1994 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
小提示:
将 的幂与 的幂分别合并
Group the powers of and the powers of
大提示:
两个底数的总指数都是
Both bases have total exponent
解答:
先合并同底数的幂,再将它们配对,因此正确答案是 C。
Combining like bases and then pairing them, Thus the correct answer is C.
2.
两条分别平行于边的线段将一个大长方形分成四个长方形。图中标出了其中三个长方形的面积。第四个长方形的面积是多少?
?
A large rectangle is partitioned into four rectangles by two segments parallel to its sides. The areas of three of the resulting rectangles are shown. What is the area of the fourth rectangle?
?
小提示:
用变量表示两列的宽和两行的高
Represent the two column widths and two row heights by variables
大提示:
对角位置的两个面积之积相等
Products of diagonally opposite areas are equal
解答:
设两列的宽分别为 ,两行的高分别为 。图中面积给出 、 和 。因此缺少的面积为 所以正确答案是 B。
Let the column widths be and the row heights be The displayed areas give and Therefore the missing area is Thus the correct answer is B.
3.
下列式子中有几个恒等于 ,并且对所有 都成立?
How many of the following are equal to for all
小提示:
先合并两个相同的项
First combine the two identical terms
大提示:
检验改变底数或指数后是否仍保持 ,并且对每个 都成立
Test whether changing the base or exponent preserves for every
解答:
给定的和为 ,所以式 I 恒等于它。式 II 在 时不成立,此时它的值为 ,而不是 。式 III 在 时不成立,此时它的值为 ,而不是 。式 IV 在 时不成立,此时它的值为 ,而不是 。因此只有一个式子符合要求。所以正确答案是 B。
The given sum is so expression I is always equal to it. Expression II fails at where its value is instead of Expression III fails at where its value is instead of Expression IV fails at where its value is instead of Hence only one expression works. Thus the correct answer is B.
4.
在 平面内,端点为 和 的线段是一圆的直径。若点 在此圆上,则
In the -plane, the segment with endpoints and is the diameter of a circle. If the point is on the circle, then
小提示:
由直径的两个端点求出圆心和半径
Find the center and radius from the diameter endpoints
大提示:
该点到圆心的竖直距离已经等于半径
The point’s vertical distance from the center already equals the radius
解答:
圆心是 ,半径是 。因此 所以 。故正确答案是 A。
The center is and the radius is Thus so Thus the correct answer is A.
5.
帕特原本想把一个数乘以 ,却误将它除以 。接着,帕特原本想加上 ,却误减去 。这些错误运算的结果为 。若使用正确的运算,所得结果将
Pat intended to multiply a number by but instead divided by Pat then meant to add but instead subtracted After these mistakes, the result was If the correct operations had been used, the value produced would have been
小于
less than
在 与 之间
between and
在 与 之间
between and
在 与 之间
between and
大于
greater than
小提示:
逆向撤销错误的减法和除法,求出起始数
Undo the mistaken subtraction and division to recover the starting number
大提示:
对这个起始数计算
Apply to that starting number
解答:
若起始数为 ,错误的计算给出 所以 。正确的计算应得到 ,它大于 。因此正确答案是 E。
If the starting number is the mistaken calculation gives so The intended calculation would produce which is greater than Thus the correct answer is E.
6.
数列 中的每一项都是它左边两项之和。求 。
In the sequence each term is the sum of the two terms to its left. Find
小提示:
用已知项减去它前面的一项,逐项向前推
Work backward by subtracting the preceding known term
大提示:
先依次求出 ,再求
Determine in that order before finding
解答:
向前推算,由 得 ,再由 得 ,由 得 。最后 ,所以 。因此正确答案是 A。
Working backward, gives then gives and gives Finally so Thus the correct answer is A.
7.
正方形 与 全等,,且 是正方形 的中心。这两个正方形在平面上覆盖区域的面积是
Squares and are congruent, and is the center of square The area of the region in the plane covered by these squares is
小提示:
重叠部分是三角形
The overlap is triangle
大提示:
从中心 到边 的距离是
The distance from the center to side is
解答:
每个正方形的面积都是 。它们的重叠部分是 ,其底为 ,从中心 到 的高为 。其面积为 。因此并集面积为 。所以正确答案是 E。
Each square has area Their overlap is whose base is and whose altitude from the center to is Its area is Hence the union has area Thus the correct answer is E.
8.
在图示多边形中,每条边都与相邻的边垂直,并且全部 条边均全等。该多边形的周长为 。多边形所围区域的面积是
In the polygon shown, each side is perpendicular to its adjacent sides, and all of the sides are congruent. The perimeter of the polygon is The area of the region bounded by the polygon is
小提示:
每条边的长度是
Each side has length
大提示:
以一条边长为单位,把图形分成宽度依次为 的水平条带
In units of one side length, split the shape into horizontal strips of widths
解答:
每条边长为 。以边长为单位,七个水平条带的宽度为 总计 个单位正方形。每个正方形的面积为 ,所以多边形的面积为 。因此正确答案是 C。
Each side has length Measured in side-length units, the seven horizontal strips have widths totaling unit squares. Each such square has area so the polygon’s area is Thus the correct answer is C.
9.
若 是 的四倍,并且 的余角是 的余角的四倍,则
If is four times and the complement of is four times the complement of then
小提示:
设 ,并写出
Let and write
大提示:
把第二个条件写成
Translate the second condition as
解答:
设 ,则 。余角条件给出 因此 ,且 。所以正确答案是 D。
Let so The complement condition gives Hence and Thus the correct answer is D.
10.
对于两个不同的实数 和 ,令 表示 和 中较大的数,令 表示 和 中较小的数。若 则
For distinct real numbers and let be the larger of and and let be the smaller of and If then
小提示:
先计算最内层的 表达式
Evaluate the innermost expressions first
大提示:
最外层 的两个自变量分别化为 和
The two arguments of the outermost reduce to and
解答:
由已知顺序,,所以 。此外,,因此 。最外层表达式为 。所以正确答案是 B。
From the ordering, so Also hence The outer expression is therefore Thus the correct answer is B.
11.
三个体积分别为 、 和 的立方体沿着面粘在一起。所得组合体可能达到的最小表面积是
Three cubes of volume and are glued together at their faces. The smallest possible surface area of the resulting configuration is
小提示:
三个立方体的边长分别为 和
The cube side lengths are and
大提示:
要使外露面积最小,就要使粘合面的总面积最大
Minimize exposed area by maximizing the total areas of glued face portions
解答:
粘合前的总表面积为 边长为 的立方体可以共用面积为 的面与边长为 的立方体粘合;把边长为 的立方体放在它们的公共棱处,它就能与两个较大的立方体各共用面积为 的面。因此总接触面积为 。每块粘合面积会去掉两份外露面,得到 。任意两个立方体共用的面积都不可能超过较小立方体的一个面,所以这里的接触面积已达到最大,表面积也达到最小。因此正确答案是 D。
Before gluing, the total surface area is The side- cube can share area with the side- cube, while the side- cube is placed at their common edge so that it shares area with each larger cube. Thus the total contact area is Each glued area removes two exposed copies, giving No pair can share more than the smaller face, so this is maximal contact and minimal surface area. Thus the correct answer is D.
12.
若 ,则
If then
小提示:
使用
Use
大提示:
化简括号内的式子后,将 的分母有理化
After simplifying the parentheses, rationalize
解答:
因为 ,所以正确答案是 D。
Because Thus the correct answer is D.
13.
在三角形 中,。若有一点 严格位于 与 之间,使得 ,则
In triangle If there is a point strictly between and such that then
小提示:
设 ,并使用 来研究
Let and use in
大提示:
利用 ,把 与 的一个底角联系起来
Use to relate to a base angle of
解答:
设 。由于 ,三角形 中有 。由于 , 的每个底角都是 。又因为 ,所以 在 和 处的底角相等;其中 处的角为 。因此 。在 处,从而 ,且 。所以正确答案是 B。
Let Since triangle has Since each base angle of is Also so the base angles of at and are equal; the one at is Hence At giving and Thus the correct answer is B.
14.
求下列等差级数的和:
Find the sum of the arithmetic series
小提示:
公差是
The common difference is
大提示:
先求项数,再乘以首末两项的平均数
Find the number of terms, then multiply by the average of the endpoints
解答:
项数为 各项的平均数是 ,所以总和是 。因此正确答案是 B。
The number of terms is Their average is so the sum is Thus the correct answer is B.
15.
有多少个 属于 ,且 的十位数字是奇数?
For how many in is the tens digit of odd?
小提示:
的十位数字的奇偶性只取决于 的个位数字
The parity of the tens digit of depends only on the units digit of
大提示:
检查十种可能的个位数字的平方
Check the squares of the ten possible units digits
解答:
写成 。模 意义下,项 使十位数字改变一个偶数,所以只需考虑 的十位数字。在 中,只有 和 时该数字为奇数。从 到 中,每种个位数字都出现 次,所以共有 个。因此正确答案是 B。
Write Modulo The term changes the tens digit by an even amount, so only the tens digit of matters. Among it is odd only for and Each units digit occurs times from through giving Thus the correct answer is B.
16.
一个袋子里有一些红色弹珠,其余都是蓝色弹珠。若取走一颗红色弹珠,剩余弹珠中红色弹珠占七分之一;若不取走红色弹珠而改为取走两颗蓝色弹珠,剩余弹珠中红色弹珠占五分之一。袋子里原来有多少颗弹珠?
Some marbles in a bag are red and the rest are blue. If one red marble is removed, then one-seventh of the remaining marbles are red. If two blue marbles are removed instead of one red, then one-fifth of the remaining marbles are red. How many marbles were in the bag originally?
小提示:
设红色弹珠数为 ,弹珠总数为
Let be the red count and the total count
大提示:
把两种操作分别写成 和
Translate the two experiments into and
解答:
两个条件给出 和 。因此 且 。于是 ,。所以正确答案是 B。
The two conditions give and Thus and Hence and Thus the correct answer is B.
17.
一个长为 、宽为 的长方形与一个半径为 的圆有相同的中心。长方形与圆的公共区域面积是
An by rectangle has the same center as a circle of radius The area of the region common to both the rectangle and the circle is
小提示:
长方形从圆中截去了两个全等的弓形
The rectangle removes two congruent caps from the circle
大提示:
弓形的弦到圆心的距离为 ,所以它所对圆心角的一半为
The cap chord is at distance from the center, so its half central angle is
解答:
长方形比圆宽,所以公共区域是圆去掉与圆心距离超过 的上、下两个弓形。一个弓形的面积为 因此公共区域面积为 。所以正确答案是 D。
The rectangle is wider than the circle, so the common region is the circle with the top and bottom caps beyond distance from the center removed. One cap has area Therefore the common area is Thus the correct answer is D.
18.
三角形 内接于一个圆,且 。若 和 是该圆内接正 边形的相邻顶点,则
Triangle is inscribed in a circle, and If and are adjacent vertices of a regular polygon of sides inscribed in this circle, then
小提示:
利用三角形内角和求
Use the triangle angle sum to find
大提示:
弦 所对的圆心角是 的两倍
The central angle subtending is twice
解答:
由内角和得 ,所以 。因此弦 所对的圆心角为 。正 边形的相邻顶点所对圆心角为 ,所以 从而 。因此正确答案是 C。
The angle sum gives so The central angle subtending chord is therefore Adjacent vertices of a regular -gon subtend so and Thus the correct answer is C.
19.
在一张圆片上标“”,两张圆片上标“”,三张圆片上标“”,,五十张圆片上标“”。把这 张带标号的圆片放进盒子里,再从盒中随机不放回地抽取圆片。至少必须抽取多少张圆片,才能保证抽到至少十张标号相同的圆片?
Label one disk “,” two disks “,” three disks “,” fifty disks “.” Put these labeled disks in a box. Disks are then drawn from the box at random without replacement. The minimum number of disks that must be drawn to guarantee drawing at least ten disks with the same label is
小提示:
计算在每种标号最多抽到九张的条件下,最多可以抽取多少张圆片
Count the most disks that can be drawn while taking at most nine of each label
大提示:
可以抽出标号为 至 的所有圆片,但标号为 至 的每种最多只能抽九张
All disks labeled through may be drawn, but only nine of each label through
解答:
为了避免出现十张标号相同的圆片,可以抽出 张标号小于 的所有圆片,并从每种标号中至多抽 张;这样的标号共有 种,从 到 。因此,在尚未被迫得到十张相同标号的圆片前,最多可抽 张;再抽一张就能保证达到要求。最小数量为 。所以正确答案是 C。
To avoid ten equal labels, one may draw all disks with labels below and at most from each of the labels through Thus disks can be drawn without forcing ten alike, and the next draw guarantees them. The minimum is Thus the correct answer is C.
20.
假设 、、 构成公比为 的等比数列,且 。若 、、 构成等差数列,则 为
Suppose is a geometric sequence with common ratio and If is an arithmetic sequence, then is
小提示:
写出 和
Write and
大提示:
等差数列条件是
The arithmetic-sequence condition is
解答:
因为 且 ,等差数列条件给出 这里 ,所以 ,得到 或 。条件 排除 ,只剩 。因此正确答案是 B。
Because and the arithmetic-sequence condition gives Here so yielding or The condition excludes leaving Thus the correct answer is B.
21.
求下列陈述的反例个数:
“若 是各位数字之和为 、且没有一位数字为 的正奇数,则 是质数。”
Find the number of counterexamples to the statement:
“If is an odd positive integer the sum of whose digits is and none of whose digits is then is prime.”
小提示:
满足数字条件的数至多有四位
A number satisfying the digit conditions has at most four digits
大提示:
把 分拆为若干个正整数,列出其中的奇数
List the odd possibilities by composing into positive digits
解答:
可能的奇数是 和 。数 和 是质数,而 ,且 。所以有 个反例。因此正确答案是 C。
The odd possibilities are and The numbers and are prime, while and Thus there are counterexamples. Thus the correct answer is C.
22.
一排九把椅子将由六名学生和阿尔法、贝塔、伽马三位教授就座。三位教授比六名学生先到,并决定选择座位,使每位教授的两边都是学生。阿尔法、贝塔和伽马三位教授有多少种选座方式?
Nine chairs in a row are to be occupied by six students and Professors Alpha, Beta and Gamma. These three professors arrive before the six students and decide to choose their chairs so that each professor will be between two students. In how many ways can Professors Alpha, Beta and Gamma choose their chairs?
小提示:
教授的座位不能在两端,也不能彼此相邻
Professor chairs cannot be endpoints or adjacent to one another
大提示:
先从第 把至第 把椅子中选出三个互不相邻的位置,再安排三位教授
First choose three nonconsecutive positions from chairs through , then assign the professors
解答:
教授必须占据第 把椅子中的三个互不相邻的位置。这种 元子集从连续 个位置中选取,其数量为 三位不同的教授可以用 种方式安排到所选椅子上,共有 种。因此正确答案是 C。
The professors must occupy three nonconsecutive positions among chairs The number of such -subsets of consecutive positions is The three distinct professors can be assigned to the selected chairs in ways, for Thus the correct answer is C.
23.
在 平面内,考虑由水平和竖直线段围成的 L 形区域,其顶点为 、、、、 和 。经过原点且将该区域面积恰好平分的直线斜率是
In the -plane, consider the L-shaped region bounded by horizontal and vertical segments with vertices at and The slope of the line through the origin that divides the area of this region exactly in half is
小提示:
这个 L 形区域的总面积为
The L-shaped region has total area
大提示:
设所求斜率为 ,直线下方的面积由面积为 的延伸部分和一个底为 的三角形组成
For the desired slope the area below the line is the -unit extension plus a triangle of base
解答:
该区域的面积为 ,所以每一半的面积为 。若直线为 ,则直线下方包含面积为 的整个长方形(从 到 ),以及一个底为 、高为 的三角形。因此 由此得 ,它确实位于所假设的范围内。因此正确答案是 E。
The region has area so each half has area If the line is the part below it consists of the entire -unit rectangle from to together with a triangle of base and height Therefore This gives which indeed lies in the assumed range. Thus the correct answer is E.
24.
一个由五个观测值组成的样本,算术平均数为 ,中位数为 。这样的样本可能达到的极差(最大观测值减最小观测值)的最小值是
A sample consisting of five observations has an arithmetic mean of and a median of The smallest value that the range (largest observation minus smallest) can assume for such a sample is
小提示:
将观测值依次排列为
Order the observations as
大提示:
利用总和 ,再检验能否使极差小于
Use the total sum , then test whether a range below is possible
解答:
样本 的总和为 ,中位数为 ,极差为 ,所以极差 可以达到。假设极差至多为 。若最大值至多为 ,则最大的三个值都必须是 ,余下两个较小值之和为 ;但它们都至少为 ,产生矛盾。若最大值大于 ,则最小值大于 ,使总和大于 。因此更小的极差不可能达到。正确答案是 C。
The sample has sum median and range so range is possible. Suppose the range were at most If the largest value were at most then the top three values would all be leaving the bottom two with sum yet each would be at least a contradiction. If the largest value exceeded then the smallest would exceed making the total exceed Thus no smaller range works. The correct answer is C.
25.
若 和 是非零实数,满足
以及
则最接近 的整数是
If and are non-zero real numbers such that
and
then the integer nearest to is
小提示:
分别考虑 的正负
Consider the signs of separately
大提示:
当 时,令 ,并将 与 联立
For put and combine with
解答:
若 ,第二个方程给出 ,而第一个方程给出 ;这要求 ,但它没有实根。因此 。令 。两个方程变为 和 ,所以 。因此 ,它本身就是整数。所以正确答案是 A。
If the second equation gives while the first gives these would require which has no real root. Hence Put Then the equations become and so Therefore already an integer. Thus the correct answer is A.
26.
一个正 边形被 个正 边形恰好围住(无重叠、无空隙)。(图中所示为 、 的情形。)若 ,则 的值是多少?
A regular polygon of sides is exactly enclosed (no overlaps, no gaps) by regular polygons of sides each. (Shown here for ) If what is the value of
小提示:
在内侧多边形的每个顶点处,一个正 边形内角与两个正 边形内角之和为
At each vertex of the inner polygon, one -gon angle and two -gon angles fill
大提示:
使用正 边形的内角公式
Use the regular -gon interior angle
解答:
在内侧多边形的一个顶点处,它的内角与周围多边形的两个内角之和为 。因此 化简得 。代入 ,得到 ,所以 。因此正确答案是 A。
At a vertex of the inner polygon, its interior angle and two angles from the surrounding polygons total Thus This simplifies to With we get so Thus the correct answer is A.
27.
一袋爆米花玉米粒中,白色玉米粒占 ,黄色玉米粒占 。白色玉米粒中只有 会爆开,而黄色玉米粒中有 会爆开。从袋中随机选取一粒玉米,放入爆米花机后它爆开了。这粒玉米原本是白色的概率是多少?
A bag of popping corn contains white kernels and yellow kernels. Only of the white kernels will pop, whereas of the yellow ones will pop. A kernel is selected at random from the bag, and pops when placed in the popper. What is the probability that the kernel selected was white?
小提示:
分别计算选中每种颜色且玉米粒爆开的概率
Compute the probabilities of selecting-and-popping for each color
大提示:
用选中白色且爆开的概率除以玉米粒爆开的总概率
Condition the white-and-popped probability on the total probability of popping
解答:
选中一粒会爆开的玉米的两种概率为 因此 ,且 所以正确答案是 D。
The probabilities of selecting a kernel that pops are Hence and Thus the correct answer is D.
28.
在 平面内,有多少条 轴截距为正质数、 轴截距为正整数的直线经过点 ?
In the -plane, how many lines whose -intercept is a positive prime number and whose -intercept is a positive integer pass through the point
小提示:
设两个截距分别为 和 ,并使用
Let the intercepts be and , and use
大提示:
整理成
Rearrange to
解答:
设 轴截距为质数 , 轴截距为正整数 。截距式给出 因此 是 的正因数。检验 ,只有质数 对应 和 。所以共有 条直线。因此正确答案是 C。
Let the -intercept be the prime and the -intercept be the positive integer Intercept form gives Thus is a positive divisor of Testing gives prime only for and Therefore there are lines. Thus the correct answer is C.
29.
点 、 和 位于一个半径为 的圆上,它们满足 、,且小弧 的长度为 。若角以弧度为单位,则
Points and on a circle of radius are situated so that and the length of minor arc is If angles are measured in radians, then
小提示:
小弧 所对的圆心角为 弧度
The minor arc subtends a central angle of radian
大提示:
使用弦长公式 分别计算 和
Use the chord formula for both and
解答:
小弧 所对的圆心角为 ,所以 。由于 且 ,点 是大弧 的中点。从 到 的较小圆心角为 ,所以 。因此 。所以正确答案是 A。
The central angle subtending minor arc is so Since and point is the midpoint of the major arc The minor central angle from to is so Therefore Thus the correct answer is A.
30.
掷 个标准 面骰子时,点数和为 的概率大于零,并且与点数和为 的概率相同。 的最小可能值是
When standard -sided dice are rolled, the probability of obtaining a sum of is greater than zero and is the same as the probability of obtaining a sum of The smallest possible value of is
小提示:
点数和 只有当 时才可能出现
A sum of is possible only when
大提示:
把每个骰子的点数 替换为 ,就会把点数和 与 配对
Replacing every die value by pairs sums and
解答:
可行的最少骰子数为 把每个骰子的结果 替换为 ,就会在点数和为 与点数和为 的结果之间建立一一对应。因此当 时,与 配对的点数和为 从最小点数和到平均值,骰子点数和的出现次数严格递增,所以对任意可行的 ,都不会有小于 的点数和与 的出现次数相同。因此最小值为 ,正确答案是 C。
The smallest feasible number of dice is Replacing every die result by is a bijection between outcomes of sum and outcomes of sum Thus for the sum paired with is Dice-sum counts increase strictly from the minimum sum up to the mean, so for any feasible no sum below can match the count at Thus the smallest value is and the correct answer is C.