2010 AIME II 第 6 题

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6.

求最小的正整数 nn,使得多项式 x4nx+63x^4 - nx + 63 可以写成两个非常数整系数多项式的乘积。

Find the smallest positive integer nn with the property that the polynomial x4nx+63x^4 - nx + 63 can be written as a product of two nonconstant polynomials with integer coefficients.

答案:8
知识点:多项式因式分解分类讨论
难度评级:2500
解答:

如果存在一次因式,则某个整数 bb 是根,所以 b4nb+63=0b^4 - nb + 63 = 0n=b3+63bn = b^3 + \frac{63}{b},这迫使 b63b \mid 63b>0b \gt 0。最小值是 4848,在 b=3b = 3 时取得。

否则该多项式分解为两个二次式,可取为首一多项式;由于 x3x^3 项系数为零,它们有形式 (x2+px+q)(x2px+r)=x4+(q+rp2)x2+p(rq)x+qr. \begin{aligned} &(x^2 + px + q)(x^2 - px + r) \\ &= x^4 + (q + r - p^2)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+ p(r - q)x + qr. \end{aligned} 比较系数得 q+r=p2q + r = p^2qr=63qr = 63,且 n=p(qr)n = p(q - r)。乘积为 6363 且和为平方数的因数对为 {7,9}\{7, 9\}(和为 1616,所以 p=4p = 4)以及 {1,63}\{1, 63\}(和为 6464,所以 p=8p = 8),给出 n=42=8n = 4 \cdot 2 = 8n=862=496n = 8 \cdot 62 = 496

所有正值中最小的是 n=8n = 8;事实上 (x2+4x+9)(x24x+7)(x^2 + 4x + 9)(x^2 - 4x + 7) =x48x+63= x^4 - 8x + 63

If there is a linear factor, then some integer bb is a root, so b4nb+63=0b^4 - nb + 63 = 0 and n=b3+63b,n = b^3 + \frac{63}{b}, forcing b63b \mid 63 and b>0.b \gt 0. The smallest value is 48,48, at b=3.b = 3.

Otherwise the polynomial splits into two quadratics, which we may take monic; since the x3x^3 coefficient vanishes, they have the form (x2+px+q)(x2px+r)=x4+(q+rp2)x2+p(rq)x+qr. \begin{aligned} &(x^2 + px + q)(x^2 - px + r) \\ &= x^4 + (q + r - p^2)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+ p(r - q)x + qr. \end{aligned} Matching coefficients gives q+r=p2,q + r = p^2, qr=63,qr = 63, and n=p(qr).n = p(q - r). The factor pairs of 6363 with square sum are {7,9}\{7, 9\} (sum 16,16, so p=4p = 4) and {1,63}\{1, 63\} (sum 64,64, so p=8p = 8), giving n=42=8n = 4 \cdot 2 = 8 or n=862=496.n = 8 \cdot 62 = 496.

The smallest positive value overall is n=8;n = 8; indeed (x2+4x+9)(x24x+7)(x^2 + 4x + 9)(x^2 - 4x + 7) =x48x+63.= x^4 - 8x + 63.

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