2015 AMC 12B 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
2.
Marie 连续做三项耗时相同的任务,中间不休息。她下午 开始第一项任务,下午 完成第二项任务。她什么时候完成第三项任务?
Marie does three equally time-consuming tasks in a row without taking breaks. She begins the first task at PM and finishes the second task at PM. When does she finish the third task?
下午
PM
下午
PM
下午
PM
下午
PM
下午
PM
小提示:
前两项任务从下午 到 ,共 分钟
The first two tasks span to which is minutes
大提示:
除以 得到一项任务的时长,再从下午 起加上这段时间
Divide by to get one task’s length, then add it after
解答:
前两项任务一共用 分钟,所以每项任务用 分钟。
第三项任务在下午 后 分钟完成,即下午 。
因此,正确选项是 B。
The first two tasks together take minutes, so each task takes minutes.
The third task finishes minutes after PM, at PM.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
3.
Isaac 写下了某个整数两次,另一个整数三次。这五个数的和为 ,并且其中一个数是 。另一个数是多少?
Isaac has written down one integer two times and another integer three times. The sum of the five numbers is and one of the numbers is What is the other number?
小提示:
设 出现两次, 出现三次,则 。
Let appear twice and appear three times, so
大提示:
分别检验 是被写了两次还是三次,并保留整数情形
Test whether is the number written two times or three times, and keep the integer case
解答:
写作 。如果 被写了两次,则 ,这不是 的倍数。
所以 被写了三次:,得 。
因此,正确选项是 A。
Write If were written twice, then which is not a multiple of
So is written three times: giving
Thus, the correct answer is A.
4.
David、Hikmet、Jack、Marta、Rand 和 Todd 与另外 人参加了一场 人赛跑。Rand 比 Hikmet 领先 个名次。Marta 比 Jack 落后 个名次。David 比 Hikmet 落后 个名次。Jack 比 Todd 落后 个名次。Todd 比 Rand 落后 个名次。Marta 得第 名。谁得第 名?
David, Hikmet, Jack, Marta, Rand, and Todd were in a -person race with other people. Rand finished places ahead of Hikmet. Marta finished place behind Jack. David finished places behind Hikmet. Jack finished places behind Todd. Todd finished place behind Rand. Marta finished in th place. Who finished in th place?
David
Hikmet
Jack
Rand
Todd
小提示:
从 Marta 第 名开始,依次使用每个给出的名次差
Start from Marta in th place and use each stated gap
大提示:
Marta 比 Jack 落后 名,所以 Jack 第 名;再连到 Todd、Rand、Hikmet
Marta is behind Jack, so Jack is th; chain to Todd, then Rand, then Hikmet
解答:
Marta 第 名,所以 Jack 第 名。Jack 比 Todd 落后 名,所以 Todd 第 名。Todd 比 Rand 落后 名,所以 Rand 第 名。
Rand 比 Hikmet 领先 名,所以 Hikmet 第 名。(David 第 名。)
因此,正确选项是 B。
Marta is th, so Jack is th. Jack is behind Todd, so Todd is rd. Todd is behind Rand, so Rand is nd.
Rand is ahead of Hikmet, so Hikmet is th. (David is th.)
Thus, the correct answer is B.
5.
Tigers 队在前 次比赛中有 次击败了 Sharks 队。之后他们又比赛了 次,最后 Sharks 队赢得了全部比赛中至少 的场次。 的最小可能值是多少?
The Tigers beat the Sharks out of the first times they played. They then played more times, and the Sharks ended up winning at least of all the games played. What is the minimum possible value for
小提示:
要使 最小,令 Sharks 队赢下之后全部 场
To minimize let the Sharks win all additional games
大提示:
解 。
Solve
解答:
Sharks 队在前 场中赢了 场。要用最少的额外比赛达到 ,他们应赢下全部 场额外比赛,此时胜率为 。
要求 ,得 ,所以 。
因此,正确选项是 B。
The Sharks won of the first games. To reach with the fewest extra games, they should win all additional games, giving a win fraction
Requiring gives so
Thus, the correct answer is B.
6.
早在 年,Tillie 必须背熟从 到 的乘法表。她得到的乘法表中,行和列标有因数,表格主体是乘积。四舍五入到小数点后两位,表格主体中奇数所占的比例是多少?
Back in Tillie had to memorize her multiplication facts from through The multiplication table she was given had rows and columns labeled with the factors, and the products formed the body of the table. To the nearest hundredth, what fraction of the numbers in the body of the table are odd?
小提示:
只有两个因数都是奇数时,乘积才是奇数
A product is odd only when both factors are odd
大提示:
统计从 到 的奇数个数,再与 个表项比较
Count the odd numbers from to then compare with the entries
解答:
表格主体有 个表项。乘积为奇数,当且仅当两个因数都是奇数。
在 中有 个奇数,因此有 个奇数表项。所求比例是 。
因此,正确选项是 A。
The body has entries. A product is odd exactly when both factors are odd.
There are odd numbers among giving odd entries. The fraction is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
7.
一个正 边形有 条对称轴,并且使它具有旋转对称性的最小正角为 度。 是多少?
A regular -gon has lines of symmetry, and the smallest positive angle for which it has rotational symmetry is degrees. What is
小提示:
一个正 边形有 条对称轴
A regular -gon has lines of symmetry
大提示:
它的最小旋转对称角是 。
Its smallest rotational symmetry angle is
解答:
一个正 边形有 条对称轴,它的最小旋转对称角是 度。
于是 。
因此,正确选项是 D。
A regular -gon has lines of symmetry, and its smallest angle of rotational symmetry is degrees.
Then
Thus, the correct answer is D.
8.
9.
Larry 和 Julius 正在玩游戏,轮流向放在台沿上的瓶子扔球。Larry 先扔。第一个把瓶子击落的人获胜。每一轮中,玩家把瓶子击落的概率都是 ,且与之前发生的情况相互独立。Larry 赢得游戏的概率是多少?
Larry and Julius are playing a game, taking turns throwing a ball at a bottle sitting on a ledge. Larry throws first. The winner is the first person to knock the bottle off the ledge. At each turn the probability that a player knocks the bottle off the ledge is independently of what has happened before. What is the probability that Larry wins the game?
小提示:
Larry 立即获胜的概率是 。
Larry wins immediately with probability
大提示:
如果两人都没击中(概率 ),游戏回到起点;解 。
If both miss (probability ), the game resets; solve
解答:
设 为 Larry 获胜的概率。他以概率 立即获胜;或者两名玩家都没击中(概率 ),游戏重新开始。
所以 ,得 ,因此 。
因此,正确选项是 C。
Let be the probability Larry wins. He wins right away with probability or both players miss (probability ) and the game restarts.
So giving and
Thus, the correct answer is C.
10.
有多少个互不全等的正面积整数边三角形,其周长小于 且既不是等边三角形,也不是等腰三角形,也不是直角三角形?
How many noncongruent integer-sided triangles with positive area and perimeter less than are neither equilateral, isosceles, nor right triangles?
小提示:
设边长 ,三角形不等式给出周长 。
With sides the triangle inequality gives perimeter
大提示:
这迫使 ;列出不等边三元组,并去掉直角三角形 。
This forces list scalene triples and drop the right triangle
解答:
设三条不同边为 。因为 ,周长大于 ,所以 ,从而 。
周长小于 的不等边三元组为 ,,,,,和 。其中只有 是直角三角形,剩下 个。
因此,正确选项是 C。
Let the distinct sides be Since the perimeter exceeds so and
The scalene triples with perimeter less than are and Of these, only is a right triangle, leaving
Thus, the correct answer is C.
11.
直线 与坐标轴围成一个三角形。这个三角形三条高的长度之和是多少?
The line forms a triangle with the coordinate axes. What is the sum of the lengths of the altitudes of this triangle?
小提示:
截距为 和 ,所以两条直角边长为 和 。
The intercepts are and so the legs are and
大提示:
两条高就是两条直角边;第三条高为 。
Two altitudes are the legs; the third is
解答:
这条直线与坐标轴交于 和 ,所以该三角形是直角三角形,两条直角边为 和 ,斜边为 ,面积为 。
两条高是直角边 和 ;到斜边的高为 。三条高的和为 。
因此,正确选项是 E。
The line meets the axes at and so the triangle is right with legs and and hypotenuse Its area is
Two altitudes are the legs and the altitude to the hypotenuse is The sum is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
12.
设 、 和 是三个互不相同的一位数。方程 的根的和的最大值是多少?
Let and be three distinct one-digit numbers. What is the maximum value of the sum of the roots of the equation
小提示:
提取公因式
Factor out the common
大提示:
两个根是 和 ;在互异数字中最大化 。
The roots are and maximize over distinct digits
解答:
因式分解得 ,所以两个根是 和 。它们的和是 。
使用互不相同的数字,取 且 ,得 。
因此,正确选项是 D。
Factoring gives so the roots are and Their sum is
Using distinct digits, take and giving
Thus, the correct answer is D.
13.
四边形 内接于圆,且 ,,,。 是多少?
Quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle with and What is
14.
一个半径为 的圆以 为圆心。一个边长为 的等边三角形有一个顶点在 。位于圆内但在三角形外的区域面积,与位于三角形内但在圆外的区域面积之差是多少?
A circle of radius is centered at An equilateral triangle with side has a vertex at What is the difference between the area of the region that lies inside the circle but outside the triangle and the area of the region that lies inside the triangle but outside the circle?
小提示:
设 为重叠面积;所求差为
Let be the overlap area; the requested difference is
大提示:
这等于圆面积减去三角形面积;使用 和 。
That equals circle area minus triangle area; use and
解答:
设 为圆和三角形的公共面积。所求差为
圆的面积为 ,等边三角形的面积为 。差为 。
因此,正确选项是 D。
Let be the area shared by the circle and triangle. The requested difference is
The circle has area and the equilateral triangle has area The difference is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
15.
在 Rachelle 的学校,A 记 分,B 记 分,C 记 分,D 记 分。她所修四门课的 GPA 是总分除以 。她确定自己在数学和科学两科都会得 A,并且英语和历史每科至少得 C。她认为自己英语得 A 的概率是 ,得 B 的概率是 。历史得 A 的概率是 ,得 B 的概率是 ,且与英语成绩相互独立。Rachelle 的 GPA 至少为 的概率是多少?
At Rachelle’s school an A counts points, a B points, a C points, and a D point. Her GPA on the four classes she is taking is computed as the total sum of points divided by She is certain that she will get As in both Mathematics and Science, and at least a C in each of English and History. She thinks she has a chance of getting an A in English, and a chance of getting a B. In History, she has a chance of getting an A, and a chance of getting a B, independently of what she gets in English. What is the probability that Rachelle will get a GPA of at least
小提示:
的 GPA 需要总分 ,所以英语和历史至少要给 分
A GPA needs total points, so English and History must give at least points
大提示:
求出每科得 C 的概率,再加上总分为 ,,和 的概率
Find each class’s chance of a C, then add the probabilities of totals and
解答:
数学和科学给 分,所以 Rachelle 还需要英语和历史至少给 分。英语得 C 的概率是 ,历史得 C 的概率是 。
统一到分母 : 分的概率为 ; 分的概率为 ; 分的概率为 。
总概率为 。
因此,正确选项是 D。
Math and Science give points, so Rachelle needs at least more from English and History. The chance of a C is in English and in History.
Working over a denominator of points has probability points has and points has
The total is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
一个边长为 的正六边形,每条边的外侧都连接着一个等腰三角形。每个等腰三角形有两条边长为 。将这些等腰三角形折起,形成一个以该六边形为底面的棱锥。这个棱锥的体积是多少?
A regular hexagon with sides of length has an isosceles triangle attached to each side. Each of these triangles has two sides of length The isosceles triangles are folded to make a pyramid with the hexagon as the base of the pyramid. What is the volume of the pyramid?
小提示:
边长为 的正六边形中,中心到顶点的距离也为 。
In a regular hexagon of side the distance from the center to a vertex is also
大提示:
顶点位于中心正上方,高为 ;再使用体积公式 。
The apex sits above the center at height use
解答:
六边形中心到顶点的距离为 。侧棱长为 ,所以棱锥高为 。
六边形面积为 。因此体积为 。
因此,正确选项是 C。
The distance from the hexagon’s center to a vertex is A lateral edge has length so the pyramid’s height is
The hexagon’s area is Thus the volume is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
17.
一枚不公平硬币正面朝上的概率为 。当投掷 次时,恰好出现两次正面的概率与恰好出现三次正面的概率相同。 的值是多少?
An unfair coin lands on heads with a probability of When tossed times, the probability of exactly two heads is the same as the probability of exactly three heads. What is the value of
答案:D
小提示:
令
Set
大提示:
消去公共因子,得到 。
Cancel common factors to reach
解答:
令两个概率相等,并消去 和 的公共幂,得 。
这化为 ,所以 ,得 ,即 。
因此,正确选项是 D。
Setting the two probabilities equal and cancelling the common powers of and gives
This becomes so giving and
Thus, the correct answer is D.
18.
对每个正合数 ,定义 为 的质因数分解中各因子的和。例如,,因为 的质因数分解是 ,且 。函数 的值域 是什么?
For every composite positive integer define to be the sum of the factors in the prime factorization of For example, because the prime factorization of is and What is the range of the function
正整数集合
the set of positive integers
合数正整数集合
the set of composite positive integers
偶正整数集合
the set of even positive integers
大于 的整数集合
the set of integers greater than
大于 的整数集合
the set of integers greater than
小提示:
最小值来自最小的合数,。
The smallest value comes from the smallest composite,
大提示:
说明每个大于 的整数都能取到,例如 且
Show every integer greater than is attained, e.g. and
解答:
一个合数至少有两个质因子(按重数计),而最小质数是 ,所以最小可能值是 。
每个大于 的整数都能取到: 覆盖所有 的偶数值, 覆盖所有 的奇数值。所以值域是大于 的整数。
因此,正确选项是 D。
A composite number has at least two prime factors (with multiplicity), and the smallest prime is so the least possible value is
Every integer greater than is attained: covers the even values and covers the odd values So the range is the integers greater than
Thus, the correct answer is D.
19.
在 中, 且 。在三角形外侧作正方形 和 。点 、、 和 在同一个圆上。这个三角形的周长是多少?
In and Squares and are constructed outside of the triangle. The points and lie on a circle. What is the perimeter of the triangle?
答案:C
小提示:
圆心 到 等距,所以它是 的外心
The circle’s center is equidistant from so it is the circumcenter of
大提示:
因为 , 是 的中点;设 、,并使用 。
Since is the midpoint of set and use
解答:
圆心 位于 和 的垂直平分线上,而它们分别就是 和 的垂直平分线。因此 是 的外心;又因为 ,所以 是 的中点。
令 且 。则 ,由 得 。因为左边是 ,相减得到 。所以 ,再由 得 。因此 ,周长为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The center of the circle lies on the perpendicular bisectors of and which are the same as those of and So is the circumcenter of and since is the midpoint of
Let and Then and computing gives Because the left side is subtracting gives Thus and gives Therefore and the perimeter is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
20.
对每个正整数 ,令 表示 除以 的余数。递归定义函数 如下:
是多少?
For every positive integer let be the remainder obtained when is divided by Define a function recursively as follows:
What is
小提示:
对小的 ,逐行建立 的表
Build the table of row by row for small
大提示:
跟踪 这一列;当 足够大后它会变成常数
Track the column it becomes constant once is large enough
解答:
在每一行中从左到右应用递推,得到 如果某一行全是 ,递推就会使下一行也全是 。因此由归纳法可知,对每个 都有 。
因为 ,所以 。
因此,正确选项是 B。
Applying the recursion from left to right in each row gives If a row consists entirely of s, the recursion makes the next row entirely s as well. Hence, by induction, for every
Since we get
Thus, the correct answer is B.
21.
Cozy the Cat 和 Dash the Dog 正在爬一段有某个步数的楼梯。不过,它们不是一步一步走上去,而是跳上去。Cozy 每次跳上两级台阶(但如果有必要,它最后只会跳上最后一级)。Dash 每次跳上五级台阶(但如果剩下少于 级,必要时它最后会只跳完剩下的台阶)。假设 Dash 到达楼梯顶部所用的跳数比 Cozy 少 次。令 表示这段楼梯所有可能步数的和。 的各位数字之和是多少?
Cozy the Cat and Dash the Dog are going up a staircase with a certain number of steps. However, instead of walking up the steps one at a time, both Cozy and Dash jump. Cozy goes two steps up with each jump (though if necessary, he will just jump the last step). Dash goes five steps up with each jump (though if necessary, he will just jump the last steps if there are fewer than steps left). Suppose that Dash takes fewer jumps than Cozy to reach the top of the staircase. Let denote the sum of all possible numbers of steps this staircase can have. What is the sum of the digits of
小提示:
对 级台阶,Cozy 跳 次,Dash 跳 次
For steps, Cozy makes jumps and Dash makes jumps
大提示:
解 ,并收集所有有效的 。
Solve and collect every valid
解答:
一段 级的楼梯需要 Cozy 跳 次,Dash 跳 次,我们需要二者差为 。
设 Dash 跳了 次。那么 是 、、、、 之一。Cozy 跳了 次,所以 是 或 。令这两组值相等,只有在以下三种情形中 才是整数: 它们分别给出 。因此有效值为 、 和 ,所以 。它的各位数字之和是 。
因此,正确选项是 D。
A staircase of steps takes Cozy jumps and Dash jumps, and we need the difference to equal
Suppose Dash makes jumps. Then is one of Cozy makes jumps, so is either or Equating these two lists gives an integer only in the three cases These yield respectively Thus the valid values are and so Its digit sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
22.
六把椅子均匀地围绕一张圆桌摆放。每把椅子上坐着一个人。每个人起身后坐到一把不是原来的椅子、也不与原来椅子相邻的椅子上,并且最后仍然每把椅子坐一个人。这样的方式有多少种?
Six chairs are evenly spaced around a circular table. One person is seated in each chair. Each person gets up and sits down in a chair that is not the same chair and is not adjacent to the chair he or she originally occupied, so that again one person is seated in each chair. In how many ways can this be done?
小提示:
重新标号,使每个人必须留在原位或移到相邻椅子
Relabel so that each person must stay put or move to an adjacent chair
大提示:
保持其(重新标号后的)座位不变的人数必须是偶数:,,,或 。
The number of people who keep their (relabeled) seat must be even: or
解答:
先想象每个人都移动到正对面的椅子。条件变为:每个人必须坐在同一把椅子或相邻椅子上。保持原座位的人数必须为偶数(否则一个奇数长度的空段无法填满)。
若 人保持原座位,所有人一齐向左移、一齐向右移,或与相邻者两两交换:共 种。若 人保持原座位,这两人必须相对或相邻,给出 种选择,其余的人只能与相邻者两两交换。若 人保持原座位,另外两人必须占据相邻座位并互相交换,给出 种选择。若全部 人都不动,有 种。总数是 。
因此,正确选项是 D。
First imagine everyone moves to the chair directly opposite. The condition becomes: each person must sit in the same chair or an adjacent one. The number of people who keep their seat must be even (otherwise an odd-length gap cannot be filled).
If keep their seat, everyone shifts left, shifts right, or swaps with a neighbor: ways. If keep their seats, those two must be opposite or adjacent, giving choices, and the remaining people are forced to swap in adjacent pairs. If keep their seats, the other two must occupy adjacent seats and swap, giving choices. If all stay, there is way. The total is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
23.
一个长方体的尺寸为 ,其中 ,,和 是整数,且 。这个长方体的体积和表面积在数值上相等。有多少个有序三元组 是可能的?
A rectangular box measures where and are integers and The volume and the surface area of the box are numerically equal. How many ordered triples are possible?
小提示:
条件是 ,且 。
The condition is with
大提示:
证明 ,然后对每个固定的 ,把方程因式分解为一个等于常数的乘积
Show then for each fixed factor the equation into a product equal to a constant
解答:
体积和表面积在数值上相等,意味着 。两边除以 得 ,所以 。情形 和 都没有正数解。当 时,令 原方程可因式分解为 。
当 时, 给出 ,,,,。当 时, 给出 。当 时,两个因数模 的同余条件只留下有效数对 ,当 时, 只留下 。因此共有 个三元组。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Numerically equal volume and surface area means Dividing by gives so The cases and give no positive solutions. For set The equation then factors as
For gives For gives For the congruence of the two factors modulo leaves only the valid pair and for leaves only Thus there are triples.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
24.
四个圆两两不全等,圆心分别为 、、 和 ,点 和 都在这四个圆上。圆 的半径是圆 半径的 ,圆 的半径是圆 半径的 。此外, 且 。令 为 的中点。 是多少?
Four circles, no two of which are congruent, have centers at and and points and lie on all four circles. The radius of circle is times the radius of circle and the radius of circle is times the radius of circle Furthermore, and Let be the midpoint of What is
小提示:
都在 的垂直平分线上,且 。
All of lie on the perpendicular bisector of and
大提示:
设 ,半径比为 ,使用 和
With and radius ratio use and
解答:
因为每个圆心到 和 等距,所以四个圆心和 都位于 的垂直平分线上,并且 。先考虑半径比为 、彼此距离为 的两个圆心。如果 位于它们之间,令 ,并令 乘以圆 的半径。则 且 。相减得到 ,所以 ,从而 。此时 ,两个圆心到 的距离为 和 ,半径为 和 。
如果两个圆心位于 的同一侧,它们到该点的距离为 和 。类似的方程给出 ,所以 ,两个距离为 和 。此时半径为 和 。如果两对 和 都采用同一种位置关系,就会出现两对同半径的全等圆,与题设矛盾。因此两对必须分别采用一种位置关系。它们的距离和分别为 和 ,所以所求总和为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Since every center is equidistant from and all four centers and lie on the perpendicular bisector of with First consider two centers whose radii are in the ratio and whose distance apart is If lies between them, let and of circle ’s radius. Then and Subtracting gives so and Here so the two center distances from are and and the radii are and
If instead the two centers lie on the same side of their distances are and The analogous equations give hence and the distances are and In this case the radii are and Using the same placement for both pairs and would give two congruent circles of each radius, contrary to the hypothesis. Thus one pair uses each placement. Their distance sums are and so the requested total is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
一只蜜蜂从点 出发飞行。她向正东方向飞 英寸到点 。对 ,一旦蜜蜂到达点 ,她就逆时针转 ,然后沿直线飞 英寸到点 。当蜜蜂到达 时,她距离 恰好为 英寸,其中 、、 和 是正整数,且 和 都不能被任何质数的平方整除。 是多少?
A bee starts flying from point She flies inch due east to point For once the bee reaches point she turns counterclockwise and then flies inches straight to point When the bee reaches she is exactly inches away from where and are positive integers and and are not divisible by the square of any prime. What is
小提示:
用复数表示路径:,,且 。
Model the path with complex numbers: and
大提示:
求和该级数,然后使用 和 。
Sum the series, then use and
解答:
令 ,并设 ,则长度为 、方向为 的每一步给出 。对这个级数求和(对几何级数求导),得到
因为 ,所以 且 ,因此 。使用 以及 ,距离为 。
因此 。
因此,正确选项是 B。
Place and let so each step of length in direction gives Summing this (a differentiated geometric series) leads to
Since we have and so Using and the distance is
Hence
Thus, the correct answer is B.