2013 AIME II 第 6 题

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6.

求最小正整数 NN,使得从 1000N1000 \cdot N 开始的 10001000 个连续整数中不含任何整数平方数。

Find the least positive integer NN such that the set of 10001000 consecutive integers beginning with 1000N1000 \cdot N contains no square of an integer.

答案:282
知识点:完全平方数不等式极限情形界定
难度评级:2430
解答:

区间 {1000N,,1000N+999}\{1000N, \ldots, 1000N + 999\} 不含任何平方数,当且仅当某两个相邻平方数 x2x^2(x+1)2(x+1)^2 跨过这个区间;这要求 (x+1)2x2=2x+1>1000(x+1)^2 - x^2 = 2x + 1 \gt 1000,所以 x500x \ge 500。特别地,低于 5002=250000500^2 = 250000 的每个区间都含有平方数,因此从这里开始查找。

x=500+ax = 500 + a,其中 a0a \ge 0。则 x2=1000(250+a)+a2x^2 = 1000(250 + a) + a^2,所以只要 a2<1000a^2 \lt 1000(即 a31a \le 31),平方数 x2x^2 就落在第 250+a250 + a 个区间;这些区间编号从 250250281281。第 251+a251 + a 个区间被跳过,当且仅当 也就是 a2+2a999a^2 + 2a \ge 999。当 a30a \le 30 时不成立(所以 (x+1)2(x+1)^2 落在第 251+a251 + a 个区间),而在 a=31a = 31 时首次成立,因为 961+62=1023961 + 62 = 1023(x+1)2=1000(250+a)+a2+2a+10011000(252+a), \begin{aligned} (x+1)^2 &= 1000(250 + a) + a^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2a + 1001 \\ &\ge 1000(252 + a), \end{aligned}

确实,5312=281961531^2 = 2819615322=283024532^2 = 283024 分别位于以 282000282000 开头的区间两侧。最小的这种 NN251+31=282251 + 31 = 282

The block {1000N,,1000N+999}\{1000N, \ldots, 1000N + 999\} misses all squares exactly when some consecutive squares x2x^2 and (x+1)2(x+1)^2 jump over it, which requires (x+1)2x2=2x+1>1000,(x+1)^2 - x^2 = 2x + 1 \gt 1000, so x500.x \ge 500. In particular every block below 5002=250000500^2 = 250000 contains a square, so we search from there.

Write x=500+ax = 500 + a with a0.a \ge 0. Then x2=1000(250+a)+a2,x^2 = 1000(250 + a) + a^2, so as long as a2<1000a^2 \lt 1000 (that is, a31a \le 31), the square x2x^2 lies in block 250+a;250 + a; these cover blocks 250250 through 281.281. Block 251+a251 + a is skipped exactly when (x+1)2=1000(250+a)+a2+2a+10011000(252+a), \begin{aligned} (x+1)^2 &= 1000(250 + a) + a^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2a + 1001 \\ &\ge 1000(252 + a), \end{aligned} that is, a2+2a999.a^2 + 2a \ge 999. For a30a \le 30 this fails (so (x+1)2(x+1)^2 lands in block 251+a251 + a), and it first holds at a=31,a = 31, since 961+62=1023.961 + 62 = 1023.

Indeed 5312=281961531^2 = 281961 and 5322=283024532^2 = 283024 straddle the block starting at 282000.282000. The least such NN is 251+31=282.251 + 31 = 282.

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