1994 AMC 12 真题

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1.

44944999=4^4\cdot9^4\cdot4^9\cdot9^9=

131313^{13}

133613^{36}

361336^{13}

363636^{36}

1296261296^{26}

答案:C
知识点:laws of exponents因式分解
难度评级:960
小提示:

44 的幂与 99 的幂分别合并

Group the powers of 44 and the powers of 99

大提示:

两个底数的总指数都是 4+94+9

Both bases have total exponent 4+94+9

解答:

先合并同底数的幂,再将它们配对,44499499=413913=(49)13=3613 \begin{aligned} 4^4\cdot4^9\cdot9^4\cdot9^9 &=4^{13}9^{13}\\ &=(4\cdot9)^{13}\\ &=36^{13} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此正确答案是 C

Combining like bases and then pairing them, 44499499=413913=(49)13=3613. \begin{aligned} 4^4\cdot4^9\cdot9^4\cdot9^9 &=4^{13}9^{13}\\ &=(4\cdot9)^{13}\\ &=36^{13}. \end{aligned} Thus the correct answer is C.

2.

两条分别平行于边的线段将一个大长方形分成四个长方形。图中标出了其中三个长方形的面积。第四个长方形的面积是多少?

66 1414
? 3535

A large rectangle is partitioned into four rectangles by two segments parallel to its sides. The areas of three of the resulting rectangles are shown. What is the area of the fourth rectangle?

66 1414
? 3535

1010

1515

2020

2121

2525

答案:B
难度评级:960
小提示:

用变量表示两列的宽和两行的高

Represent the two column widths and two row heights by variables

大提示:

对角位置的两个面积之积相等

Products of diagonally opposite areas are equal

解答:

设两列的宽分别为 u,vu,v,两行的高分别为 s,ts,t。图中面积给出 us=6us=6vs=14vs=14vt=35vt=35。因此缺少的面积为 ut=(us)(vt)vs=63514=15 ut=\frac{(us)(vt)}{vs}=\frac{6\cdot35}{14}=15\text{。}所以正确答案是 B

Let the column widths be u,vu,v and the row heights be s,t.s,t. The displayed areas give us=6,us=6, vs=14,vs=14, and vt=35.vt=35. Therefore the missing area is ut=(us)(vt)vs=63514=15. ut=\frac{(us)(vt)}{vs}=\frac{6\cdot35}{14}=15. Thus the correct answer is B.

3.

下列式子中有几个恒等于 xx+xxx^x+x^x,并且对所有 x>0x\gt0 都成立?I:2xxII:x2xIII:(2x)xIV:(2x)2x \begin{aligned} \mathrm{I:}\quad&2x^x\\ \mathrm{II:}\quad&x^{2x}\\ \mathrm{III:}\quad&(2x)^x\\ \mathrm{IV:}\quad&(2x)^{2x} \end{aligned}

How many of the following are equal to xx+xxx^x+x^x for all x>0?x\gt0? I:2xxII:x2xIII:(2x)xIV:(2x)2x \begin{aligned} \mathrm{I:}\quad&2x^x\\ \mathrm{II:}\quad&x^{2x}\\ \mathrm{III:}\quad&(2x)^x\\ \mathrm{IV:}\quad&(2x)^{2x} \end{aligned}

00

11

22

33

44

答案:B
难度评级:1260
小提示:

先合并两个相同的项

First combine the two identical terms

大提示:

检验改变底数或指数后是否仍保持 2xx2x^x,并且对每个 xx 都成立

Test whether changing the base or exponent preserves 2xx2x^x for every xx

解答:

给定的和为 2xx2x^x,所以式 I 恒等于它。式 II 在 x=1x=1 时不成立,此时它的值为 11,而不是 22。式 III 在 x=2x=2 时不成立,此时它的值为 1616,而不是 88。式 IV 在 x=1x=1 时不成立,此时它的值为 44,而不是 22。因此只有一个式子符合要求。所以正确答案是 B

The given sum is 2xx,2x^x, so expression I is always equal to it. Expression II fails at x=1,x=1, where its value is 11 instead of 2.2. Expression III fails at x=2,x=2, where its value is 1616 instead of 8.8. Expression IV fails at x=1,x=1, where its value is 44 instead of 2.2. Hence only one expression works. Thus the correct answer is B.

4.

xyxy 平面内,端点为 (5,0)(-5,0)(25,0)(25,0) 的线段是一圆的直径。若点 (x,15)(x,15) 在此圆上,则 x=x=

In the xyxy-plane, the segment with endpoints (5,0)(-5,0) and (25,0)(25,0) is the diameter of a circle. If the point (x,15)(x,15) is on the circle, then x=x=

1010

12.512.5

1515

17.517.5

2020

答案:A
难度评级:1070
小提示:

由直径的两个端点求出圆心和半径

Find the center and radius from the diameter endpoints

大提示:

该点到圆心的竖直距离已经等于半径

The point’s vertical distance from the center already equals the radius

解答:

圆心是 (10,0)(10,0),半径是 1515。因此 (x10)2+152=152 (x-10)^2+15^2=15^2\text{,}所以 x=10x=10。故正确答案是 A

The center is (10,0)(10,0) and the radius is 15.15. Thus (x10)2+152=152, (x-10)^2+15^2=15^2, so x=10.x=10. Thus the correct answer is A.

5.

帕特原本想把一个数乘以 66,却误将它除以 66。接着,帕特原本想加上 1414,却误减去 1414。这些错误运算的结果为 1616。若使用正确的运算,所得结果将

Pat intended to multiply a number by 66 but instead divided by 6.6. Pat then meant to add 1414 but instead subtracted 14.14. After these mistakes, the result was 16.16. If the correct operations had been used, the value produced would have been

小于 400400

less than 400400

400400600600 之间

between 400400 and 600600

600600800800 之间

between 600600 and 800800

80080010001000 之间

between 800800 and 10001000

大于 10001000

greater than 10001000

答案:E
难度评级:890
小提示:

逆向撤销错误的减法和除法,求出起始数

Undo the mistaken subtraction and division to recover the starting number

大提示:

对这个起始数计算 6x+146x+14

Apply 6x+146x+14 to that starting number

解答:

若起始数为 xx,错误的计算给出 x614=16 \frac{x}{6}-14=16\text{,}所以 x=180x=180。正确的计算应得到 6(180)+14=10946(180)+14=1094,它大于 10001000。因此正确答案是 E

If the starting number is x,x, the mistaken calculation gives x614=16, \frac{x}{6}-14=16, so x=180.x=180. The intended calculation would produce 6(180)+14=1094,6(180)+14=1094, which is greater than 1000.1000. Thus the correct answer is E.

6.

数列 ,a,b,c,d,0,1,1,2,3,5,8, \ldots,a,b,c,d,0,1,1,2,3,5,8,\ldots 中的每一项都是它左边两项之和。求 aa

In the sequence ,a,b,c,d,0,1,1,2,3,5,8, \ldots,a,b,c,d,0,1,1,2,3,5,8,\ldots each term is the sum of the two terms to its left. Find a.a.

3-3

1-1

00

11

33

答案:A
难度评级:1150
小提示:

用已知项减去它前面的一项,逐项向前推

Work backward by subtracting the preceding known term

大提示:

先依次求出 d,c,bd,c,b,再求 aa

Determine d,c,bd,c,b in that order before finding aa

解答:

向前推算,由 d+0=1d+0=1d=1d=1,再由 c+d=0c+d=0c=1c=-1,由 b+c=db+c=db=2b=2。最后 a+b=ca+b=c,所以 a=12=3a=-1-2=-3。因此正确答案是 A

Working backward, d+0=1d+0=1 gives d=1,d=1, then c+d=0c+d=0 gives c=1,c=-1, and b+c=db+c=d gives b=2.b=2. Finally a+b=c,a+b=c, so a=12=3.a=-1-2=-3. Thus the correct answer is A.

7.

正方形 ABCDABCDEFGHEFGH 全等,AB=10AB=10,且 GG 是正方形 ABCDABCD 的中心。这两个正方形在平面上覆盖区域的面积是

Squares ABCDABCD and EFGHEFGH are congruent, AB=10,AB=10, and GG is the center of square ABCD.ABCD. The area of the region in the plane covered by these squares is

7575

100100

125125

150150

175175

答案:E
难度评级:1460
小提示:

重叠部分是三角形 GABGAB

The overlap is triangle GABGAB

大提示:

从中心 GG 到边 AB\overline{AB} 的距离是 55

The distance from the center GG to side AB\overline{AB} is 55

解答:

每个正方形的面积都是 100100。它们的重叠部分是 GAB\triangle GAB,其底为 AB=10AB=10,从中心 GGAB\overline{AB} 的高为 55。其面积为 12(10)(5)=25\frac12(10)(5)=25。因此并集面积为 100+10025=175100+100-25=175。所以正确答案是 E

Each square has area 100.100. Their overlap is GAB,\triangle GAB, whose base is AB=10AB=10 and whose altitude from the center GG to AB\overline{AB} is 5.5. Its area is 12(10)(5)=25.\frac12(10)(5)=25. Hence the union has area 100+10025=175.100+100-25=175. Thus the correct answer is E.

8.

在图示多边形中,每条边都与相邻的边垂直,并且全部 2828 条边均全等。该多边形的周长为 5656。多边形所围区域的面积是

In the polygon shown, each side is perpendicular to its adjacent sides, and all 2828 of the sides are congruent. The perimeter of the polygon is 56.56. The area of the region bounded by the polygon is

8484

9696

100100

112112

196196

答案:C
难度评级:1180
小提示:

每条边的长度是 5628\frac{56}{28}

Each side has length 5628\frac{56}{28}

大提示:

以一条边长为单位,把图形分成宽度依次为 1,3,5,7,5,3,11,3,5,7,5,3,1 的水平条带

In units of one side length, split the shape into horizontal strips of widths 1,3,5,7,5,3,11,3,5,7,5,3,1

解答:

每条边长为 22。以边长为单位,七个水平条带的宽度为 1,3,5,7,5,3,1 1,3,5,7,5,3,1\text{,}总计 2525 个单位正方形。每个正方形的面积为 22=42^2=4,所以多边形的面积为 254=10025\cdot4=100。因此正确答案是 C

Each side has length 2.2. Measured in side-length units, the seven horizontal strips have widths 1,3,5,7,5,3,1, 1,3,5,7,5,3,1, totaling 2525 unit squares. Each such square has area 22=4,2^2=4, so the polygon’s area is 254=100.25\cdot4=100. Thus the correct answer is C.

9.

A\angle AB\angle B 的四倍,并且 B\angle B 的余角是 A\angle A 的余角的四倍,则 B=\angle B=

If A\angle A is four times B,\angle B, and the complement of B\angle B is four times the complement of A,\angle A, then B=\angle B=

1010^\circ

1212^\circ

1515^\circ

1818^\circ

22.522.5^\circ

答案:D
难度评级:1260
小提示:

B=x\angle B=x,并写出 A=4x\angle A=4x

Let B=x\angle B=x and write A=4x\angle A=4x

大提示:

把第二个条件写成 90x=4(904x)90-x=4(90-4x)

Translate the second condition as 90x=4(904x)90-x=4(90-4x)

解答:

B=x\angle B=x,则 A=4x\angle A=4x。余角条件给出 90x=4(904x) 90-x=4(90-4x)\text{。}因此 15x=27015x=270,且 x=18x=18^\circ。所以正确答案是 D

Let B=x,\angle B=x, so A=4x.\angle A=4x. The complement condition gives 90x=4(904x). 90-x=4(90-4x). Hence 15x=27015x=270 and x=18.x=18^\circ. Thus the correct answer is D.

10.

对于两个不同的实数 xxyy,令 M(x,y)M(x,y) 表示 xxyy 中较大的数,令 m(x,y)m(x,y) 表示 xxyy 中较小的数。若 a<b<c<d<e a\lt b\lt c\lt d\lt e\text{,}M(M(a,m(b,c)),m(d,m(a,e)))= \begin{aligned} &M\bigl(M(a,m(b,c)),\\ &\qquad m(d,m(a,e))\bigr)= \end{aligned}

For distinct real numbers xx and y,y, let M(x,y)M(x,y) be the larger of xx and yy and let m(x,y)m(x,y) be the smaller of xx and y.y. If a<b<c<d<e, a\lt b\lt c\lt d\lt e, then M(M(a,m(b,c)),m(d,m(a,e)))= \begin{aligned} &M\bigl(M(a,m(b,c)),\\ &\qquad m(d,m(a,e))\bigr)= \end{aligned}

aa

bb

cc

dd

ee

答案:B
难度评级:1590
小提示:

先计算最内层的 mm 表达式

Evaluate the innermost mm expressions first

大提示:

最外层 MM 的两个自变量分别化为 bbaa

The two arguments of the outermost MM reduce to bb and aa

解答:

由已知顺序,m(b,c)=bm(b,c)=b,所以 M(a,m(b,c))=M(a,b)=bM(a,m(b,c))=M(a,b)=b。此外,m(a,e)=am(a,e)=a,因此 m(d,m(a,e))=m(d,a)=am(d,m(a,e))=m(d,a)=a。最外层表达式为 M(b,a)=bM(b,a)=b。所以正确答案是 B

From the ordering, m(b,c)=b,m(b,c)=b, so M(a,m(b,c))=M(a,b)=b.M(a,m(b,c))=M(a,b)=b. Also m(a,e)=a,m(a,e)=a, hence m(d,m(a,e))=m(d,a)=a.m(d,m(a,e))=m(d,a)=a. The outer expression is therefore M(b,a)=b.M(b,a)=b. Thus the correct answer is B.

11.

三个体积分别为 11882727 的立方体沿着面粘在一起。所得组合体可能达到的最小表面积是

Three cubes of volume 1,1, 88 and 2727 are glued together at their faces. The smallest possible surface area of the resulting configuration is

3636

5656

7070

7272

7474

答案:D
难度评级:1900
小提示:

三个立方体的边长分别为 1,21,233

The cube side lengths are 1,2,1,2, and 33

大提示:

要使外露面积最小,就要使粘合面的总面积最大

Minimize exposed area by maximizing the total areas of glued face portions

解答:

粘合前的总表面积为 6(12+22+32)=84 6(1^2+2^2+3^2)=84\text{。}边长为 22 的立方体可以共用面积为 44 的面与边长为 33 的立方体粘合;把边长为 11 的立方体放在它们的公共棱处,它就能与两个较大的立方体各共用面积为 11 的面。因此总接触面积为 66。每块粘合面积会去掉两份外露面,得到 842(6)=7284-2(6)=72。任意两个立方体共用的面积都不可能超过较小立方体的一个面,所以这里的接触面积已达到最大,表面积也达到最小。因此正确答案是 D

Before gluing, the total surface area is 6(12+22+32)=84. 6(1^2+2^2+3^2)=84. The side-22 cube can share area 44 with the side-33 cube, while the side-11 cube is placed at their common edge so that it shares area 11 with each larger cube. Thus the total contact area is 6.6. Each glued area removes two exposed copies, giving 842(6)=72.84-2(6)=72. No pair can share more than the smaller face, so this is maximal contact and minimal surface area. Thus the correct answer is D.

12.

i2=1i^2=-1,则 (ii1)1= \left(i-i^{-1}\right)^{-1}=

If i2=1,i^2=-1, then (ii1)1= \left(i-i^{-1}\right)^{-1}=

00

2i-2i

2i2i

i2-\frac{i}{2}

i2\frac{i}{2}

答案:D
难度评级:1570
小提示:

使用 i1=ii^{-1}=-i

Use i1=ii^{-1}=-i

大提示:

化简括号内的式子后,将 12i\frac{1}{2i} 的分母有理化

After simplifying the parentheses, rationalize 12i\frac{1}{2i}

解答:

因为 i1=ii^{-1}=-i(ii1)1=(i+i)1=12i=i2 \begin{aligned} \left(i-i^{-1}\right)^{-1} &=(i+i)^{-1}\\ &=\frac1{2i}\\ &=-\frac i2 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以正确答案是 D

Because i1=i,i^{-1}=-i, (ii1)1=(i+i)1=12i=i2. \begin{aligned} \left(i-i^{-1}\right)^{-1} &=(i+i)^{-1}\\ &=\frac1{2i}\\ &=-\frac i2. \end{aligned} Thus the correct answer is D.

13.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=ACAB=AC。若有一点 PP 严格位于 AABB 之间,使得 AP=PC=CBAP=PC=CB,则 A=\angle A=

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=AC.AB=AC. If there is a point PP strictly between AA and BB such that AP=PC=CB,AP=PC=CB, then A=\angle A=

3030^\circ

3636^\circ

4848^\circ

6060^\circ

7272^\circ

答案:B
难度评级:1960
小提示:

A=θ\angle A=\theta,并使用 AP=PCAP=PC 来研究 APC\triangle APC

Let A=θ\angle A=\theta and use AP=PCAP=PC in APC\triangle APC

大提示:

利用 PC=CBPC=CB,把 PCB\angle PCBABC\triangle ABC 的一个底角联系起来

Use PC=CBPC=CB to relate PCB\angle PCB to a base angle of ABC\triangle ABC

解答:

A=θ\angle A=\theta。由于 AP=PCAP=PC,三角形 APCAPC 中有 PAC=PCA=θ\angle PAC=\angle PCA=\theta。由于 AB=ACAB=ACABC\triangle ABC 的每个底角都是 180θ2\frac{180^\circ-\theta}{2}。又因为 PC=CBPC=CB,所以 PCB\triangle PCBPPBB 处的底角相等;其中 BB 处的角为 180θ2\frac{180^\circ-\theta}{2}。因此 PCB=θ\angle PCB=\theta。在 CC 处,2θ=180θ2 2\theta=\frac{180^\circ-\theta}{2}\text{,}从而 5θ=1805\theta=180^\circ,且 θ=36\theta=36^\circ。所以正确答案是 B

Let A=θ.\angle A=\theta. Since AP=PC,AP=PC, triangle APCAPC has PAC=PCA=θ.\angle PAC=\angle PCA=\theta. Since AB=AC,AB=AC, each base angle of ABC\triangle ABC is 180θ2.\frac{180^\circ-\theta}{2}. Also PC=CB,PC=CB, so the base angles of PCB\triangle PCB at PP and BB are equal; the one at BB is 180θ2.\frac{180^\circ-\theta}{2}. Hence PCB=θ.\angle PCB=\theta. At C,C, 2θ=180θ2, 2\theta=\frac{180^\circ-\theta}{2}, giving 5θ=1805\theta=180^\circ and θ=36.\theta=36^\circ. Thus the correct answer is B.

14.

求下列等差级数的和:20+2015+2025++40 20+20\frac15+20\frac25+\cdots+40\text{。}

Find the sum of the arithmetic series 20+2015+2025++40. 20+20\frac15+20\frac25+\cdots+40.

30003000

30303030

31503150

41004100

60006000

答案:B
难度评级:1420
小提示:

公差是 15\frac{1}{5}

The common difference is 15\frac{1}{5}

大提示:

先求项数,再乘以首末两项的平均数

Find the number of terms, then multiply by the average of the endpoints

解答:

项数为 402015+1=101 \frac{40-20}{\frac{1}{5}}+1=101\text{。}各项的平均数是 20+402=30\frac{20+40}{2}=30,所以总和是 10130=3030101\cdot30=3030。因此正确答案是 B

The number of terms is 402015+1=101. \frac{40-20}{\frac{1}{5}}+1=101. Their average is 20+402=30,\frac{20+40}{2}=30, so the sum is 10130=3030.101\cdot30=3030. Thus the correct answer is B.

15.

有多少个 nn 属于 {1,2,3,,100}\{1,2,3,\ldots,100\},且 n2n^2 的十位数字是奇数?

For how many nn in {1,2,3,,100}\{1,2,3,\ldots,100\} is the tens digit of n2n^2 odd?

1010

2020

3030

4040

5050

答案:B
难度评级:1750
小提示:

n2n^2 的十位数字的奇偶性只取决于 nn 的个位数字

The parity of the tens digit of n2n^2 depends only on the units digit of nn

大提示:

检查十种可能的个位数字的平方

Check the squares of the ten possible units digits

解答:

写成 n=10a+bn=10a+b。模 100100 意义下,n220ab+b2 n^2\equiv20ab+b^2\text{。}20ab20ab 使十位数字改变一个偶数,所以只需考虑 b2b^2 的十位数字。在 b=0,1,,9b=0,1,\ldots,9 中,只有 b=4b=4b=6b=6 时该数字为奇数。从 11100100 中,每种个位数字都出现 1010 次,所以共有 210=202\cdot10=20 个。因此正确答案是 B

Write n=10a+b.n=10a+b. Modulo 100,100, n220ab+b2. n^2\equiv20ab+b^2. The term 20ab20ab changes the tens digit by an even amount, so only the tens digit of b2b^2 matters. Among b=0,1,,9,b=0,1,\ldots,9, it is odd only for b=4b=4 and b=6.b=6. Each units digit occurs 1010 times from 11 through 100,100, giving 210=20.2\cdot10=20. Thus the correct answer is B.

16.

一个袋子里有一些红色弹珠,其余都是蓝色弹珠。若取走一颗红色弹珠,剩余弹珠中红色弹珠占七分之一;若不取走红色弹珠而改为取走两颗蓝色弹珠,剩余弹珠中红色弹珠占五分之一。袋子里原来有多少颗弹珠?

Some marbles in a bag are red and the rest are blue. If one red marble is removed, then one-seventh of the remaining marbles are red. If two blue marbles are removed instead of one red, then one-fifth of the remaining marbles are red. How many marbles were in the bag originally?

88

2222

3636

5757

7171

答案:B
难度评级:1510
小提示:

设红色弹珠数为 RR,弹珠总数为 TT

Let RR be the red count and TT the total count

大提示:

把两种操作分别写成 R1T1=17\frac{R-1}{T-1}=\frac{1}{7}RT2=15\frac{R}{T-2}=\frac{1}{5}

Translate the two experiments into R1T1=17\frac{R-1}{T-1}=\frac{1}{7} and RT2=15\frac{R}{T-2}=\frac{1}{5}

解答:

两个条件给出 R1T1=17\frac{R-1}{T-1}=\frac17RT2=15\frac{R}{T-2}=\frac15。因此 T=7R6T=7R-6T=5R+2T=5R+2。于是 R=4R=4T=22T=22。所以正确答案是 B

The two conditions give R1T1=17\frac{R-1}{T-1}=\frac17 and RT2=15.\frac{R}{T-2}=\frac15. Thus T=7R6T=7R-6 and T=5R+2.T=5R+2. Hence R=4R=4 and T=22.T=22. Thus the correct answer is B.

17.

一个长为 88、宽为 222\sqrt2 的长方形与一个半径为 22 的圆有相同的中心。长方形与圆的公共区域面积是

An 88 by 222\sqrt2 rectangle has the same center as a circle of radius 2.2. The area of the region common to both the rectangle and the circle is

2π2\pi

2π+22\pi+2

4π44\pi-4

2π+42\pi+4

4π24\pi-2

答案:D
难度评级:1960
小提示:

长方形从圆中截去了两个全等的弓形

The rectangle removes two congruent caps from the circle

大提示:

弓形的弦到圆心的距离为 2\sqrt2,所以它所对圆心角的一半为 4545^\circ

The cap chord is at distance 2\sqrt2 from the center, so its half central angle is 4545^\circ

解答:

长方形比圆宽,所以公共区域是圆去掉与圆心距离超过 2\sqrt2 的上、下两个弓形。一个弓形的面积为 22(π4)222(2)2=π2 \begin{aligned} 2^2\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) &-\sqrt2\sqrt{2^2-(\sqrt2)^2}\\ &=\pi-2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此公共区域面积为 4π2(π2)=2π+44\pi-2(\pi-2)=2\pi+4。所以正确答案是 D

The rectangle is wider than the circle, so the common region is the circle with the top and bottom caps beyond distance 2\sqrt2 from the center removed. One cap has area 22(π4)222(2)2=π2. \begin{aligned} 2^2\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) &-\sqrt2\sqrt{2^2-(\sqrt2)^2}\\ &=\pi-2. \end{aligned} Therefore the common area is 4π2(π2)=2π+4.4\pi-2(\pi-2)=2\pi+4. Thus the correct answer is D.

18.

三角形 ABCABC 内接于一个圆,且 B=C=4A\angle B=\angle C=4\angle A。若 BBCC 是该圆内接正 nn 边形的相邻顶点,则 n=n=

Triangle ABCABC is inscribed in a circle, and B=C=4A.\angle B=\angle C=4\angle A. If BB and CC are adjacent vertices of a regular polygon of nn sides inscribed in this circle, then n=n=

55

77

99

1515

1818

答案:C
难度评级:1800
小提示:

利用三角形内角和求 A\angle A

Use the triangle angle sum to find A\angle A

大提示:

BC\overline{BC} 所对的圆心角是 A\angle A 的两倍

The central angle subtending BC\overline{BC} is twice A\angle A

解答:

由内角和得 9A=1809\angle A=180^\circ,所以 A=20\angle A=20^\circ。因此弦 BC\overline{BC} 所对的圆心角为 4040^\circ。正 nn 边形的相邻顶点所对圆心角为 360n\frac{360^\circ}{n},所以 360n=40 \frac{360^\circ}{n}=40^\circ\text{,}从而 n=9n=9。因此正确答案是 C

The angle sum gives 9A=180,9\angle A=180^\circ, so A=20.\angle A=20^\circ. The central angle subtending chord BC\overline{BC} is therefore 40.40^\circ. Adjacent vertices of a regular nn-gon subtend 360n,\frac{360^\circ}{n}, so 360n=40, \frac{360^\circ}{n}=40^\circ, and n=9.n=9. Thus the correct answer is C.

19.

在一张圆片上标“11”,两张圆片上标“22”,三张圆片上标“33”,\ldots,五十张圆片上标“5050”。把这 1+2+3++50=12751+2+3+\cdots+50=1275 张带标号的圆片放进盒子里,再从盒中随机不放回地抽取圆片。至少必须抽取多少张圆片,才能保证抽到至少十张标号相同的圆片?

Label one disk “11,” two disks “22,” three disks “33,” ,\ldots, fifty disks “5050.” Put these 1+2+3++50=12751+2+3+\cdots+50=1275 labeled disks in a box. Disks are then drawn from the box at random without replacement. The minimum number of disks that must be drawn to guarantee drawing at least ten disks with the same label is

1010

5151

415415

451451

501501

答案:C
难度评级:1750
小提示:

计算在每种标号最多抽到九张的条件下,最多可以抽取多少张圆片

Count the most disks that can be drawn while taking at most nine of each label

大提示:

可以抽出标号为 1199 的所有圆片,但标号为 10105050 的每种最多只能抽九张

All disks labeled 11 through 99 may be drawn, but only nine of each label 1010 through 5050

解答:

为了避免出现十张标号相同的圆片,可以抽出 1+2++9=45 1+2+\cdots+9=45 张标号小于 1010 的所有圆片,并从每种标号中至多抽 99 张;这样的标号共有 4141 种,从 10105050。因此,在尚未被迫得到十张相同标号的圆片前,最多可抽 45+9(41)=41445+9(41)=414 张;再抽一张就能保证达到要求。最小数量为 415415。所以正确答案是 C

To avoid ten equal labels, one may draw all 1+2++9=45 1+2+\cdots+9=45 disks with labels below 10,10, and at most 99 from each of the 4141 labels 1010 through 50.50. Thus 45+9(41)=41445+9(41)=414 disks can be drawn without forcing ten alike, and the next draw guarantees them. The minimum is 415.415. Thus the correct answer is C.

20.

假设 xxyyzz 构成公比为 rr 的等比数列,且 xyx\ne y。若 xx2y2y3z3z 构成等差数列,则 rr

Suppose x,x, y,y, zz is a geometric sequence with common ratio rr and xy.x\ne y. If x,x, 2y,2y, 3z3z is an arithmetic sequence, then rr is

14\frac14

13\frac13

12\frac12

22

44

答案:B
难度评级:1570
小提示:

写出 y=xry=xrz=xr2z=xr^2

Write y=xry=xr and z=xr2z=xr^2

大提示:

等差数列条件是 4y=x+3z4y=x+3z

The arithmetic-sequence condition is 4y=x+3z4y=x+3z

解答:

因为 y=xry=xrz=xr2z=xr^2,等差数列条件给出 4xr=x+3xr2 4xr=x+3xr^2\text{。}这里 x0x\ne0,所以 3r24r+1=03r^2-4r+1=0,得到 r=1r=1r=13r=\frac{1}{3}。条件 xyx\ne y 排除 r=1r=1,只剩 r=13r=\frac{1}{3}。因此正确答案是 B

Because y=xry=xr and z=xr2,z=xr^2, the arithmetic-sequence condition gives 4xr=x+3xr2. 4xr=x+3xr^2. Here x0,x\ne0, so 3r24r+1=0,3r^2-4r+1=0, yielding r=1r=1 or r=13.r=\frac{1}{3}. The condition xyx\ne y excludes r=1,r=1, leaving r=13.r=\frac{1}{3}. Thus the correct answer is B.

21.

求下列陈述的反例个数:

“若 NN 是各位数字之和为 44、且没有一位数字为 00 的正奇数,则 NN 是质数。”

Find the number of counterexamples to the statement:

“If NN is an odd positive integer the sum of whose digits is 44 and none of whose digits is 0,0, then NN is prime.”

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
难度评级:1900
小提示:

满足数字条件的数至多有四位

A number satisfying the digit conditions has at most four digits

大提示:

44 分拆为若干个正整数,列出其中的奇数

List the odd possibilities by composing 44 into positive digits

解答:

可能的奇数是 13,31,121,21113,31,121,21111111111。数 13,3113,31211211 是质数,而 121=112121=11^2,且 1111=111011111=11\cdot101。所以有 22 个反例。因此正确答案是 C

The odd possibilities are 13,31,121,211,13,31,121,211, and 1111.1111. The numbers 13,31,13,31, and 211211 are prime, while 121=112121=11^2 and 1111=11101.1111=11\cdot101. Thus there are 22 counterexamples. Thus the correct answer is C.

22.

一排九把椅子将由六名学生和阿尔法、贝塔、伽马三位教授就座。三位教授比六名学生先到,并决定选择座位,使每位教授的两边都是学生。阿尔法、贝塔和伽马三位教授有多少种选座方式?

Nine chairs in a row are to be occupied by six students and Professors Alpha, Beta and Gamma. These three professors arrive before the six students and decide to choose their chairs so that each professor will be between two students. In how many ways can Professors Alpha, Beta and Gamma choose their chairs?

1212

3636

6060

8484

630630

答案:C
难度评级:1900
小提示:

教授的座位不能在两端,也不能彼此相邻

Professor chairs cannot be endpoints or adjacent to one another

大提示:

先从第 22 把至第 88 把椅子中选出三个互不相邻的位置,再安排三位教授

First choose three nonconsecutive positions from chairs 22 through 88, then assign the professors

解答:

教授必须占据第 2,3,,82,3,\ldots,8 把椅子中的三个互不相邻的位置。这种 33 元子集从连续 77 个位置中选取,其数量为 (73+13)=(53)=10 \binom{7-3+1}{3}=\binom53=10\text{。}三位不同的教授可以用 3!=63!=6 种方式安排到所选椅子上,共有 106=6010\cdot6=60 种。因此正确答案是 C

The professors must occupy three nonconsecutive positions among chairs 2,3,,8.2,3,\ldots,8. The number of such 33-subsets of 77 consecutive positions is (73+13)=(53)=10. \binom{7-3+1}{3}=\binom53=10. The three distinct professors can be assigned to the selected chairs in 3!=63!=6 ways, for 106=60.10\cdot6=60. Thus the correct answer is C.

23.

xyxy 平面内,考虑由水平和竖直线段围成的 L 形区域,其顶点为 (0,0)(0,0)(0,3)(0,3)(3,3)(3,3)(3,1)(3,1)(5,1)(5,1)(5,0)(5,0)。经过原点且将该区域面积恰好平分的直线斜率是

In the xyxy-plane, consider the L-shaped region bounded by horizontal and vertical segments with vertices at (0,0),(0,0), (0,3),(0,3), (3,3),(3,3), (3,1),(3,1), (5,1)(5,1) and (5,0).(5,0). The slope of the line through the origin that divides the area of this region exactly in half is

27\frac27

13\frac13

23\frac23

34\frac34

79\frac79

答案:E
难度评级:1960
小提示:

这个 L 形区域的总面积为 1111

The L-shaped region has total area 1111

大提示:

设所求斜率为 mm,直线下方的面积由面积为 22 的延伸部分和一个底为 33 的三角形组成

For the desired slope m,m, the area below the line is the 22-unit extension plus a triangle of base 33

解答:

该区域的面积为 33+21=113\cdot3+2\cdot1=11,所以每一半的面积为 112\frac{11}{2}。若直线为 y=mxy=mx,则直线下方包含面积为 22 的整个长方形(从 x=3x=3x=5x=5),以及一个底为 33、高为 3m3m 的三角形。因此 2+12(3)(3m)=112 2+\frac12(3)(3m)=\frac{11}{2}\text{。}由此得 m=79m=\frac{7}{9},它确实位于所假设的范围内。因此正确答案是 E

The region has area 33+21=11,3\cdot3+2\cdot1=11, so each half has area 112.\frac{11}{2}. If the line is y=mx,y=mx, the part below it consists of the entire 22-unit rectangle from x=3x=3 to x=5,x=5, together with a triangle of base 33 and height 3m.3m. Therefore 2+12(3)(3m)=112. 2+\frac12(3)(3m)=\frac{11}{2}. This gives m=79,m=\frac{7}{9}, which indeed lies in the assumed range. Thus the correct answer is E.

24.

一个由五个观测值组成的样本,算术平均数为 1010,中位数为 1212。这样的样本可能达到的极差(最大观测值减最小观测值)的最小值是

A sample consisting of five observations has an arithmetic mean of 1010 and a median of 12.12. The smallest value that the range (largest observation minus smallest) can assume for such a sample is

22

33

55

77

1010

答案:C
难度评级:1960
小提示:

将观测值依次排列为 ab12dea\le b\le12\le d\le e

Order the observations as ab12dea\le b\le12\le d\le e

大提示:

利用总和 5050,再检验能否使极差小于 55

Use the total sum 5050, then test whether a range below 55 is possible

解答:

样本 7,7,12,12,127,7,12,12,12 的总和为 5050,中位数为 1212,极差为 55,所以极差 55 可以达到。假设极差至多为 44。若最大值至多为 1212,则最大的三个值都必须是 1212,余下两个较小值之和为 1414;但它们都至少为 88,产生矛盾。若最大值大于 1212,则最小值大于 88,使总和大于 8+8+12+12+12=528+8+12+12+12=52。因此更小的极差不可能达到。正确答案是 C

The sample 7,7,12,12,127,7,12,12,12 has sum 50,50, median 12,12, and range 5,5, so range 55 is possible. Suppose the range were at most 4.4. If the largest value were at most 12,12, then the top three values would all be 12,12, leaving the bottom two with sum 14;14; yet each would be at least 8,8, a contradiction. If the largest value exceeded 12,12, then the smallest would exceed 8,8, making the total exceed 8+8+12+12+12=52.8+8+12+12+12=52. Thus no smaller range works. The correct answer is C.

25.

xxyy 是非零实数,满足

x+y=3 |x|+y=3

以及

xy+x3=0 |x|y+x^3=0\text{,}则最接近 xyx-y 的整数是

If xx and yy are non-zero real numbers such that

x+y=3 |x|+y=3

and

xy+x3=0, |x|y+x^3=0, then the integer nearest to xyx-y is

3-3

1-1

22

33

55

答案:A
难度评级:2080
小提示:

分别考虑 xx 的正负

Consider the signs of xx separately

大提示:

x<0x\lt0 时,令 t=xt=-x,并将 y=t2y=t^2t+y=3t+y=3 联立

For x<0,x\lt0, put t=xt=-x and combine y=t2y=t^2 with t+y=3t+y=3

解答:

x>0x\gt0,第二个方程给出 y=x2y=-x^2,而第一个方程给出 y=3xy=3-x;这要求 x2x+3=0x^2-x+3=0,但它没有实根。因此 x<0x\lt0。令 t=x>0t=-x\gt0。两个方程变为 t+y=3t+y=3tyt3=0ty-t^3=0,所以 y=t2y=t^2。因此 xy=tt2=3x-y=-t-t^2=-3,它本身就是整数。所以正确答案是 A

If x>0,x\gt0, the second equation gives y=x2,y=-x^2, while the first gives y=3x;y=3-x; these would require x2x+3=0,x^2-x+3=0, which has no real root. Hence x<0.x\lt0. Put t=x>0.t=-x\gt0. Then the equations become t+y=3t+y=3 and tyt3=0,ty-t^3=0, so y=t2.y=t^2. Therefore xy=tt2=3,x-y=-t-t^2=-3, already an integer. Thus the correct answer is A.

26.

一个正 mm 边形被 mm 个正 nn 边形恰好围住(无重叠、无空隙)。(图中所示为 m=4m=4n=8n=8 的情形。)若 m=10m=10,则 nn 的值是多少?

A regular polygon of mm sides is exactly enclosed (no overlaps, no gaps) by mm regular polygons of nn sides each. (Shown here for m=4,m=4, n=8.n=8.) If m=10,m=10, what is the value of n?n?

55

66

1414

2020

2626

答案:A
难度评级:1900
小提示:

在内侧多边形的每个顶点处,一个正 mm 边形内角与两个正 nn 边形内角之和为 360360^\circ

At each vertex of the inner polygon, one mm-gon angle and two nn-gon angles fill 360360^\circ

大提示:

使用正 kk 边形的内角公式 180(12k)180^\circ(1-\frac{2}{k})

Use the regular kk-gon interior angle 180(12k)180^\circ(1-\frac{2}{k})

解答:

在内侧多边形的一个顶点处,它的内角与周围多边形的两个内角之和为 360360^\circ。因此 180(12m)+2180(12n)=360 \begin{gathered} 180^\circ\left(1-\frac2m\right) \\ {}+2\cdot180^\circ\left(1-\frac2n\right)\\ {}=360^\circ \end{gathered}\text{。}化简得 1m+2n=12\frac{1}{m}+\frac{2}{n}=\frac{1}{2}。代入 m=10m=10,得到 2n=25\frac{2}{n}=\frac{2}{5},所以 n=5n=5。因此正确答案是 A

At a vertex of the inner polygon, its interior angle and two angles from the surrounding polygons total 360.360^\circ. Thus 180(12m)+2180(12n)=360. \begin{gathered} 180^\circ\left(1-\frac2m\right) \\ {}+2\cdot180^\circ\left(1-\frac2n\right)\\ {}=360^\circ. \end{gathered} This simplifies to 1m+2n=12.\frac{1}{m}+\frac{2}{n}=\frac{1}{2}. With m=10,m=10, we get 2n=25,\frac{2}{n}=\frac{2}{5}, so n=5.n=5. Thus the correct answer is A.

27.

一袋爆米花玉米粒中,白色玉米粒占 23\frac{2}{3},黄色玉米粒占 13\frac{1}{3}。白色玉米粒中只有 12\frac{1}{2} 会爆开,而黄色玉米粒中有 23\frac{2}{3} 会爆开。从袋中随机选取一粒玉米,放入爆米花机后它爆开了。这粒玉米原本是白色的概率是多少?

A bag of popping corn contains 23\frac{2}{3} white kernels and 13\frac{1}{3} yellow kernels. Only 12\frac{1}{2} of the white kernels will pop, whereas 23\frac{2}{3} of the yellow ones will pop. A kernel is selected at random from the bag, and pops when placed in the popper. What is the probability that the kernel selected was white?

12\frac12

59\frac59

47\frac47

35\frac35

23\frac23

答案:D
难度评级:1750
小提示:

分别计算选中每种颜色且玉米粒爆开的概率

Compute the probabilities of selecting-and-popping for each color

大提示:

用选中白色且爆开的概率除以玉米粒爆开的总概率

Condition the white-and-popped probability on the total probability of popping

解答:

选中一粒会爆开的玉米的两种概率为 P(W 且爆开)=2312=13,P(Y 且爆开)=1323=29 \begin{gathered} P(W\text{ 且爆开})=\frac23\cdot\frac12=\frac13, \\ P(Y\text{ 且爆开})=\frac13\cdot\frac23=\frac29 \end{gathered}\text{。}因此 P(爆开)=59P(\text{爆开})=\frac{5}{9},且 P(W爆开)=1359=35 P(W\mid\text{爆开})=\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{\frac{5}{9}}=\frac35\text{。}所以正确答案是 D

The probabilities of selecting a kernel that pops are P(W and pop)=2312=13,P(Y and pop)=1323=29. \begin{gathered} P(W\text{ and pop})=\frac23\cdot\frac12=\frac13, \\ P(Y\text{ and pop})=\frac13\cdot\frac23=\frac29. \end{gathered} Hence P(pop)=59,P(\text{pop})=\frac{5}{9}, and P(Wpop)=1359=35. P(W\mid\text{pop})=\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{\frac{5}{9}}=\frac35. Thus the correct answer is D.

28.

xyxy 平面内,有多少条 xx 轴截距为正质数、yy 轴截距为正整数的直线经过点 (4,3)(4,3)

In the xyxy-plane, how many lines whose xx-intercept is a positive prime number and whose yy-intercept is a positive integer pass through the point (4,3)?(4,3)?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
难度评级:1960
小提示:

设两个截距分别为 ppqq,并使用 4p+3q=1\frac{4}{p}+\frac{3}{q}=1

Let the intercepts be pp and qq, and use 4p+3q=1\frac{4}{p}+\frac{3}{q}=1

大提示:

整理成 q=3+12p4q=3+\frac{12}{p-4}

Rearrange to q=3+12p4q=3+\frac{12}{p-4}

解答:

xx 轴截距为质数 ppyy 轴截距为正整数 qq。截距式给出 4p+3q=1,q=3pp4=3+12p4 \begin{gathered} \frac4p+\frac3q=1, \\ q=\frac{3p}{p-4}=3+\frac{12}{p-4} \end{gathered}\text{。}因此 p4p-41212 的正因数。检验 1,2,3,4,6,121,2,3,4,6,12,只有质数 pp 对应 p=5p=5p=7p=7。所以共有 22 条直线。因此正确答案是 C

Let the xx-intercept be the prime pp and the yy-intercept be the positive integer q.q. Intercept form gives 4p+3q=1,q=3pp4=3+12p4. \begin{gathered} \frac4p+\frac3q=1, \\ q=\frac{3p}{p-4}=3+\frac{12}{p-4}. \end{gathered} Thus p4p-4 is a positive divisor of 12.12. Testing 1,2,3,4,6,121,2,3,4,6,12 gives prime pp only for p=5p=5 and p=7.p=7. Therefore there are 22 lines. Thus the correct answer is C.

29.

AABBCC 位于一个半径为 rr 的圆上,它们满足 AB=ACAB=ACAB>rAB\gt r,且小弧 BC\overset{\frown}{BC} 的长度为 rr。若角以弧度为单位,则 ABBC=\frac{AB}{BC}=

Points A,A, BB and CC on a circle of radius rr are situated so that AB=AC,AB=AC, AB>r,AB\gt r, and the length of minor arc BC\overset{\frown}{BC} is r.r. If angles are measured in radians, then ABBC=\frac{AB}{BC}=

12csc14\frac12\csc\frac14

2cos122\cos\frac12

4sin124\sin\frac12

csc12\csc\frac12

2sec122\sec\frac12

答案:A
难度评级:2280
小提示:

小弧 BC\overset{\frown}{BC} 所对的圆心角为 11 弧度

The minor arc BC\overset{\frown}{BC} subtends a central angle of 11 radian

大提示:

使用弦长公式 2rsin(θ2)2r\sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) 分别计算 BCBCABAB

Use the chord formula 2rsin(θ2)2r\sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) for both BCBC and ABAB

解答:

小弧 BC\overset{\frown}{BC} 所对的圆心角为 rr=1\frac{r}{r}=1,所以 BC=2rsin12BC=2r\sin\frac12。由于 AB=ACAB=ACAB>rAB\gt r,点 AA 是大弧 BCBC 的中点。从 AABB 的较小圆心角为 π12\pi-\frac12,所以 AB=2rAB=2r sin(π122)=2rcos14\sin\left(\frac{\pi-\frac{1}{2}}{2}\right)=2r\cos\frac14。因此 ABBC=cos(14)sin(12)\frac{AB}{BC}=\frac{\cos(\frac{1}{4})}{\sin(\frac{1}{2})} =12sin(14)=12csc14=\frac1{2\sin(\frac{1}{4})}=\frac12\csc\frac14。所以正确答案是 A

The central angle subtending minor arc BC\overset{\frown}{BC} is rr=1,\frac{r}{r}=1, so BC=2rsin12.BC=2r\sin\frac12. Since AB=ACAB=AC and AB>r,AB\gt r, point AA is the midpoint of the major arc BC.BC. The minor central angle from AA to BB is π12,\pi-\frac12, so AB=2rAB=2rsin(π122)=2rcos14.\sin\left(\frac{\pi-\frac{1}{2}}{2}\right)=2r\cos\frac14. Therefore ABBC=cos(14)sin(12)\frac{AB}{BC}=\frac{\cos(\frac{1}{4})}{\sin(\frac{1}{2})}=12sin(14)=12csc14.=\frac1{2\sin(\frac{1}{4})}=\frac12\csc\frac14. Thus the correct answer is A.

30.

nn 个标准 66 面骰子时,点数和为 19941994 的概率大于零,并且与点数和为 SS 的概率相同。SS 的最小可能值是

When nn standard 66-sided dice are rolled, the probability of obtaining a sum of 19941994 is greater than zero and is the same as the probability of obtaining a sum of S.S. The smallest possible value of SS is

333333

335335

337337

339339

341341

答案:C
难度评级:2150
小提示:

点数和 19941994 只有当 6n19946n\ge1994 时才可能出现

A sum of 19941994 is possible only when 6n19946n\ge1994

大提示:

把每个骰子的点数 dd 替换为 7d7-d,就会把点数和 TT7nT7n-T 配对

Replacing every die value dd by 7d7-d pairs sums TT and 7nT7n-T

解答:

可行的最少骰子数为 n=19946=333 n=\left\lceil\frac{1994}{6}\right\rceil=333\text{。}把每个骰子的结果 dd 替换为 7d7-d,就会在点数和为 TT 与点数和为 7nT7n-T 的结果之间建立一一对应。因此当 n=333n=333 时,与 19941994 配对的点数和为 S=7(333)1994=337 S=7(333)-1994=337\text{。}从最小点数和到平均值,骰子点数和的出现次数严格递增,所以对任意可行的 nn,都不会有小于 337337 的点数和与 19941994 的出现次数相同。因此最小值为 337337,正确答案是 C

The smallest feasible number of dice is n=19946=333. n=\left\lceil\frac{1994}{6}\right\rceil=333. Replacing every die result dd by 7d7-d is a bijection between outcomes of sum TT and outcomes of sum 7nT.7n-T. Thus for n=333,n=333, the sum paired with 19941994 is S=7(333)1994=337. S=7(333)-1994=337. Dice-sum counts increase strictly from the minimum sum up to the mean, so for any feasible nn no sum below 337337 can match the count at 1994.1994. Thus the smallest value is 337,337, and the correct answer is C.