2009 AIME I 第 6 题

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6.

有多少个小于 10001000 的正整数 NN,使得方程 xx=Nx^{\lfloor x \rfloor} = N 有解 xx? (记号 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。)

How many positive integers NN less than 10001000 are there such that the equation xx=Nx^{\lfloor x \rfloor} = N has a solution for x?x? (The notation x\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x.x.)

答案:412
知识点:取整函数区间内整数计数分类讨论
难度评级:2390
解答:

x=k\lfloor x \rfloor = k,其中 kk 为正整数。当 xx[k,k+1)[k, k+1) 中变化时,xkx^kkkk^k 连续递增并趋近于 (k+1)k(k+1)^k,所以可达到的整数 NN 恰好满足 kkN(k+1)k1k^k \le N \le (k+1)^k - 1:一共有 (k+1)kkk(k+1)^k - k^k 个,而且不同 kk 对应的区间互不重叠。(xx 小于 11 时不会产生新的正整数,因为 x0=1x^0 = 1 已经可以达到。)

k=1,2,3,4k = 1, 2, 3, 4,数量分别为 21=12 - 1 = 194=59 - 4 = 56427=3764 - 27 = 37, 和 625256=369625 - 256 = 369, 且这些 NN 都至多为 624<1000624 \lt 1000。当 k=5k = 5 时,最小值为 55=3125>10005^5 = 3125 \gt 1000

总数为 1+5+37+369=4121 + 5 + 37 + 369 = 412

Suppose x=k\lfloor x \rfloor = k for a positive integer k.k. As xx runs over [k,k+1),[k, k+1), the value xkx^k increases continuously from kkk^k toward (k+1)k,(k+1)^k, so the attainable integers NN are exactly those with kkN(k+1)k1:k^k \le N \le (k+1)^k - 1: there are (k+1)kkk(k+1)^k - k^k of them, and these ranges are disjoint for different k.k. (Values of xx below 11 produce no new positive integers, since x0=1x^0 = 1 is already attained.)

For k=1,2,3,4k = 1, 2, 3, 4 the counts are 21=1,2 - 1 = 1, 94=5,9 - 4 = 5, 6427=37,64 - 27 = 37, and 625256=369,625 - 256 = 369, and every such NN is at most 624<1000.624 \lt 1000. For k=5k = 5 the smallest value is 55=3125>1000.5^5 = 3125 \gt 1000.

The total is 1+5+37+369=412.1 + 5 + 37 + 369 = 412.

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