2006 AMC 12B 真题

向下滚动并点击“开始”即可作答!或前往可打印 PDF答案,或由 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 精心整理的专业解答

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

或直接跳转到某一道题及其解答: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25

想通过互动视频课程系统学习吗?

了解 LIVE课程

计时

1:15:00

1.

求下式的值:(1)1+(1)2++(1)2006(-1)^1 + (-1)^2 + \cdots + (-1)^{2006}\text{?}

What is (1)1+(1)2++(1)2006?(-1)^1 + (-1)^2 + \cdots + (-1)^{2006}?

2006-2006

1-1

00

11

20062006

答案:C
知识点:指数配对与分组
难度评级:840
小提示:

(1)k(-1)^k 的值为 11(当 kk 为偶数)或 1-1(当 kk 为奇数)。

(1)k(-1)^k equals 11 when kk is even and 1-1 when kk is odd

大提示:

20062006 项分成连续的配对 (1)+1(-1)+1

Group the 20062006 terms into consecutive pairs (1)+1(-1)+1

解答:

因为奇数 kk(1)k=1(-1)^k = -1,偶数 kk(1)k=1(-1)^k = 1,各项交替为 1,1,1,1,-1, 1, -1, 1, \ldots

共有 20062006 项,可分成 10031003 对,每对都是 (1)+1=0(-1) + 1 = 0。总和为 00

因此,正确答案是 C

Since (1)k=1(-1)^k = -1 for odd kk and (1)k=1(-1)^k = 1 for even k,k, the terms alternate 1,1,1,1,-1, 1, -1, 1, \ldots

There are 20062006 terms, forming 10031003 pairs, each equal to (1)+1=0.(-1) + 1 = 0. The total is 0.0.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

对实数 xxyy,定义 xy=(x+y)(xy)x \spadesuit y = (x + y)(x - y)\text{。}3(45)3 \spadesuit (4 \spadesuit 5)

For real numbers xx and y,y, define xy=(x+y)(xy).x \spadesuit y = (x + y)(x - y). What is 3(45)?3 \spadesuit (4 \spadesuit 5)?

72-72

27-27

24-24

2424

7272

答案:A
难度评级:990
小提示:

xy=x2y2x \spadesuit y = x^2 - y^2

Note that xy=x2y2x \spadesuit y = x^2 - y^2

大提示:

先计算里面的 454 \spadesuit 5,再把运算应用一次

Evaluate the inner 454 \spadesuit 5 first, then apply the operation again

解答:

因为 xy=x2y2x \spadesuit y = x^2 - y^2,里面的值为 45=1625=94 \spadesuit 5 = 16 - 25 = -9

于是 3(9)=32(9)23 \spadesuit (-9) = 3^2 - (-9)^2 =981=72= 9 - 81 = -72

因此,正确答案是 A

Since xy=x2y2,x \spadesuit y = x^2 - y^2, the inner value is 45=1625=9.4 \spadesuit 5 = 16 - 25 = -9.

Then 3(9)=32(9)23 \spadesuit (-9) = 3^2 - (-9)^2 =981=72.= 9 - 81 = -72.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

Cougars 队和 Panthers 队进行了一场橄榄球比赛。两队总共得了 3434 分,Cougars 队以 1414 分的优势获胜。Panthers 队得了多少分?

A football game was played between two teams, the Cougars and the Panthers. The two teams scored a total of 3434 points, and the Cougars won by a margin of 1414 points. How many points did the Panthers score?

1010

1414

1717

2020

2424

答案:A
知识点:方程组
难度评级:940
小提示:

设两队得分为 ccpp,则 c+p=34c + p = 34,且 cp=14c - p = 14

Let cc and pp be the two scores, with c+p=34c + p = 34 and cp=14c - p = 14

大提示:

两个方程相减可得到 2p2p

Subtracting the two equations isolates 2p2p

解答:

设 Cougars 和 Panthers 的得分分别为 ccpp,则 c+p=34c + p = 34,且 cp=14c - p = 14

相减得 2p=202p = 20,所以 p=10p = 10

因此,正确答案是 A

Let cc and pp be the Cougars’ and Panthers’ scores. Then c+p=34c + p = 34 and cp=14.c - p = 14.

Subtracting gives 2p=20,2p = 20, so p=10.p = 10.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

Mary 准备在杂货店为五件商品付款。这些商品的价格分别为 $7.99\$7.99$4.99\$4.99$2.99\$2.99$1.99\$1.99,和 $0.99\$0.99。Mary 将用一张二十美元的纸币付款。她收到的找零约占 $20.00\$20.00 的百分之几?

Mary is about to pay for five items at the grocery store. The prices of the items are $7.99,\$7.99, $4.99,\$4.99, $2.99,\$2.99, $1.99,\$1.99, and $0.99.\$0.99. Mary will pay with a twenty-dollar bill. Which of the following is closest to the percentage of the $20.00\$20.00 that she will receive in change?

55

1010

1515

2020

2525

答案:A
知识点:估算百分数
难度评级:1080
小提示:

把每个价格四舍五入到最接近的美元,快速估计总价

Round each price to the nearest dollar to estimate the total quickly

大提示:

找零是 $20\$20 减去总价;把它与 $20\$20 比较成分数

The change is $20\$20 minus the total; compare it to $20\$20 as a fraction

解答:

商品价格总计 $18.95\$18.95,所以找零为 $1.05\$1.05。它占 $20.00\$20.00 的百分比为 1.0520100%=5.25% \frac{1.05}{20}\cdot100\% = 5.25\%\text{。}最接近的选项是 5%5\%

所以正确答案是 A

The prices total $18.95,\$18.95, so the change is $1.05.\$1.05. As a percentage of $20.00,\$20.00, this is 1.0520100%=5.25%. \frac{1.05}{20}\cdot100\% = 5.25\%. The closest listed percentage is 5%.5\%.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

5.

John 以每小时 33 英里的速度向东走,Bob 也向东走,但速度为每小时 55 英里。如果 Bob 现在在 John 以西 11 英里处,Bob 需要多少分钟才能追上 John?

John is walking east at a speed of 33 miles per hour, while Bob is also walking east, but at a speed of 55 miles per hour. If Bob is now 11 mile west of John, how many minutes will it take for Bob to catch up to John?

3030

5050

6060

9090

120120

答案:A
难度评级:1100
小提示:

Bob 缩短距离的速度是两人的速度差

Bob gains ground at the difference of the two speeds

大提示:

他要以每小时 535 - 3 英里的速度追上 11 英里的差距。

He must close a 11-mile gap at 535 - 3 miles per hour

解答:

Bob 以每小时 53=25 - 3 = 2 英里的相对速度缩短距离。追平 11 英里的差距需要 12\frac{1}{2} 小时,也就是 3030 分钟。

因此,正确答案是 A

Bob closes the gap at a relative speed of 53=25 - 3 = 2 miles per hour. To cover the 11-mile gap takes 12\frac{1}{2} hour, or 3030 minutes.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

Francesca 用 100100 克柠檬汁、100100 克糖和 400400 克水制作柠檬水。100100 克柠檬汁含有 2525 卡路里,100100 克糖含有 386386 卡路里。水不含卡路里。每 200200 克这种柠檬水含有多少卡路里?

Francesca uses 100100 grams of lemon juice, 100100 grams of sugar, and 400400 grams of water to make lemonade. There are 2525 calories in 100100 grams of lemon juice and 386386 calories in 100100 grams of sugar. Water contains no calories. How many calories are in 200200 grams of her lemonade?

129129

137137

174174

223223

411411

答案:B
知识点:比与比例
难度评级:1070
小提示:

先求整批柠檬水的总卡路里和总克数

Find the total calories and total grams of the whole batch first

大提示:

200200 克是整批 600600 克的三分之一

200200 grams is one third of the full 600600-gram batch

解答:

整批柠檬水重 100+100+400=600100 + 100 + 400 = 600 克,含有 25+386=41125 + 386 = 411 卡路里。

因为 200200 克是整批的三分之一,所以它含有 4113=137\frac{411}{3} = 137 卡路里。

因此,正确答案是 B

The full batch weighs 100+100+400=600100 + 100 + 400 = 600 grams and contains 25+386=41125 + 386 = 411 calories.

Since 200200 grams is one third of the batch, it has 4113=137\frac{411}{3} = 137 calories.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

Lopez 先生和 Lopez 太太有两个孩子。他们上家庭汽车时,两个人坐在前排,另外两个人坐在后排。Lopez 先生或 Lopez 太太必须坐在驾驶座。共有多少种座位安排?

Mr. and Mrs. Lopez have two children. When they get into their family car, two people sit in the front, and the other two sit in the back. Either Mr. Lopez or Mrs. Lopez must sit in the driver’s seat. How many seating arrangements are possible?

44

1212

1616

2424

4848

答案:B
难度评级:1180
小提示:

按顺序安排座位:驾驶座、副驾驶座,然后是两个后排座位

Fill the seats in order: driver, then front passenger, then the two back seats

大提示:

驾驶座有 22 种选择,副驾驶座有 33 种选择,后排有 22 种顺序

There are 22 choices for the driver and 33 for the front passenger, then 22 orders in back

解答:

驾驶员是两位父母之一:有 22 种选择。

剩下的 33 人中任意一人可以坐副驾驶座,最后 22 人坐后排,有 22 种顺序。

总数为 232=122 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 = 12

因此,正确答案是 B

The driver is one of the two parents: 22 choices.

Any of the remaining 33 people can sit in the front passenger seat, and the last 22 people fill the back in 22 orders.

The total is 232=12.2 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 = 12.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

直线 x=14y+a,y=14x+bx = \tfrac14 y + a, \qquad y = \tfrac14 x + b 相交于点 (1,2)(1, 2)。求 a+ba + b

The lines x=14y+a,y=14x+bx = \tfrac14 y + a, \qquad y = \tfrac14 x + b intersect at the point (1,2).(1, 2). What is a+b?a + b?

00

34\dfrac{3}{4}

11

22

94\dfrac{9}{4}

答案:E
知识点:方程组换元法
难度评级:1250
小提示:

x=1x = 1y=2y = 2 代入两个方程。

Substitute x=1x = 1 and y=2y = 2 into both equations

大提示:

分别解出 aabb,再相加

Solve each equation for aa and bb separately, then add

解答:

代入 (1,2)(1, 2),得到 1=24+aa=121 = \frac{2}{4} + a \quad\Rightarrow\quad a = \frac{1}{2}\text{,}2=14+bb=742 = \frac{1}{4} + b \quad\Rightarrow\quad b = \frac{7}{4}\text{。}

因此 a+b=12+74=94a + b = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{7}{4} = \frac{9}{4}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Substituting (1,2)(1, 2) gives 1=24+aa=12,1 = \frac{2}{4} + a \quad\Rightarrow\quad a = \frac{1}{2}, and 2=14+bb=74.2 = \frac{1}{4} + b \quad\Rightarrow\quad b = \frac{7}{4}.

Therefore a+b=12+74=94.a + b = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{7}{4} = \frac{9}{4}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

9.

有多少个三位偶数满足:从左到右读,它们的各位数字严格递增?

How many even three-digit integers have the property that their digits, read left to right, are in strictly increasing order?

2121

3434

5151

7272

150150

答案:B
难度评级:1390
小提示:

个位数字是偶数;前两个较小的数字都必须小于它

The units digit is even; the two smaller digits must both be less than it

大提示:

对每个偶数个位 cc 数出从小于 cc 的数字中选两个递增数字的方法数

For each even units digit c,c, count the ways to choose two increasing digits below cc

解答:

设三个数字为 a<b<ca \lt b \lt c,且 cc 为偶数。因为 a1a \geq 1,没有数字为零,并且 c2c \neq 2(没有两个更小的非零数字可选)。

一旦个位数字 cc 固定,任意两个小于它的不同数字都能按递增顺序唯一排列。因此每个 cc 的计数是 (c12)\binom{c-1}{2}

c=4,6,8c = 4, 6, 8 分别计数,得到 (32)+(52)+(72)=3+10+21=34 \begin{aligned} &\binom{3}{2} + \binom{5}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ \binom{7}{2} = 3 + 10 + 21 \\ &\quad = 34 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let the digits be a<b<ca \lt b \lt c with cc even. Since a1,a \geq 1, no digit is zero, and c2c \neq 2 (there is no room for two smaller nonzero digits).

Once the units digit cc is fixed, any two distinct digits below it can be arranged in increasing order in exactly one way. So the count for each cc is (c12).\binom{c-1}{2}.

For c=4,6,8c = 4, 6, 8 this gives (32)+(52)+(72)=3+10+21=34. \begin{aligned} &\binom{3}{2} + \binom{5}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ \binom{7}{2} = 3 + 10 + 21 \\ &\quad = 34. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

一个三角形的边长都是整数,其中一条边是第二条边的三倍,第三条边长为 1515。这个三角形的最大可能周长是多少?

In a triangle with integer side lengths, one side is three times as long as a second side, and the length of the third side is 15.15. What is the greatest possible perimeter of the triangle?

4343

4444

4545

4646

4747

答案:A
难度评级:1450
小提示:

设三边为 xx3x3x1515,再使用三角形不等式。

Let the sides be x,x, 3x,3x, and 15,15, then apply the triangle inequality

大提示:

起限制作用的条件是 x+15>3xx + 15 \gt 3x,它给出了 xx 的上界。

The binding condition is x+15>3x,x + 15 \gt 3x, which caps how large xx can be

解答:

设三边为 xx3x3x1515。三角形不等式要求 x+3x>15x + 3x \gt 15,所以 x4x \geq 4;且 x+15>3xx + 15 \gt 3x,所以 x7x \leq 7

周长 4x+154x + 15x=7x = 7 时最大,得到 7+21+15=437 + 21 + 15 = 43

因此,正确答案是 A

Let the sides be x,x, 3x,3x, and 15.15. The triangle inequality requires x+3x>15,x + 3x \gt 15, so x4,x \geq 4, and x+15>3x,x + 15 \gt 3x, so x7.x \leq 7.

The perimeter 4x+154x + 15 is largest when x=7,x = 7, giving 7+21+15=43.7 + 21 + 15 = 43.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

Joe 和 JoAnn 各自在 1616 盎司杯中买了 1212 盎司咖啡。Joe 喝掉 22 盎司咖啡后加入 22 盎司奶油。JoAnn 先加入 22 盎司奶油,充分搅拌后再喝掉 22 盎司。最后 Joe 的咖啡中奶油量与 JoAnn 的咖啡中奶油量之比是多少?

Joe and JoAnn each bought 1212 ounces of coffee in a 1616-ounce cup. Joe drank 22 ounces of his coffee and then added 22 ounces of cream. JoAnn added 22 ounces of cream, stirred the coffee well, and then drank 22 ounces. What is the resulting ratio of the amount of cream in Joe’s coffee to that in JoAnn’s coffee?

67\dfrac{6}{7}

1314\dfrac{13}{14}

11

1413\dfrac{14}{13}

76\dfrac{7}{6}

答案:E
难度评级:1510
小提示:

Joe 是喝完后才加奶油,所以他的 22 盎司奶油全部留下

Joe adds cream after drinking, so all 22 ounces of his cream remain

大提示:

JoAnn 从充分混合的 1414 盎司饮料中喝掉一部分,奶油按比例减少

JoAnn drinks from a well-mixed 1414-ounce cup, removing cream in proportion

解答:

Joe 最后加入奶油,所以杯中保留了全部 22 盎司奶油。

JoAnn 的杯中有 1414 盎司混合物,其中含 22 盎司奶油。喝掉 22 盎司会按比例移走 214\tfrac{2}{14} 的所有成分,剩下的奶油为 21214=1272 \cdot \frac{12}{14} = \frac{12}{7} 盎司。

比值为 2127=1412=76\frac{2}{\,\frac{12}{7}\,} = \frac{14}{12} = \frac{7}{6}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Joe adds the cream last, so his cup holds all 22 ounces of cream.

JoAnn’s cup has 1414 ounces of mixture containing 22 ounces of cream. Drinking 22 ounces removes a fraction 214\tfrac{2}{14} of everything, leaving 21214=1272 \cdot \frac{12}{14} = \frac{12}{7} ounces of cream.

The ratio is 2127=1412=76.\frac{2}{\,\frac{12}{7}\,} = \frac{14}{12} = \frac{7}{6}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

抛物线 y=ax2+bx+cy = ax^2 + bx + c 的顶点为 (p,p)(p, p),且 yy 轴截距为 (0,p)(0, -p),其中 p0p \neq 0。求 bb

The parabola y=ax2+bx+cy = ax^2 + bx + c has vertex (p,p)(p, p) and yy-intercept (0,p),(0, -p), where p0.p \neq 0. What is b?b?

p-p

00

22

44

pp

答案:D
难度评级:1530
小提示:

把抛物线写成顶点式 y=a(xp)2+py = a(x - p)^2 + p

Write the parabola in vertex form y=a(xp)2+py = a(x - p)^2 + p

大提示:

利用 yy 轴截距求出用 pp 表示的 aa,再读出 xx 的系数。

Use the yy-intercept to find aa in terms of p,p, then read off the coefficient of xx

解答:

顶点式为 y=a(xp)2+py = a(x - p)^2 + p

x=0x = 0 时,y=ap2+p=py = ap^2 + p = -p,所以 ap2=2pap^2 = -2p,且 a=2pa = -\dfrac{2}{p}

展开得 y=ax22apx+ap2+py = a x^2 - 2ap\, x + ap^2 + p,所以 b=2ap=2(2p)p=4b = -2ap = -2\left(-\dfrac{2}{p}\right)p = 4

因此,正确答案是 D

The vertex form is y=a(xp)2+p.y = a(x - p)^2 + p.

At x=0,x = 0, y=ap2+p=p,y = ap^2 + p = -p, so ap2=2pap^2 = -2p and a=2p.a = -\dfrac{2}{p}.

Expanding, y=ax22apx+ap2+p,y = a x^2 - 2ap\, x + ap^2 + p, so b=2ap=2(2p)p=4.b = -2ap = -2\left(-\dfrac{2}{p}\right)p = 4.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

菱形 ABCDABCD 与菱形 BFDEBFDE 相似。菱形 ABCDABCD 的面积为 2424,且 BAD=60\angle BAD = 60^\circ。菱形 BFDEBFDE 的面积是多少?

Rhombus ABCDABCD is similar to rhombus BFDE.BFDE. The area of rhombus ABCDABCD is 24,24, and BAD=60.\angle BAD = 60^\circ. What is the area of rhombus BFDE?BFDE?

66

434\sqrt{3}

88

99

636\sqrt{3}

答案:C
难度评级:1660
小提示:

因为 BAD=60\angle BAD = 60^\circ,三角形 ABDABD 是等边三角形,所以 BDBD 等于菱形的边长。

Since BAD=60,\angle BAD = 60^\circ, triangle ABDABD is equilateral, so BDBD equals a side

大提示:

若对角线交于 OO,则 ABO\triangle ABO 是一个 3030^\circ6060^\circ9090^\circ 三角形;比较长、短对角线

If the diagonals meet at O,O, then ABO\triangle ABO is a 3030^\circ6060^\circ9090^\circ triangle; compare the long and short diagonals

解答:

设菱形 ABCDABCD 的两条对角线交于 OO。它们互相垂直平分;又因为 BAD=60\angle BAD=60^\circ,所以三角形 ABOABO3030^\circ6060^\circ9090^\circ 三角形。因此两条半对角线满足 AO=3BOAO=\sqrt3\,BO

线段 BDBDABCDABCD 的短对角线,也是相似菱形 BFDEBFDE 的长对角线。因此小菱形与大菱形的长度之比为 BDAC=BOAO=13\frac{BD}{AC}=\frac{BO}{AO}=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}。面积按这个比的平方缩放,所以 BFDEBFDE 的面积为 2413=824\cdot\dfrac13=8

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the diagonals of ABCDABCD meet at O.O. They bisect each other at right angles, and since BAD=60,\angle BAD=60^\circ, triangle ABOABO is a 3030^\circ6060^\circ9090^\circ triangle. Hence the half-diagonals satisfy AO=3BO.AO=\sqrt3\,BO.

The segment BDBD is the short diagonal of ABCDABCD and the long diagonal of the similar rhombus BFDE.BFDE. Thus the smaller-to-larger length ratio is BDAC=BOAO=13.\frac{BD}{AC}=\frac{BO}{AO}=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}. Areas scale by the square of this ratio, so the area of BFDEBFDE is 2413=8.24\cdot\dfrac13=8.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

14.

Elmo 为筹款活动制作 NN 个三明治。每个三明治使用 BB 团花生酱,每团 44¢;以及 JJ 团果酱,每团 55¢。制作所有三明治所用花生酱和果酱的成本为 $2.53\$2.53。假设 BBJJNN 都是正整数,且 N>1N \gt 1。Elmo 制作这些三明治所用果酱的成本是多少?

Elmo makes NN sandwiches for a fundraiser. For each sandwich he uses BB globs of peanut butter at 44¢ per glob and JJ blobs of jam at 55¢ per blob. The cost of the peanut butter and jam to make all the sandwiches is $2.53.\$2.53. Assume that B,B, J,J, and NN are positive integers with N>1.N \gt 1. What is the cost of the jam Elmo uses to make the sandwiches?

$1.05\$1.05

$1.25\$1.25

$1.45\$1.45

$1.65\$1.65

$1.85\$1.85

答案:D
难度评级:1680
小提示:

总成本为 N(4B+5J)=253N(4B + 5J) = 253 美分;分解 253253

The total cost is N(4B+5J)=253N(4B + 5J) = 253 cents; factor 253253

大提示:

检验约数 N=11,23,253N = 11, 23, 253,并要求 BBJJ 都是正整数。

Test N=11,23,253,N = 11, 23, 253, then determine the numbers of peanut-butter globs BB and jam blobs JJ

解答:

以美分计,总成本为 N(4B+5J)=253=1123N(4B + 5J) = 253 = 11 \cdot 23。因为 N>1N \gt 1NN 的可能值为 11112323253253

N=253N = 2534B+5J=14B + 5J = 1;若 N=23N = 234B+5J=114B + 5J = 11;二者都没有正整数解。

所以 N=11N = 11,且 4B+5J=234B + 5J = 23,唯一的正整数解为 B=2B = 2J=3J = 3

果酱成本为 NJ5N \cdot J \cdot 5¢ =1135=165= 11 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 = 165 美分,即 $1.65\$1.65

因此,正确答案是 D

The total cost in cents is N(4B+5J)=253=1123.N(4B + 5J) = 253 = 11 \cdot 23. Since N>1,N \gt 1, the value of NN is 11,11, 23,23, or 253.253.

If N=253N = 253 then 4B+5J=1,4B + 5J = 1, and if N=23N = 23 then 4B+5J=11;4B + 5J = 11; neither has a positive integer solution.

So N=11N = 11 and 4B+5J=23,4B + 5J = 23, whose only positive solution is B=2,B = 2, J=3.J = 3.

The jam costs NJ5N \cdot J \cdot 5¢ =1135=165= 11 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 = 165 cents, or $1.65.\$1.65.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

圆心为 OOPP 的两个圆半径分别为 2244,并且外切。点 AABB 在圆心为 OO 的圆上,点 CCDD 在圆心为 PP 的圆上,使得 ADADBCBC 是两个圆的公外切线。六边形 AOBCPDAOBCPD 的面积是多少?

Circles with centers OO and PP have radii 22 and 4,4, respectively, and are externally tangent. Points AA and BB are on the circle centered at O,O, and points CC and DD are on the circle centered at P,P, such that ADAD and BCBC are common external tangents to the circles. What is the area of hexagon AOBCPD?AOBCPD?

18318\sqrt{3}

24224\sqrt{2}

3636

24324\sqrt{3}

32232\sqrt{2}

答案:B
难度评级:1680
小提示:

两圆圆心距离 OP=2+4=6OP = 2 + 4 = 6,到切点的半径垂直于切线。

The centers are OP=2+4=6OP = 2 + 4 = 6 apart, and the radii to the tangent points are perpendicular to the tangent

大提示:

AOPDAOPD 是直角梯形;用勾股定理求它的斜边,再把面积加倍

AOPDAOPD is a right trapezoid; find its slant side with the Pythagorean theorem, then double the area

解答:

两圆外切,所以 OP=2+4=6OP = 2 + 4 = 6。在四边形 AOPDAOPD 中,OA=2OA = 2PD=4PD = 4 都垂直于切线 ADAD,因此它是直角梯形。

OO 作平行于 ADAD 的直线,可形成一个直角三角形,斜边为 OP=6OP = 6,一条直角边为 PDOA=2PD - OA = 2,所以 AD=6222=32=42AD = \sqrt{6^2 - 2^2} = \sqrt{32} = 4\sqrt2

梯形 AOPDAOPD 的面积为 12(2+4)(42)=122\frac{1}{2}(2 + 4)(4\sqrt2) = 12\sqrt2\text{。}

由对称性,六边形 AOBCPDAOBCPD 由两个这样的梯形组成,所以面积为 2122=2422 \cdot 12\sqrt2 = 24\sqrt2

因此,正确答案是 B

The circles are externally tangent, so OP=2+4=6.OP = 2 + 4 = 6. In quadrilateral AOPD,AOPD, both OA=2OA = 2 and PD=4PD = 4 are perpendicular to the tangent line AD,AD, making it a right trapezoid.

Drawing the line through OO parallel to ADAD creates a right triangle with hypotenuse OP=6OP = 6 and one leg PDOA=2,PD - OA = 2, so AD=6222=32=42.AD = \sqrt{6^2 - 2^2} = \sqrt{32} = 4\sqrt2.

The trapezoid AOPDAOPD has area 12(2+4)(42)=122.\frac{1}{2}(2 + 4)(4\sqrt2) = 12\sqrt2.

By symmetry the hexagon AOBCPDAOBCPD is made of two such trapezoids, so its area is 2122=242.2 \cdot 12\sqrt2 = 24\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

正六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 的顶点 AACC 分别为 (0,0)(0, 0)(7,1)(7, 1)。它的面积是多少?

Regular hexagon ABCDEFABCDEF has vertices AA and CC at (0,0)(0, 0) and (7,1),(7, 1), respectively. What is its area?

20320\sqrt{3}

22322\sqrt{3}

25325\sqrt{3}

27327\sqrt{3}

5050

答案:C
难度评级:1740
小提示:

AACC 相隔两个顶点,所以 ACAC 是正六边形的一条短对角线

AA and CC are two vertices apart, so ACAC is a short diagonal of the hexagon

大提示:

若边长为 ss,短对角线为 s3s\sqrt3;面积为 332s2\dfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}s^2

For side length s,s, the short diagonal is s3;s\sqrt3; the area is 332s2\dfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}s^2

解答:

距离 AC=72+12=50AC = \sqrt{7^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{50}。正六边形边长为 ss 时,相隔两个顶点的距离为 s3s\sqrt3,所以 s23=50s^2 \cdot 3 = 50,即 s2=503s^2 = \dfrac{50}{3}

六边形面积为 332s2=332503=253\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}s^2 = \frac{3\sqrt3}{2} \cdot \frac{50}{3} = 25\sqrt3\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The distance is AC=72+12=50.AC = \sqrt{7^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{50}. In a regular hexagon with side s,s, the distance between vertices two apart is s3,s\sqrt3, so s23=50,s^2 \cdot 3 = 50, giving s2=503.s^2 = \dfrac{50}{3}.

The hexagon’s area is 332s2=332503=253.\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}s^2 = \frac{3\sqrt3}{2} \cdot \frac{50}{3} = 25\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

有一对特殊的骰子,每个骰子掷出 112233445566 的概率之比为 1:2:3:4:5:61 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6。掷这两个骰子,总和为 77 的概率是多少?

For a particular peculiar pair of dice, the probabilities of rolling 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, and 66 on each die are in the ratio 1:2:3:4:5:6.1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. What is the probability of rolling a total of 77 on the two dice?

463\dfrac{4}{63}

18\dfrac{1}{8}

863\dfrac{8}{63}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

27\dfrac{2}{7}

答案:C
难度评级:1740
小提示:

掷出 kk 的概率是 k1+2++6=k21\dfrac{k}{1+2+\cdots+6} = \dfrac{k}{21}

The probability of rolling kk is k1+2++6=k21\dfrac{k}{1+2+\cdots+6} = \dfrac{k}{21}

大提示:

对总和为 77 的各对数,求和 k217k21\dfrac{k}{21} \cdot \dfrac{7-k}{21}

Sum k217k21\dfrac{k}{21} \cdot \dfrac{7-k}{21} over the pairs that total 77

解答:

因为权重之和为 2121,掷出 kk 的概率为 k21\dfrac{k}{21}

总和为 77 来自 (1,6),(2,5),,(6,1)(1,6), (2,5), \ldots, (6,1),所以概率为 16+25+34+43+52+61212=56441=863 \begin{aligned} &\scriptsize \frac{1 \cdot 6 + 2 \cdot 5 + 3 \cdot 4 + 4 \cdot 3 + 5 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 1}{21^2} \\ &= \frac{56}{441} = \frac{8}{63} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Since the weights sum to 21,21, the probability of rolling kk is k21.\dfrac{k}{21}.

A total of 77 comes from (1,6),(2,5),,(6,1),(1,6), (2,5), \ldots, (6,1), so the probability is 16+25+34+43+52+61212=56441=863. \begin{aligned} &\scriptsize \frac{1 \cdot 6 + 2 \cdot 5 + 3 \cdot 4 + 4 \cdot 3 + 5 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 1}{21^2} \\ &= \frac{56}{441} = \frac{8}{63}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

平面上的一个物体从一个格点移动到另一个格点。每一步,物体可以向右、向左、向上或向下移动一个单位。如果物体从原点出发,走一条十步路径,那么终点可能有多少个不同的位置?

An object in the plane moves from one lattice point to another. At each step, the object may move one unit to the right, one unit to the left, one unit up, or one unit down. If the object starts at the origin and takes a ten-step path, how many different points could be the final point?

120120

121121

221221

230230

231231

答案:B
难度评级:1820
小提示:

1010 步后终点 (a,b)(a, b) 满足 a+b10|a| + |b| \le 10,且 a+ba + b 为偶数。

After 1010 steps the endpoint (a,b)(a, b) satisfies a+b10|a| + |b| \le 10 with a+ba + b even

大提示:

数出菱形 a+b10|a| + |b| \le 10 内坐标和为偶数的格点

Count lattice points with even coordinate sum inside the diamond a+b10|a| + |b| \le 10

解答:

每一步都会使坐标和改变 11,所以 1010 步后终点 (a,b)(a, b) 满足 a+ba + b 为偶数,且 a+b10|a| + |b| \le 10。任何这样的点都可到达:先走 a+b|a| + |b| 步到达它,再用剩下的偶数步往返。

可到达的点落在直线 a+b=2ka + b = 2k 上,其中 5k5-5 \le k \le 5。每条这样的直线与该菱形恰有 1111 个格点。

共有 1111 条直线,每条 1111 个点,因此共有 121121 个点。

因此,正确答案是 B

Each step changes the coordinate sum by 1,1, so after 1010 steps the endpoint (a,b)(a, b) has a+ba + b even, and a+b10.|a| + |b| \le 10. Any such point is reachable: walk a+b|a| + |b| steps to it, then use the remaining even number of steps going out and back.

The reachable points lie on the lines a+b=2ka + b = 2k for 5k5.-5 \le k \le 5. Each such line meets the diamond in exactly 1111 lattice points.

With 1111 lines and 1111 points each, there are 121121 points.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

Jones 先生有八个年龄各不相同的孩子。在一次家庭旅行中,他最大的孩子 99 岁,看到一块车牌上的 44 位数,其中两个数字各出现两次。她喊道:“看,爸爸!那个数能被我们每个孩子的年龄整除!” Jones 先生回答:“没错,而且最后两位数字刚好是我的年龄。”下列哪一个不是 Jones 先生某个孩子的年龄?

Mr. Jones has eight children of different ages. On a family trip his oldest child, who is 9,9, spots a license plate with a 44-digit number in which each of two digits appears two times. “Look, daddy!” she exclaims. “That number is evenly divisible by the age of each of us kids!” “That’s right,” replies Mr. Jones, “and the last two digits just happen to be my age.” Which of the following is not the age of one of Mr. Jones’s children?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:B
难度评级:1920
小提示:

最大的孩子 99 岁,所以该数能被 99 整除,迫使两个数字之和为 99

The oldest child is 9,9, so the number is divisible by 9,9, forcing the two digits to sum to 99

大提示:

一个以两位年龄结尾的数不能以 00 结尾,因此思考它必须避开哪个较小的年龄。

A number ending in a two-digit age cannot end in 0,0, so think about which small ages it must avoid

解答:

这个数的形式为 aabbaabbabababab,或 baabbaab。能被 99 整除说明 2(a+b)2(a + b)99 的倍数,所以 a+b=9a + b = 9

八个不同年龄是从 1199 的九个整数中的八个,所以年龄 4488 中至少出现一个。因此这个数能被 44 整除。可能性变为 1188,2772,36361188, 2772, 36365544,6336,7272,99005544, 6336, 7272, 9900

因为末两位是 Jones 先生的年龄,99009900 不可能,其余数也都不是 55 的倍数。所以孩子们的年龄不能包含 55。事实上,55445544 能被 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,91, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 整除。

所以正确答案是 B

The number has the form aabb,aabb, abab,abab, or baab.baab. Divisibility by 99 means 2(a+b)2(a + b) is a multiple of 9,9, so a+b=9.a + b = 9.

The eight distinct ages are eight of the nine integers from 11 through 9,9, so at least one of ages 44 and 88 occurs. Therefore the number is divisible by 4.4. The possibilities become 1188,2772,3636,1188, 2772, 3636, 5544,6336,7272,9900.5544, 6336, 7272, 9900.

Since the last two digits are Mr. Jones’s age, 99009900 is impossible, and none of the others is a multiple of 5.5. So the children’s ages cannot include 5.5. Indeed 55445544 is divisible by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9.1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

从区间 (0,1)(0, 1) 中随机选取 xx。满足 log104xlog10x=0\lfloor \log_{10} 4x \rfloor - \lfloor \log_{10} x \rfloor = 0 的概率是多少?这里 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。

Let xx be chosen at random from the interval (0,1).(0, 1). What is the probability that log104xlog10x=0?\lfloor \log_{10} 4x \rfloor - \lfloor \log_{10} x \rfloor = 0? Here x\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x.x.

18\dfrac{1}{8}

320\dfrac{3}{20}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

答案:C
难度评级:2090
小提示:

条件表示 xx4x4x 具有相同的十的幂数量级

The condition says xx and 4x4x have the same power-of-ten magnitude

大提示:

在每个区间 [10n,10n+1)[10^n, 10^{n+1}) 上,条件在 x<10n+14x \lt \dfrac{10^{n+1}}{4} 时成立。

On each interval [10n,10n+1),[10^n, 10^{n+1}), the condition holds for x<10n+14x \lt \dfrac{10^{n+1}}{4}

解答:

方程表示 log10x=log104x\lfloor \log_{10} x \rfloor = \lfloor \log_{10} 4x \rfloor,也就是 xx4x4x 位于同一区间 [10n,10n+1)[10^n, 10^{n+1})

这恰好在 10nx10^n \le x4x<10n+14x \lt 10^{n+1} 时成立,即 10nx<10n+1410^n \le x \lt \dfrac{10^{n+1}}{4}

[10n,10n+1)[10^n, 10^{n+1}) 内,有利部分所占比例为 10n+1410n10n+110n=1041101=16 \begin{aligned} &\frac{\frac{10^{n+1}}{4} - 10^n}{10^{n+1} - 10^n} \\ &= \frac{\frac{10}{4} - 1}{10 - 1} = \frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为这个比例在每个这样的区间上都相同,所以总概率为 16\dfrac{1}{6}

因此,正确答案是 C

The equation says log10x=log104x,\lfloor \log_{10} x \rfloor = \lfloor \log_{10} 4x \rfloor, i.e. xx and 4x4x lie in the same interval [10n,10n+1).[10^n, 10^{n+1}).

This holds exactly when 10nx10^n \le x and 4x<10n+1,4x \lt 10^{n+1}, that is 10nx<10n+14.10^n \le x \lt \dfrac{10^{n+1}}{4}.

Within [10n,10n+1),[10^n, 10^{n+1}), the favorable fraction is 10n+1410n10n+110n=1041101=16. \begin{aligned} &\frac{\frac{10^{n+1}}{4} - 10^n}{10^{n+1} - 10^n} \\ &= \frac{\frac{10}{4} - 1}{10 - 1} = \frac{1}{6}. \end{aligned}

Since this fraction is the same on every such interval, the overall probability is 16.\dfrac{1}{6}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

矩形 ABCDABCD 的面积为 20062006。一个面积为 2006π2006\pi 的椭圆经过 AACC,焦点在 BBDD。这个矩形的周长是多少?(椭圆面积为 πab\pi ab,其中 2a2a2b2b 是两条轴的长度。)

Rectangle ABCDABCD has area 2006.2006. An ellipse with area 2006π2006\pi passes through AA and CC and has foci at BB and D.D. What is the perimeter of the rectangle? (The area of an ellipse is πab,\pi ab, where 2a2a and 2b2b are the lengths of its axes.)

162006π\dfrac{16\sqrt{2006}}{\pi}

10034\dfrac{1003}{4}

810038\sqrt{1003}

620066\sqrt{2006}

321003π\dfrac{32\sqrt{1003}}{\pi}

答案:C
知识点:椭圆代数变形
难度评级:2150
小提示:

对该椭圆,从 AA 到两个焦点 B,DB, D 的距离和等于矩形的两条邻边之和。

For the ellipse, the sum of distances from AA to the foci B,DB, D equals a rectangle diagonal plus a side

大提示:

设边长为 x,yx, y,则 x+y=2ax + y = 2a,且对角线 x2+y2=2a2b2\sqrt{x^2 + y^2} = 2\sqrt{a^2 - b^2}

Let the sides be x,y;x, y; then x+y=2ax + y = 2a and the diagonal x2+y2=2a2b2\sqrt{x^2 + y^2} = 2\sqrt{a^2 - b^2}

解答:

设矩形边长为 xxyy。点 AA 在以 BBDD 为焦点的椭圆上,所以 x+y=AB+AD=2ax + y = AB + AD = 2a。两个焦点之间的距离是矩形对角线,所以 x2+y2=2a2b2\sqrt{x^2 + y^2} = 2\sqrt{a^2 - b^2}

因此 2xy=(x+y)2(x2+y2)2xy = (x + y)^2 - (x^2 + y^2) =4a2(4a24b2)= 4a^2 - (4a^2 - 4b^2) =4b2= 4b^2,所以 xy=2b2xy = 2b^2。由矩形面积可得 2b2=20062b^2 = 2006,从而 b2=1003b^2 = 1003

椭圆面积给出 πab=2006π\pi ab = 2006\pi,所以 ab=2006ab = 2006,且 a=20061003=21003a = \dfrac{2006}{\sqrt{1003}} = 2\sqrt{1003}

矩形周长为 2(x+y)=4a=810032(x + y) = 4a = 8\sqrt{1003}

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the rectangle’s sides be xx and y.y. Point AA is on the ellipse with foci BB and D,D, so x+y=AB+AD=2a.x + y = AB + AD = 2a. The distance between the foci is the diagonal, so x2+y2=2a2b2.\sqrt{x^2 + y^2} = 2\sqrt{a^2 - b^2}.

Then 2xy=(x+y)2(x2+y2)2xy = (x + y)^2 - (x^2 + y^2) =4a2(4a24b2)= 4a^2 - (4a^2 - 4b^2) =4b2,= 4b^2, so xy=2b2.xy = 2b^2. The area gives 2b2=2006,2b^2 = 2006, hence b2=1003.b^2 = 1003.

The ellipse area gives πab=2006π,\pi ab = 2006\pi, so ab=2006ab = 2006 and a=20061003=21003.a = \dfrac{2006}{\sqrt{1003}} = 2\sqrt{1003}.

The perimeter is 2(x+y)=4a=81003.2(x + y) = 4a = 8\sqrt{1003}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

aabbcc 为正整数,且 a+b+c=2006a + b + c = 2006,并且 a!b!c!=m10na!\,b!\,c! = m \cdot 10^n,其中 mmnn 为整数,且 mm 不能被 1010 整除。nn 的最小可能值是多少?

Suppose a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers with a+b+c=2006,a + b + c = 2006, and a!b!c!=m10n,a!\,b!\,c! = m \cdot 10^n, where mm and nn are integers and mm is not divisible by 10.10. What is the smallest possible value of n?n?

489489

492492

495495

498498

501501

答案:B
难度评级:2300
小提示:

因子 55 比因子 22 少,所以 nn 计数的是 a!b!c!a!\,b!\,c! 中因子 55 的个数。

Factors of 55 are scarcer than factors of 2,2, so nn counts the factors of 55 in a!b!c!a!\,b!\,c!

大提示:

对每个 55 的幂使用 x+y\lfloor x \rfloor + \lfloor y \rfloor +zx+y+z2+ \lfloor z \rfloor \ge \lfloor x + y + z \rfloor - 2

Use x+y\lfloor x \rfloor + \lfloor y \rfloor +zx+y+z2+ \lfloor z \rfloor \ge \lfloor x + y + z \rfloor - 2 at each power of 55

解答:

因子 22 比因子 55 充足,所以 nn 等于 a!b!c!a!\,b!\,c! 中因子 55 的个数,即 n=k1(a5k+b5k+c5k)n = \sum_{k \ge 1}\left(\left\lfloor \tfrac{a}{5^k}\right\rfloor + \left\lfloor \tfrac{b}{5^k}\right\rfloor + \left\lfloor \tfrac{c}{5^k}\right\rfloor\right)\text{。}

对每个 kka5k+b5k\lfloor \frac{a}{5^k} \rfloor + \lfloor \frac{b}{5^k} \rfloor +c5k+ \lfloor \frac{c}{5^k} \rfloor 20065k2\ge \lfloor \frac{2006}{5^k} \rfloor - 2。对 k=1,2,3,4k = 1, 2, 3, 4 求和(因为 2006<552006 \lt 5^5),得到 n(401+80+16+3)42=492 \begin{aligned} &n \ge (401 + 80 + 16 + 3) \\ &\quad {}- 4 \cdot 2 = 492 \end{aligned}\text{。}

等号可以达到,例如取 a=b=624a = b = 624c=758c = 758。所以最小值为 492492

因此,正确答案是 B

Since factors of 22 are more plentiful than factors of 5,5, nn equals the number of factors of 55 in a!b!c!,a!\,b!\,c!, namely n=k1(a5k+b5k+c5k).n = \sum_{k \ge 1}\left(\left\lfloor \tfrac{a}{5^k}\right\rfloor + \left\lfloor \tfrac{b}{5^k}\right\rfloor + \left\lfloor \tfrac{c}{5^k}\right\rfloor\right).

For each k,k, a5k+b5k\lfloor \frac{a}{5^k} \rfloor + \lfloor \frac{b}{5^k} \rfloor +c5k+ \lfloor \frac{c}{5^k} \rfloor 20065k2.\ge \lfloor \frac{2006}{5^k} \rfloor - 2. Summing over k=1,2,3,4k = 1, 2, 3, 4 (as 2006<552006 \lt 5^5) gives n(401+80+16+3)42=492. \begin{aligned} &n \ge (401 + 80 + 16 + 3) \\ &\quad {}- 4 \cdot 2 = 492. \end{aligned}

Equality is attainable, for example with a=b=624a = b = 624 and c=758.c = 758. So the minimum is 492.492.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

等腰 ABC\triangle ABCCC 处为直角。点 PPABC\triangle ABC 内部,且 PA=11PA = 11PB=7PB = 7PC=6PC = 6。直角边 AC\overline{AC}BC\overline{BC} 的长度为 s=a+b2s = \sqrt{a + b\sqrt{2}},其中 aabb 为正整数。求 a+ba + b

Isosceles ABC\triangle ABC has a right angle at C.C. Point PP is inside ABC,\triangle ABC, such that PA=11,PA = 11, PB=7,PB = 7, and PC=6.PC = 6. Legs AC\overline{AC} and BC\overline{BC} have length s=a+b2,s = \sqrt{a + b\sqrt{2}}, where aa and bb are positive integers. What is a+b?a + b?

8585

9191

108108

121121

127127

答案:E
难度评级:2390
小提示:

ABC\triangle ABCCC 旋转 9090^\circ,使 AA 映到 BB

Rotate ABC\triangle ABC by 9090^\circ about CC so that AA maps onto BB

大提示:

PP 的像与 PP 构成一个等腰直角三角形,从而确定 BPC\angle BPC

The image of PP forms an isosceles right triangle with P,P, which pins down BPC\angle BPC

解答:

ABC\triangle ABCCC 旋转 9090^\circ,使 AA 映到 BBPP 映到 PP'。则 CP=CP=6CP' = CP = 6,且 PCP=90\angle PCP' = 90^\circ,所以 PCP\triangle PCP' 是等腰直角三角形,PP=62PP' = 6\sqrt2

另外 BP=AP=11BP' = AP = 11。因为 (62)2+72=72+49(6\sqrt2)^2 + 7^2 = 72 + 49 =121=112= 121 = 11^2,三角形 BPPBPP'PP 处为直角。因此 BPC=BPP\angle BPC = \angle BPP' +PPC=90+ \angle P'PC = 90^\circ +45=135+ 45^\circ = 135^\circ

BPC\triangle BPC 中使用余弦定理:BC2=62+72267cos135=85+422 \begin{aligned} &BC^2 = 6^2 + 7^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 6 \cdot 7 \cos 135^\circ \\ &\quad = 85 + 42\sqrt2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 s2=85+422s^2 = 85 + 42\sqrt2,得到 a=85a = 85b=42b = 42,因此 a+b=127a + b = 127

因此,正确答案是 E

Rotate ABC\triangle ABC by 9090^\circ about C,C, sending AA to BB and PP to P.P'. Then CP=CP=6CP' = CP = 6 and PCP=90,\angle PCP' = 90^\circ, so PCP\triangle PCP' is an isosceles right triangle with PP=62.PP' = 6\sqrt2.

Also BP=AP=11.BP' = AP = 11. Since (62)2+72=72+49(6\sqrt2)^2 + 7^2 = 72 + 49 =121=112,= 121 = 11^2, triangle BPPBPP' has a right angle at P.P. Hence BPC=BPP\angle BPC = \angle BPP' +PPC=90+ \angle P'PC = 90^\circ +45=135.+ 45^\circ = 135^\circ.

By the Law of Cosines in BPC,\triangle BPC, BC2=62+72267cos135=85+422. \begin{aligned} &BC^2 = 6^2 + 7^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 6 \cdot 7 \cos 135^\circ \\ &\quad = 85 + 42\sqrt2. \end{aligned}

So s2=85+422,s^2 = 85 + 42\sqrt2, giving a=85,a = 85, b=42,b = 42, and a+b=127.a + b = 127.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

24.

SS 为坐标平面中所有满足 0xπ20 \le x \le \dfrac{\pi}{2}0yπ20 \le y \le \dfrac{\pi}{2} 的点 (x,y)(x, y) 的集合。SS 中满足下式的子集的面积是多少sin2xsinxsiny+sin2y34\sin^2 x - \sin x \sin y + \sin^2 y \le \frac{3}{4}\text{?}

Let SS be the set of all points (x,y)(x, y) in the coordinate plane such that 0xπ20 \le x \le \dfrac{\pi}{2} and 0yπ2.0 \le y \le \dfrac{\pi}{2}. What is the area of the subset of SS for which sin2xsinxsiny+sin2y34?\sin^2 x - \sin x \sin y + \sin^2 y \le \frac{3}{4}?

π29\dfrac{\pi^2}{9}

π28\dfrac{\pi^2}{8}

π26\dfrac{\pi^2}{6}

3π216\dfrac{3\pi^2}{16}

2π29\dfrac{2\pi^2}{9}

答案:C
难度评级:2480
小提示:

把表达式看作关于 sinx\sin x 的二次式,并求它等于 34\dfrac34 的位置

Treat the expression as a quadratic in sinx\sin x and find where it equals 34\dfrac34

大提示:

边界化为 sinx=sin ⁣(y±π3)\sin x = \sin\!\left(y \pm \dfrac{\pi}{3}\right),在 SS 中给出若干直线。

The boundary reduces to sinx=sin ⁣(y±π3),\sin x = \sin\!\left(y \pm \dfrac{\pi}{3}\right), giving straight lines in SS

解答:

固定 yy,把 sin2xsinxsiny+sin2y=34\sin^2 x - \sin x \sin y + \sin^2 y = \dfrac34 看作关于 sinx\sin x 的二次方程:sinx=12siny±32cosy=sin ⁣(y±π3) \begin{aligned} &\sin x = \frac{1}{2}\sin y \\ &\quad {}\pm \frac{\sqrt3}{2}\cos y \\ &\quad = \sin\!\left(y \pm \frac{\pi}{3}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

SS 内,sinx=sin ⁣(yπ3)\sin x = \sin\!\left(y - \tfrac{\pi}{3}\right) 给出直线 x=yπ3x = y - \tfrac{\pi}{3};而 sinx=sin ⁣(y+π3)\sin x = \sin\!\left(y + \tfrac{\pi}{3}\right)yπ6y \le \tfrac{\pi}{6} 时给出 x=y+π3x = y + \tfrac{\pi}{3},在 yπ6y \ge \tfrac{\pi}{6} 时给出 x=y+2π3x = -y + \tfrac{2\pi}{3}

这些直线把 SS 分成若干区域;检验角点可知不等式只在中间带状区域成立。其面积为 (π2)212(π3)2212(π6)2=π26 \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right)^2 \\ &\quad = \frac{\pi^2}{6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Fixing y,y, solve sin2xsinxsiny+sin2y=34\sin^2 x - \sin x \sin y + \sin^2 y = \dfrac34 as a quadratic in sinx:\sin x: sinx=12siny±32cosy=sin ⁣(y±π3). \begin{aligned} &\sin x = \frac{1}{2}\sin y \\ &\quad {}\pm \frac{\sqrt3}{2}\cos y \\ &\quad = \sin\!\left(y \pm \frac{\pi}{3}\right). \end{aligned}

Within S,S, sinx=sin ⁣(yπ3)\sin x = \sin\!\left(y - \tfrac{\pi}{3}\right) gives the line x=yπ3,x = y - \tfrac{\pi}{3}, while sinx=sin ⁣(y+π3)\sin x = \sin\!\left(y + \tfrac{\pi}{3}\right) gives x=y+π3x = y + \tfrac{\pi}{3} for yπ6y \le \tfrac{\pi}{6} and x=y+2π3x = -y + \tfrac{2\pi}{3} for yπ6.y \ge \tfrac{\pi}{6}.

These lines split SS into regions; testing the corners shows the inequality holds only in the middle band. Its area is (π2)212(π3)2212(π6)2=π26. \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right)^2 \\ &\quad = \frac{\pi^2}{6}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

非负整数序列 a1a_1a2a_2\ldots 由规则 an+2=an+1ana_{n+2} = |a_{n+1} - a_n|n1n \ge 1)定义。若 a1=999a_1 = 999a2<999a_2 \lt 999,且 a2006=1a_{2006} = 1,那么 a2a_2 可能有多少个不同的值?

A sequence a1,a_1, a2,a_2, \ldots of non-negative integers is defined by the rule an+2=an+1ana_{n+2} = |a_{n+1} - a_n| for n1.n \ge 1. If a1=999,a_1 = 999, a2<999,a_2 \lt 999, and a2006=1,a_{2006} = 1, how many different values of a2a_2 are possible?

165165

324324

495495

499499

660660

答案:B
难度评级:2520
小提示:

ana_nan+3a_{n+3} 总是同奇偶;结合 a2006=1a_{2006} = 1 使用这一点。

The terms ana_n and an+3a_{n+3} always share the same parity; use this with a2006=1a_{2006} = 1

大提示:

每一项都是 gcd(a1,a2)\gcd(a_1, a_2) 的倍数,所以 gcd(999,a2)=1\gcd(999, a_2) = 1;注意 999=3337999 = 3^3 \cdot 37

Every term is a multiple of gcd(a1,a2),\gcd(a_1, a_2), so gcd(999,a2)=1;\gcd(999, a_2) = 1; note 999=3337999 = 3^3 \cdot 37

解答:

递推规则给出 anan+3(mod2)a_n \equiv a_{n+3} \pmod 2,所以 a2a_2a2006=1a_{2006} = 1 的奇偶性相同,因此 a2a_2 是奇数。

每一项都是 gcd(a1,a2)\gcd(a_1, a_2) 的倍数,而 a2006=1a_{2006} = 1 迫使 gcd(999,a2)=1\gcd(999, a_2) = 1。因为 999=3337999 = 3^3 \cdot 37,所以 a2a_2 不能被 333737 整除。

区间 [1,998][1, 998] 中有 499499 个奇数;去掉 16616633 的倍数和 13133737 的倍数,再加回 44111111 的倍数,得到 49916613+4=324499 - 166 - 13 + 4 = 324\text{。}

每个这样的 a2a_2 都可行。对连续正项 u,vu,v,更新 (u,v)(v,vu)(u,v)\mapsto(v,|v-u|) 至多每两步就会减小两者的最大值。因为初始两项都不超过 999999,所以某个 aN=0a_N=0 会在 N1999N\le1999 时出现。

每对连续项的最大公因数不变,所以零之前的两个相等项都等于 gcd(999,a2)=1\gcd(999,a_2)=1。此后序列循环经过 1,1,01,1,0。最后,20062(mod3)2006\equiv2\pmod3,所以 a2006a_{2006}a2a_2 同为奇数;在这个循环中,它必定为 11

所以正确答案是 B

The rule gives anan+3(mod2),a_n \equiv a_{n+3} \pmod 2, so a2a_2 has the same parity as a2006=1;a_{2006} = 1; thus a2a_2 is odd.

Every term is a multiple of gcd(a1,a2),\gcd(a_1, a_2), and a2006=1a_{2006} = 1 forces gcd(999,a2)=1.\gcd(999, a_2) = 1. Since 999=3337,999 = 3^3 \cdot 37, we need a2a_2 not divisible by 33 or 37.37.

Among the odd integers in [1,998][1, 998] there are 499;499; removing the 166166 multiples of 33 and 1313 multiples of 37,37, then adding back the 44 multiples of 111,111, leaves 49916613+4=324.499 - 166 - 13 + 4 = 324.

Each such a2a_2 works. For consecutive positive terms u,v,u,v, the update (u,v)(v,vu)(u,v)\mapsto(v,|v-u|) reduces their maximum within at most two steps. Since both initial terms are at most 999,999, some aN=0a_N=0 occurs by N1999.N\le1999.

The gcd of each consecutive pair is invariant, so the equal terms immediately before that zero both equal gcd(999,a2)=1.\gcd(999,a_2)=1. The sequence then cycles through 1,1,0.1,1,0. Finally, 20062(mod3),2006\equiv2\pmod3, so a2006a_{2006} has the same odd parity as a2;a_2; in this cycle it must therefore be 1.1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.