2021 AIME II 第 6 题

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6.

对任意有限集合 SS,令 S|S| 表示 SS 中元素的个数。求有序对 (A,B)(A, B) 的个数,其中 AABB{1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 的(不一定不同的)子集,并满足 AB=ABAB.|A| \cdot |B| = |A \cap B| \cdot |A \cup B|.

For any finite set S,S, let S|S| denote the number of elements in S.S. Find the number of ordered pairs (A,B)(A, B) such that AA and BB are (not necessarily distinct) subsets of {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} that satisfy AB=ABAB.|A| \cdot |B| = |A \cap B| \cdot |A \cup B|.

答案:454
知识点:子集因式分解容斥原理
难度评级:2440
解答:

a=Aa = |A|b=Bb = |B|i=ABi = |A \cap B|,则 AB=a+bi|A \cup B| = a + b - i。条件 ab=i(a+bi)ab = i(a + b - i) 整理为 所以 AB=A|A \cap B| = |A|AB=B|A \cap B| = |B|。因为 ABA \cap B 是二者的子集, 这意味着 ABA \subseteq BBAB \subseteq Aabiaib+i2=(ai)(bi)=0, \begin{aligned} &ab - ia - ib + i^2 \\ &= (a - i)(b - i) = 0, \end{aligned}

对于满足 ABA \subseteq B 的有序对,55 个元素各自独立地属于两个集合都不在、只在 BB 中、或二者都在, 因此有 35=2433^5 = 243 对。同样,满足 BAB \subseteq A 的也有 243243 对。重复计算的正是 A=BA = B 的情况,共 25=322^5 = 32。 对。答案为 243+24332=454243 + 243 - 32 = 454

Let a=A,a = |A|, b=B,b = |B|, and i=AB,i = |A \cap B|, so AB=a+bi.|A \cup B| = a + b - i. The condition ab=i(a+bi)ab = i(a + b - i) rearranges to abiaib+i2=(ai)(bi)=0, \begin{aligned} &ab - ia - ib + i^2 \\ &= (a - i)(b - i) = 0, \end{aligned} so AB=A|A \cap B| = |A| or AB=B.|A \cap B| = |B|. Since ABA \cap B is a subset of each, that means ABA \subseteq B or BA.B \subseteq A.

For pairs with AB,A \subseteq B, each of the 55 elements independently lies in neither set, in BB only, or in both: 35=2433^5 = 243 pairs. Likewise 243243 pairs satisfy BA,B \subseteq A, and the pairs counted twice are exactly those with A=B,A = B, of which there are 25=32.2^5 = 32. The answer is 243+24332=454.243 + 243 - 32 = 454.

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