly six maas.

T2:\mathrm{T}_2: There are exactly three maas in each pib.

T3:\mathrm{T}_3: For each maa there is exactly one other maa not in the same pib with it.

The theorems which are deducible from the postulates are:

T3\mathrm{T}_3

T3\mathrm{T}_3 only

T2\mathrm{T}_2T3\mathrm{T}_3

T2\mathrm{T}_2 and T3\mathrm{T}_3 only

T1\mathrm{T}_1T2\mathrm{T}_2

T1\mathrm{T}_1 and T2\mathrm{T}_2 only

T1\mathrm{T}_1T3\mathrm{T}_3

T1\mathrm{T}_1 and T3\mathrm{T}_3 only

全部三个

all

答案:E
知识点:基本计数图论逻辑推理
难度评级:2030
小提示:

将四个 pib 标记为 11223344

Label the four pibs 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and 44

大提示:

每个 maa 对应一对无序的 pib

Each maa corresponds to an unordered pair of pibs

解答:

将四个 pib 标记为 11223344。由 P2\mathrm P_2P3\mathrm P_3 可知,每个 maa 恰好是一对无序 pib 所共有的 maa。因此共有 (42)=6\binom42=6 个 maa,这就证明了 T1\mathrm T_1

固定一个 pib ii,它含有三个形如 ijij 的 maa,其中 jij\ne i,这证明了 T2\mathrm T_2。对于 maa ijij,唯一一个与它不共属任一 pib 的 maa,就是属于其余两个 pib 所成之互补对的 maa,这证明了 T3\mathrm T_3。因此三个定理都能推出。

因此,正确答案是 E

Label the four pibs 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and 4.4. By P2\mathrm P_2 and P3,\mathrm P_3, every maa is exactly the common maa of one unordered pair of pibs. Thus there are (42)=6\binom42=6 maas, proving T1.\mathrm T_1.

A fixed pib ii contains the three maas ijij with ji,j\ne i, proving T2.\mathrm T_2. For maa ij,ij, the unique maa sharing neither pib is the one belonging to the complementary pair of pibs, proving T3.\mathrm T_3. All three follow.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

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