2018 AIME I 第 9 题

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9.

求集合 {1,2,3,4,,20}\{1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots, 20\} 中满足以下性质的四元素子集个数:子集中有两个不同元素的和为 1616,并且有两个不同元素的和为 2424。例如,{3,5,13,19}\{3, 5, 13, 19\}{6,10,20,18}\{6, 10, 20, 18\} 是两个这样的子集。

Find the number of four-element subsets of {1,2,3,4,,20}\{1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots, 20\} with the property that two distinct elements of the subset have a sum of 16,16, and two distinct elements of the subset have a sum of 24.24. For example, {3,5,13,19}\{3, 5, 13, 19\} and {6,10,20,18}\{6, 10, 20, 18\} are two such subsets.

答案:210
知识点:子集数对计数分类讨论
难度评级:2990
解答:

两个不同元素和为 1616 的数对为 {1,15},{2,14},,{7,9}\{1,15\}, \{2,14\}, \ldots, \{7,9\}(七对),和为 2424 的数对为 {4,20},{5,19},,{11,13}\{4,20\}, \{5,19\}, \ldots, \{11,13\}(八对)。先数同时含有一个 1616-数对和一个不相交的 2424-数对的子集。在 78=567 \cdot 8 = 56 种配对组合中,共用某个元素 xx 的组合要求 16x16 - xxx24x24 - x 都有效;这发生在 x{4,,15}x \in \{4, \ldots, 15\} 中除 881212。 以外的 1010 个值上。没有四元素集合会来自两个不同的不相交组合 (第二种分解会迫使一个 1616-数对与一个 2424-数对重合),所以此类给出 5610=4656 - 10 = 46 个子集。

在其余子集中,每个 1616-数对都与每个 2424-数对相交,因此某个中心 aa 使 b=16ab = 16 - ac=24ac = 24 - a 都在子集中。可能的中心有 1010 个 (a{4,,15}a \in \{4, \ldots, 15\},且 a8,12a \ne 8, 12),第四个元素可为其余 1717 个数中的任意一个, 得到 170170 个中心-子集计数。恰有 66 个子集有两个中心并被数了两次: {1,7,9,15}\{1,7,9,15\}{2,6,10,14}\{2,6,10,14\}{3,5,11,13}\{3,5,11,13\}{5,11,13,19}\{5,11,13,19\}{6,10,14,18}\{6,10,14,18\}{7,9,15,17}\{7,9,15,17\}。此类给出 1706=164170 - 6 = 164 个子集,且其中没有包含不相交数对的子集。

总数为 46+164=21046 + 164 = 210

The pairs of distinct elements summing to 1616 are {1,15},{2,14},,{7,9}\{1,15\}, \{2,14\}, \ldots, \{7,9\} (seven pairs), and those summing to 2424 are {4,20},{5,19},,{11,13}\{4,20\}, \{5,19\}, \ldots, \{11,13\} (eight pairs). First count subsets containing a 1616-pair and a 2424-pair that are disjoint. Of the 78=567 \cdot 8 = 56 combinations, the ones sharing an element xx require 16x,16 - x, x,x, and 24x24 - x all to be valid, which happens for the 1010 values x{4,,15}x \in \{4, \ldots, 15\} other than 88 and 12.12. No four-element set arises from two different disjoint combinations (a second decomposition would force a 1616-pair to coincide with a 2424-pair), so this case gives 5610=4656 - 10 = 46 subsets.

In the remaining subsets every 1616-pair meets every 2424-pair, so some center aa has both b=16ab = 16 - a and c=24ac = 24 - a in the subset. There are 1010 possible centers (a{4,,15}a \in \{4, \ldots, 15\} with a8,12a \ne 8, 12), and the fourth element can be any of the 1717 remaining numbers, giving 170170 center–subset counts. Exactly 66 subsets admit two centers and are counted twice: {1,7,9,15},\{1,7,9,15\}, {2,6,10,14},\{2,6,10,14\}, {3,5,11,13},\{3,5,11,13\}, {5,11,13,19},\{5,11,13,19\}, {6,10,14,18},\{6,10,14,18\}, and {7,9,15,17}.\{7,9,15,17\}. This case gives 1706=164170 - 6 = 164 subsets, none of which contain disjoint pairs.

The total is 46+164=210.46 + 164 = 210.

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