2015 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

2(2)22 - (-2)^{-2} 的值是多少?

What is the value of 2(2)2?2 - (-2)^{-2}?

2-2

116\dfrac{1}{16}

74\dfrac{7}{4}

94\dfrac{9}{4}

66

知识点:指数运算顺序
难度评级:890
小提示:

a2=1a2a^{-2} = \dfrac{1}{a^2}

a2=1a2a^{-2} = \dfrac{1}{a^2}

大提示:

(2)2=4(-2)^2 = 4,所以从 22 中减去 14\dfrac14

(2)2=4,(-2)^2 = 4, so subtract 14\dfrac14 from 22

解答:

因为 (2)2=1(2)2=14(-2)^{-2} = \dfrac{1}{(-2)^2} = \dfrac14,所以 214=742 - \dfrac14 = \dfrac74

因此,正确选项是 C

Since (2)2=1(2)2=14,(-2)^{-2} = \dfrac{1}{(-2)^2} = \dfrac14, we get 214=74.2 - \dfrac14 = \dfrac74.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

Marie 连续做三项耗时相同的任务,中间不休息。她下午 1:001{:}00 开始第一项任务,下午 2:402{:}40 完成第二项任务。她什么时候完成第三项任务?

Marie does three equally time-consuming tasks in a row without taking breaks. She begins the first task at 1:001{:}00 PM and finishes the second task at 2:402{:}40 PM. When does she finish the third task?

下午 3:103{:}10

3:103{:}10 PM

下午 3:303{:}30

3:303{:}30 PM

下午 4:004{:}00

4:004{:}00 PM

下午 4:104{:}10

4:104{:}10 PM

下午 4:304{:}30

4:304{:}30 PM

难度评级:910
小提示:

前两项任务从下午 1:001{:}002:402{:}40,共 100100 分钟

The first two tasks span 1:001{:}00 to 2:40,2{:}40, which is 100100 minutes

大提示:

除以 22 得到一项任务的时长,再从下午 2:402{:}40 起加上这段时间

Divide by 22 to get one task’s length, then add it after 2:402{:}40

解答:

前两项任务一共用 100100 分钟,所以每项任务用 5050 分钟。

第三项任务在下午 2:402{:}405050 分钟完成,即下午 3:303{:}30

因此,正确选项是 B

The first two tasks together take 100100 minutes, so each task takes 5050 minutes.

The third task finishes 5050 minutes after 2:402{:}40 PM, at 3:303{:}30 PM.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

Isaac 写下了某个整数两次,另一个整数三次。这五个数的和为 100100,并且其中一个数是 2828。另一个数是多少?

Isaac has written down one integer two times and another integer three times. The sum of the five numbers is 100,100, and one of the numbers is 28.28. What is the other number?

88

1111

1414

1515

1818

难度评级:1050
小提示:

xx 出现两次,yy 出现三次,则 2x+3y=1002x + 3y = 100

Let xx appear twice and yy appear three times, so 2x+3y=1002x + 3y = 100

大提示:

分别检验 2828 是被写了两次还是三次,并保留整数情形

Test whether 2828 is the number written two times or three times, and keep the integer case

解答:

写作 2x+3y=1002x + 3y = 100。如果 2828 被写了两次,则 3y=10056=443y = 100 - 56 = 44,这不是 33 的倍数。

所以 2828 被写了三次:2x=10084=162x = 100 - 84 = 16,得 x=8x = 8

因此,正确选项是 A

Write 2x+3y=100.2x + 3y = 100. If 2828 were written twice, then 3y=10056=44,3y = 100 - 56 = 44, which is not a multiple of 3.3.

So 2828 is written three times: 2x=10084=16,2x = 100 - 84 = 16, giving x=8.x = 8.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

David、Hikmet、Jack、Marta、Rand 和 Todd 与另外 66 人参加了一场 1212 人赛跑。Rand 比 Hikmet 领先 66 个名次。Marta 比 Jack 落后 11 个名次。David 比 Hikmet 落后 22 个名次。Jack 比 Todd 落后 22 个名次。Todd 比 Rand 落后 11 个名次。Marta 得第 66 名。谁得第 88 名?

David, Hikmet, Jack, Marta, Rand, and Todd were in a 1212-person race with 66 other people. Rand finished 66 places ahead of Hikmet. Marta finished 11 place behind Jack. David finished 22 places behind Hikmet. Jack finished 22 places behind Todd. Todd finished 11 place behind Rand. Marta finished in 66th place. Who finished in 88th place?

David

Hikmet

Jack

Rand

Todd

难度评级:1130
小提示:

从 Marta 第 66 名开始,依次使用每个给出的名次差

Start from Marta in 66th place and use each stated gap

大提示:

Marta 比 Jack 落后 11 名,所以 Jack 第 55 名;再连到 Todd、Rand、Hikmet

Marta is 11 behind Jack, so Jack is 55th; chain to Todd, then Rand, then Hikmet

解答:

Marta 第 66 名,所以 Jack 第 55 名。Jack 比 Todd 落后 22 名,所以 Todd 第 33 名。Todd 比 Rand 落后 11 名,所以 Rand 第 22 名。

Rand 比 Hikmet 领先 66 名,所以 Hikmet 第 88 名。(David 第 1010 名。)

因此,正确选项是 B

Marta is 66th, so Jack is 55th. Jack is 22 behind Todd, so Todd is 33rd. Todd is 11 behind Rand, so Rand is 22nd.

Rand is 66 ahead of Hikmet, so Hikmet is 88th. (David is 1010th.)

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

Tigers 队在前 33 次比赛中有 22 次击败了 Sharks 队。之后他们又比赛了 NN 次,最后 Sharks 队赢得了全部比赛中至少 95%95\% 的场次。NN 的最小可能值是多少?

The Tigers beat the Sharks 22 out of the first 33 times they played. They then played NN more times, and the Sharks ended up winning at least 95%95\% of all the games played. What is the minimum possible value for N?N?

3535

3737

3939

4141

4343

难度评级:1270
小提示:

要使 NN 最小,令 Sharks 队赢下之后全部 NN

To minimize N,N, let the Sharks win all NN additional games

大提示:

1+N3+N95100\dfrac{1 + N}{3 + N} \ge \dfrac{95}{100}

Solve 1+N3+N95100\dfrac{1 + N}{3 + N} \ge \dfrac{95}{100}

解答:

Sharks 队在前 33 场中赢了 11 场。要用最少的额外比赛达到 95%95\%,他们应赢下全部 NN 场额外比赛,此时胜率为 1+N3+N\dfrac{1 + N}{3 + N}

要求 1+N3+N1920\dfrac{1 + N}{3 + N} \ge \dfrac{19}{20},得 20+20N57+19N20 + 20N \ge 57 + 19N,所以 N37N \ge 37

因此,正确选项是 B

The Sharks won 11 of the first 33 games. To reach 95%95\% with the fewest extra games, they should win all NN additional games, giving a win fraction 1+N3+N.\dfrac{1 + N}{3 + N}.

Requiring 1+N3+N1920\dfrac{1 + N}{3 + N} \ge \dfrac{19}{20} gives 20+20N57+19N,20 + 20N \ge 57 + 19N, so N37.N \ge 37.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

早在 19301930 年,Tillie 必须背熟从 0×00 \times 012×1212 \times 12 的乘法表。她得到的乘法表中,行和列标有因数,表格主体是乘积。四舍五入到小数点后两位,表格主体中奇数所占的比例是多少?

Back in 1930,1930, Tillie had to memorize her multiplication facts from 0×00 \times 0 through 12×12.12 \times 12. The multiplication table she was given had rows and columns labeled with the factors, and the products formed the body of the table. To the nearest hundredth, what fraction of the numbers in the body of the table are odd?

0.210.21

0.250.25

0.460.46

0.500.50

0.750.75

难度评级:1290
小提示:

只有两个因数都是奇数时,乘积才是奇数

A product is odd only when both factors are odd

大提示:

统计从 001212 的奇数个数,再与 13×1313 \times 13 个表项比较

Count the odd numbers from 00 to 12,12, then compare with the 13×1313 \times 13 entries

解答:

表格主体有 13×13=16913 \times 13 = 169 个表项。乘积为奇数,当且仅当两个因数都是奇数。

0,1,,120, 1, \ldots, 12 中有 66 个奇数,因此有 6×6=366 \times 6 = 36 个奇数表项。所求比例是 36169=0.2130.21\dfrac{36}{169} = 0.213\ldots \approx 0.21

因此,正确选项是 A

The body has 13×13=16913 \times 13 = 169 entries. A product is odd exactly when both factors are odd.

There are 66 odd numbers among 0,1,,12,0, 1, \ldots, 12, giving 6×6=366 \times 6 = 36 odd entries. The fraction is 36169=0.2130.21.\dfrac{36}{169} = 0.213\ldots \approx 0.21.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

7.

一个正 1515 边形有 LL 条对称轴,并且使它具有旋转对称性的最小正角为 RR 度。L+RL + R 是多少?

A regular 1515-gon has LL lines of symmetry, and the smallest positive angle for which it has rotational symmetry is RR degrees. What is L+R?L + R?

2424

2727

3232

3939

5454

难度评级:1260
小提示:

一个正 nn 边形有 nn 条对称轴

A regular nn-gon has nn lines of symmetry

大提示:

它的最小旋转对称角是 360n\dfrac{360^\circ}{n}

Its smallest rotational symmetry angle is 360n\dfrac{360^\circ}{n}

解答:

一个正 1515 边形有 L=15L = 15 条对称轴,它的最小旋转对称角是 R=36015=24R = \dfrac{360}{15} = 24 度。

于是 L+R=15+24=39L + R = 15 + 24 = 39

因此,正确选项是 D

A regular 1515-gon has L=15L = 15 lines of symmetry, and its smallest angle of rotational symmetry is R=36015=24R = \dfrac{360}{15} = 24 degrees.

Then L+R=15+24=39.L + R = 15 + 24 = 39.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

(625log52015)14\left(625^{\log_5 2015}\right)^{\frac14} 的值是多少?

What is the value of (625log52015)14?\left(625^{\log_5 2015}\right)^{\frac14}?

55

20154\sqrt[4]{2015}

625625

20152015

520154\sqrt[4]{5^{2015}}

知识点:对数指数
难度评级:1460
小提示:

625=54625 = 5^4

625=54625 = 5^4

大提示:

合并指数后使用 5log5x=x5^{\log_5 x} = x

Use 5log5x=x5^{\log_5 x} = x after collecting the exponents

解答:

因为 625=54625 = 5^4,所以 625log52015=54log52015=(5log52015)4=20154 \begin{gathered} 625^{\log_5 2015} = 5^{4\log_5 2015} \\ = \left(5^{\log_5 2015}\right)^4 = 2015^4 \end{gathered}\text{。}

取四次方根得 (20154)14=2015\left(2015^4\right)^{\frac{1}{4}} = 2015

因此,正确选项是 D

Since 625=54,625 = 5^4, we have 625log52015=54log52015=(5log52015)4=20154. \begin{gathered} 625^{\log_5 2015} = 5^{4\log_5 2015} \\ = \left(5^{\log_5 2015}\right)^4 = 2015^4. \end{gathered}

Taking the fourth root gives (20154)14=2015.\left(2015^4\right)^{\frac{1}{4}} = 2015.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

Larry 和 Julius 正在玩游戏,轮流向放在台沿上的瓶子扔球。Larry 先扔。第一个把瓶子击落的人获胜。每一轮中,玩家把瓶子击落的概率都是 12\dfrac12,且与之前发生的情况相互独立。Larry 赢得游戏的概率是多少?

Larry and Julius are playing a game, taking turns throwing a ball at a bottle sitting on a ledge. Larry throws first. The winner is the first person to knock the bottle off the ledge. At each turn the probability that a player knocks the bottle off the ledge is 12,\dfrac12, independently of what has happened before. What is the probability that Larry wins the game?

12\dfrac12

35\dfrac35

23\dfrac23

34\dfrac34

45\dfrac45

难度评级:1540
小提示:

Larry 立即获胜的概率是 12\dfrac12

Larry wins immediately with probability 12\dfrac12

大提示:

如果两人都没击中(概率 14\dfrac14),游戏回到起点;解 x=12+14xx = \dfrac12 + \dfrac14 x

If both miss (probability 14\dfrac14), the game resets; solve x=12+14xx = \dfrac12 + \dfrac14 x

解答:

xx 为 Larry 获胜的概率。他以概率 12\dfrac12 立即获胜;或者两名玩家都没击中(概率 14\dfrac14),游戏重新开始。

所以 x=12+14xx = \dfrac12 + \dfrac14 x,得 34x=12\dfrac34 x = \dfrac12,因此 x=23x = \dfrac23

因此,正确选项是 C

Let xx be the probability Larry wins. He wins right away with probability 12,\dfrac12, or both players miss (probability 14\dfrac14) and the game restarts.

So x=12+14x,x = \dfrac12 + \dfrac14 x, giving 34x=12\dfrac34 x = \dfrac12 and x=23.x = \dfrac23.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

有多少个互不全等的正面积整数边三角形,其周长小于 1515 且既不是等边三角形,也不是等腰三角形,也不是直角三角形?

How many noncongruent integer-sided triangles with positive area and perimeter less than 1515 are neither equilateral, isosceles, nor right triangles?

33

44

55

66

77

难度评级:1520
小提示:

设边长 a<b<ca \lt b \lt c,三角形不等式给出周长 >2c\gt 2c

With sides a<b<c,a \lt b \lt c, the triangle inequality gives perimeter >2c\gt 2c

大提示:

这迫使 c6c \le 6;列出不等边三元组,并去掉直角三角形 3,4,53, 4, 5

This forces c6;c \le 6; list scalene triples and drop the right triangle 3,4,53, 4, 5

解答:

设三条不同边为 a<b<ca \lt b \lt c。因为 a+b>ca + b \gt c,周长大于 2c2c,所以 2c<152c \lt 15,从而 c6c \le 6

周长小于 1515 的不等边三元组为 (6,5,3)(6,5,3)(6,5,2)(6,5,2)(6,4,3)(6,4,3)(5,4,3)(5,4,3)(5,4,2)(5,4,2),和 (4,3,2)(4,3,2)。其中只有 (5,4,3)(5,4,3) 是直角三角形,剩下 55 个。

因此,正确选项是 C

Let the distinct sides be a<b<c.a \lt b \lt c. Since a+b>c,a + b \gt c, the perimeter exceeds 2c,2c, so 2c<152c \lt 15 and c6.c \le 6.

The scalene triples with perimeter less than 1515 are (6,5,3),(6,5,3), (6,5,2),(6,5,2), (6,4,3),(6,4,3), (5,4,3),(5,4,3), (5,4,2),(5,4,2), and (4,3,2).(4,3,2). Of these, only (5,4,3)(5,4,3) is a right triangle, leaving 5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

11.

直线 12x+5y=6012x + 5y = 60 与坐标轴围成一个三角形。这个三角形三条高的长度之和是多少?

The line 12x+5y=6012x + 5y = 60 forms a triangle with the coordinate axes. What is the sum of the lengths of the altitudes of this triangle?

2020

36017\dfrac{360}{17}

1075\dfrac{107}{5}

432\dfrac{43}{2}

28113\dfrac{281}{13}

难度评级:1510
小提示:

截距为 (5,0)(5, 0)(0,12)(0, 12),所以两条直角边长为 551212

The intercepts are (5,0)(5, 0) and (0,12),(0, 12), so the legs are 55 and 1212

大提示:

两条高就是两条直角边;第三条高为 2面积斜边\dfrac{2 \cdot \text{面积}}{\text{斜边}}

Two altitudes are the legs; the third is 2areahypotenuse\dfrac{2 \cdot \text{area}}{\text{hypotenuse}}

解答:

这条直线与坐标轴交于 (5,0)(5, 0)(0,12)(0, 12),所以该三角形是直角三角形,两条直角边为 551212,斜边为 1313,面积为 3030

两条高是直角边 551212;到斜边的高为 23013=6013\dfrac{2 \cdot 30}{13} = \dfrac{60}{13}。三条高的和为 17+6013=2811317 + \dfrac{60}{13} = \dfrac{281}{13}

因此,正确选项是 E

The line meets the axes at (5,0)(5, 0) and (0,12),(0, 12), so the triangle is right with legs 55 and 1212 and hypotenuse 13.13. Its area is 30.30.

Two altitudes are the legs 55 and 12;12; the altitude to the hypotenuse is 23013=6013.\dfrac{2 \cdot 30}{13} = \dfrac{60}{13}. The sum is 17+6013=28113.17 + \dfrac{60}{13} = \dfrac{281}{13}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

aabbcc 是三个互不相同的一位数。方程 (xa)(xb)(x - a)(x - b) +(xb)(xc)=0+ (x - b)(x - c) = 0 的根的和的最大值是多少?

Let a,a, b,b, and cc be three distinct one-digit numbers. What is the maximum value of the sum of the roots of the equation (xa)(xb)(x - a)(x - b) +(xb)(xc)=0?+ (x - b)(x - c) = 0?

1515

15.515.5

1616

16.516.5

1717

难度评级:1540
小提示:

提取公因式 (xb)(x - b)

Factor out the common (xb)(x - b)

大提示:

两个根是 bba+c2\dfrac{a + c}{2};在互异数字中最大化 b+a+c2b + \dfrac{a + c}{2}

The roots are bb and a+c2;\dfrac{a + c}{2}; maximize b+a+c2b + \dfrac{a + c}{2} over distinct digits

解答:

因式分解得 (xb)(2x(a+c))=0(x - b)\bigl(2x - (a + c)\bigr) = 0,所以两个根是 bba+c2\dfrac{a + c}{2}。它们的和是 b+a+c2b + \dfrac{a + c}{2}

使用互不相同的数字,取 b=9b = 9a+c=8+7=15a + c = 8 + 7 = 15,得 9+7.5=16.59 + 7.5 = 16.5

因此,正确选项是 D

Factoring gives (xb)(2x(a+c))=0,(x - b)\bigl(2x - (a + c)\bigr) = 0, so the roots are bb and a+c2.\dfrac{a + c}{2}. Their sum is b+a+c2.b + \dfrac{a + c}{2}.

Using distinct digits, take b=9b = 9 and a+c=8+7=15,a + c = 8 + 7 = 15, giving 9+7.5=16.5.9 + 7.5 = 16.5.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

四边形 ABCDABCD 内接于圆,且 BAC=70\angle BAC = 70^\circADB=40\angle ADB = 40^\circAD=4AD = 4BC=6BC = 6ACAC 是多少?

Quadrilateral ABCDABCD is inscribed in a circle with BAC=70,\angle BAC = 70^\circ, ADB=40,\angle ADB = 40^\circ, AD=4,AD = 4, and BC=6.BC = 6. What is AC?AC?

3+53 + \sqrt5

66

922\dfrac92\sqrt2

828 - \sqrt2

77

难度评级:1670
小提示:

BAC\angle BACBDC\angle BDC 对着同一条弧 BCBC

BAC\angle BAC and BDC\angle BDC subtend the same arc BCBC

大提示:

求出 ABC\angle ABC,再与 BAC\angle BAC 比较,说明 ABC\triangle ABC 是等腰三角形

Find ABC,\angle ABC, then compare it with BAC\angle BAC to show ABC\triangle ABC is isosceles

解答:

BACBACBDCBDC 截弧 BCBC,所以 BDC=70\angle BDC = 70^\circ。于是 ADC=ADB\angle ADC = \angle ADB +BDC=110+ \angle BDC = 110^\circ

因为 ABCDABCD 是圆内接四边形,ABC=180110=70\angle ABC = 180^\circ - 110^\circ = 70^\circ =BAC= \angle BAC。因此 ABC\triangle ABC 是等腰三角形,AC=BC=6AC = BC = 6

因此,正确选项是 B

Angles BACBAC and BDCBDC subtend arc BC,BC, so BDC=70.\angle BDC = 70^\circ. Then ADC=ADB\angle ADC = \angle ADB +BDC=110.+ \angle BDC = 110^\circ.

Since ABCDABCD is cyclic, ABC=180110=70\angle ABC = 180^\circ - 110^\circ = 70^\circ =BAC.= \angle BAC. Thus ABC\triangle ABC is isosceles with AC=BC=6.AC = BC = 6.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

一个半径为 22 的圆以 AA 为圆心。一个边长为 44 的等边三角形有一个顶点在 AA。位于圆内但在三角形外的区域面积,与位于三角形内但在圆外的区域面积之差是多少?

A circle of radius 22 is centered at A.A. An equilateral triangle with side 44 has a vertex at A.A. What is the difference between the area of the region that lies inside the circle but outside the triangle and the area of the region that lies inside the triangle but outside the circle?

8π8 - \pi

π+2\pi + 2

2π222\pi - \dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

4(π3)4(\pi - \sqrt3)

2π+322\pi + \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}

难度评级:1740
小提示:

zz 为重叠面积;所求差为 (z)(三角形z)(\text{圆} - z) - (\text{三角形} - z)

Let zz be the overlap area; the requested difference is (circlez)(trianglez)(\text{circle} - z) - (\text{triangle} - z)

大提示:

这等于圆面积减去三角形面积;使用 πr2\pi r^234s2\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}s^2

That equals circle area minus triangle area; use πr2\pi r^2 and 34s2\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}s^2

解答:

zz 为圆和三角形的公共面积。所求差为 (z)(三角形z)=三角形 \begin{aligned} &(\text{圆} - z) - (\text{三角形} - z) \\ &= \text{圆} - \text{三角形} \end{aligned}\text{。}

圆的面积为 π22=4π\pi \cdot 2^2 = 4\pi,等边三角形的面积为 3442=43\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}\cdot 4^2 = 4\sqrt3。差为 4π43=4(π3)4\pi - 4\sqrt3 = 4(\pi - \sqrt3)

因此,正确选项是 D

Let zz be the area shared by the circle and triangle. The requested difference is (circlez)(trianglez)=circletriangle. \begin{aligned} &(\text{circle} - z) - (\text{triangle} - z) \\ &= \text{circle} - \text{triangle}. \end{aligned}

The circle has area π22=4π,\pi \cdot 2^2 = 4\pi, and the equilateral triangle has area 3442=43.\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}\cdot 4^2 = 4\sqrt3. The difference is 4π43=4(π3).4\pi - 4\sqrt3 = 4(\pi - \sqrt3).

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

在 Rachelle 的学校,A 记 44 分,B 记 33 分,C 记 22 分,D 记 11 分。她所修四门课的 GPA 是总分除以 44。她确定自己在数学和科学两科都会得 A,并且英语和历史每科至少得 C。她认为自己英语得 A 的概率是 16\dfrac16,得 B 的概率是 14\dfrac14。历史得 A 的概率是 14\dfrac14,得 B 的概率是 13\dfrac13,且与英语成绩相互独立。Rachelle 的 GPA 至少为 3.53.5 的概率是多少?

At Rachelle’s school an A counts 44 points, a B 33 points, a C 22 points, and a D 11 point. Her GPA on the four classes she is taking is computed as the total sum of points divided by 4.4. She is certain that she will get As in both Mathematics and Science, and at least a C in each of English and History. She thinks she has a 16\dfrac16 chance of getting an A in English, and a 14\dfrac14 chance of getting a B. In History, she has a 14\dfrac14 chance of getting an A, and a 13\dfrac13 chance of getting a B, independently of what she gets in English. What is the probability that Rachelle will get a GPA of at least 3.5?3.5?

1172\dfrac{11}{72}

16\dfrac16

316\dfrac{3}{16}

1124\dfrac{11}{24}

12\dfrac12

难度评级:1820
小提示:

3.53.5 的 GPA 需要总分 1414,所以英语和历史至少要给 66

A 3.53.5 GPA needs 1414 total points, so English and History must give at least 66 points

大提示:

求出每科得 C 的概率,再加上总分为 6677,和 88 的概率

Find each class’s chance of a C, then add the probabilities of totals 6,6, 7,7, and 88

解答:

数学和科学给 88 分,所以 Rachelle 还需要英语和历史至少给 66 分。英语得 C 的概率是 11614=7121 - \dfrac16 - \dfrac14 = \dfrac{7}{12},历史得 C 的概率是 11413=5121 - \dfrac14 - \dfrac13 = \dfrac{5}{12}

统一到分母 14414488 分的概率为 1614=6144\dfrac16\cdot\dfrac14 = \dfrac{6}{144}77 分的概率为 1613+1414=17144\dfrac16\cdot\dfrac13 + \dfrac14\cdot\dfrac14 = \dfrac{17}{144}66 分的概率为 16512+1413\dfrac16\cdot\dfrac{5}{12} + \dfrac14\cdot\dfrac13 +71214=43144+ \dfrac{7}{12}\cdot\dfrac14 = \dfrac{43}{144}

总概率为 6+17+43144=66144=1124\dfrac{6 + 17 + 43}{144} = \dfrac{66}{144} = \dfrac{11}{24}

因此,正确选项是 D

Math and Science give 88 points, so Rachelle needs at least 66 more from English and History. The chance of a C is 11614=7121 - \dfrac16 - \dfrac14 = \dfrac{7}{12} in English and 11413=5121 - \dfrac14 - \dfrac13 = \dfrac{5}{12} in History.

Working over a denominator of 144:144: 88 points has probability 1614=6144;\dfrac16\cdot\dfrac14 = \dfrac{6}{144}; 77 points has 1613+1414=17144;\dfrac16\cdot\dfrac13 + \dfrac14\cdot\dfrac14 = \dfrac{17}{144}; and 66 points has 16512+1413\dfrac16\cdot\dfrac{5}{12} + \dfrac14\cdot\dfrac13 +71214=43144.+ \dfrac{7}{12}\cdot\dfrac14 = \dfrac{43}{144}.

The total is 6+17+43144=66144=1124.\dfrac{6 + 17 + 43}{144} = \dfrac{66}{144} = \dfrac{11}{24}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

一个边长为 66 的正六边形,每条边的外侧都连接着一个等腰三角形。每个等腰三角形有两条边长为 88。将这些等腰三角形折起,形成一个以该六边形为底面的棱锥。这个棱锥的体积是多少?

A regular hexagon with sides of length 66 has an isosceles triangle attached to each side. Each of these triangles has two sides of length 8.8. The isosceles triangles are folded to make a pyramid with the hexagon as the base of the pyramid. What is the volume of the pyramid?

1818

162162

362136\sqrt{21}

1813818\sqrt{138}

542154\sqrt{21}

难度评级:1900
小提示:

边长为 66 的正六边形中,中心到顶点的距离也为 66

In a regular hexagon of side 6,6, the distance from the center to a vertex is also 66

大提示:

顶点位于中心正上方,高为 8262\sqrt{8^2 - 6^2};再使用体积公式 V=13(底面积)hV = \dfrac13 \cdot (\text{底面积}) \cdot h

The apex sits above the center at height 8262;\sqrt{8^2 - 6^2}; use V=13(base area)hV = \dfrac13 \cdot (\text{base area}) \cdot h

解答:

六边形中心到顶点的距离为 66。侧棱长为 88,所以棱锥高为 8262=28=27\sqrt{8^2 - 6^2} = \sqrt{28} = 2\sqrt7

六边形面积为 33262=543\dfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}\cdot 6^2 = 54\sqrt3。因此体积为 1354327=3621\dfrac13 \cdot 54\sqrt3 \cdot 2\sqrt7 = 36\sqrt{21}

因此,正确选项是 C

The distance from the hexagon’s center to a vertex is 6.6. A lateral edge has length 8,8, so the pyramid’s height is 8262=28=27.\sqrt{8^2 - 6^2} = \sqrt{28} = 2\sqrt7.

The hexagon’s area is 33262=543.\dfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}\cdot 6^2 = 54\sqrt3. Thus the volume is 1354327=3621.\dfrac13 \cdot 54\sqrt3 \cdot 2\sqrt7 = 36\sqrt{21}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

一枚不公平硬币正面朝上的概率为 14\dfrac14。当投掷 nn 次时,恰好出现两次正面的概率与恰好出现三次正面的概率相同。nn 的值是多少?

An unfair coin lands on heads with a probability of 14.\dfrac14. When tossed nn times, the probability of exactly two heads is the same as the probability of exactly three heads. What is the value of n?n?

55

88

1010

1111

1313

知识点:二项概率
难度评级:1830
小提示:

(n2)(14)2(34)n2\binom{n}{2}\left(\tfrac14\right)^2\left(\tfrac34\right)^{n-2} =(n3)(14)3(34)n3= \binom{n}{3}\left(\tfrac14\right)^3\left(\tfrac34\right)^{n-3}

Set (n2)(14)2(34)n2\binom{n}{2}\left(\tfrac14\right)^2\left(\tfrac34\right)^{n-2} =(n3)(14)3(34)n3= \binom{n}{3}\left(\tfrac14\right)^3\left(\tfrac34\right)^{n-3}

大提示:

消去公共因子,得到 (n2)3=(n3)\binom{n}{2}\cdot 3 = \binom{n}{3}

Cancel common factors to reach (n2)3=(n3)\binom{n}{2}\cdot 3 = \binom{n}{3}

解答:

令两个概率相等,并消去 14\tfrac1434\tfrac34 的公共幂,得 (n2)34=(n3)14\binom{n}{2}\cdot\dfrac34 = \binom{n}{3}\cdot\dfrac14

这化为 n(n1)23\dfrac{n(n-1)}{2}\cdot 3 =n(n1)(n2)6= \dfrac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{6},所以 32=n26\dfrac32 = \dfrac{n-2}{6},得 n2=9n - 2 = 9,即 n=11n = 11

因此,正确选项是 D

Setting the two probabilities equal and cancelling the common powers of 14\tfrac14 and 34\tfrac34 gives (n2)34=(n3)14.\binom{n}{2}\cdot\dfrac34 = \binom{n}{3}\cdot\dfrac14.

This becomes n(n1)23\dfrac{n(n-1)}{2}\cdot 3 =n(n1)(n2)6,= \dfrac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{6}, so 32=n26,\dfrac32 = \dfrac{n-2}{6}, giving n2=9n - 2 = 9 and n=11.n = 11.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

对每个正合数 nn,定义 r(n)r(n)nn 的质因数分解中各因子的和。例如,r(50)=12r(50) = 12,因为 5050 的质因数分解是 2522 \cdot 5^2,且 2+5+5=122 + 5 + 5 = 12。函数 rr 的值域 {r(n):n 是正合数}\{r(n) : n \text{ 是正合数}\} 是什么?

For every composite positive integer n,n, define r(n)r(n) to be the sum of the factors in the prime factorization of n.n. For example, r(50)=12r(50) = 12 because the prime factorization of 5050 is 252,2 \cdot 5^2, and 2+5+5=12.2 + 5 + 5 = 12. What is the range of the function r,r, {r(n):n is a composite positive integer}?\{r(n) : n \text{ is a composite positive integer}\}?

正整数集合

the set of positive integers

合数正整数集合

the set of composite positive integers

偶正整数集合

the set of even positive integers

大于 33 的整数集合

the set of integers greater than 33

大于 44 的整数集合

the set of integers greater than 44

难度评级:1970
小提示:

最小值来自最小的合数,4=224 = 2 \cdot 2

The smallest value comes from the smallest composite, 4=224 = 2 \cdot 2

大提示:

说明每个大于 33 的整数都能取到,例如 r(2k)=2kr(2^k) = 2kr(2k3)=2k+3r(2^k\cdot 3) = 2k + 3

Show every integer greater than 33 is attained, e.g. r(2k)=2kr(2^k) = 2k and r(2k3)=2k+3r(2^k\cdot 3) = 2k + 3

解答:

一个合数至少有两个质因子(按重数计),而最小质数是 22,所以最小可能值是 2+2=42 + 2 = 4

每个大于 33 的整数都能取到:r(2k)=2kr(2^k) = 2k 覆盖所有 4\ge 4 的偶数值,r(2k3)=2k+3r(2^k\cdot 3) = 2k + 3 覆盖所有 5\ge 5 的奇数值。所以值域是大于 33 的整数。

因此,正确选项是 D

A composite number has at least two prime factors (with multiplicity), and the smallest prime is 2,2, so the least possible value is 2+2=4.2 + 2 = 4.

Every integer greater than 33 is attained: r(2k)=2kr(2^k) = 2k covers the even values 4,\ge 4, and r(2k3)=2k+3r(2^k\cdot 3) = 2k + 3 covers the odd values 5.\ge 5. So the range is the integers greater than 3.3.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,C=90\angle C = 90^\circAB=12AB = 12。在三角形外侧作正方形 ABXYABXYACWZACWZ。点 XXYYZZWW 在同一个圆上。这个三角形的周长是多少?

In ABC,\triangle ABC, C=90\angle C = 90^\circ and AB=12.AB = 12. Squares ABXYABXY and ACWZACWZ are constructed outside of the triangle. The points X,X, Y,Y, Z,Z, and WW lie on a circle. What is the perimeter of the triangle?

12+9312 + 9\sqrt3

18+6318 + 6\sqrt3

12+12212 + 12\sqrt2

3030

3232

难度评级:2040
小提示:

圆心 OOX,Y,Z,WX, Y, Z, W 等距,所以它是 ABC\triangle ABC 的外心

The circle’s center OO is equidistant from X,Y,Z,W,X, Y, Z, W, so it is the circumcenter of ABC\triangle ABC

大提示:

因为 C=90\angle C = 90^\circOOABAB 的中点;设 a=12BCa = \tfrac12 BCb=12CAb = \tfrac12 CA,并使用 OX=OWOX = OW

Since C=90,\angle C = 90^\circ, OO is the midpoint of AB;AB; set a=12BC,a = \tfrac12 BC, b=12CAb = \tfrac12 CA and use OX=OWOX = OW

解答:

圆心 OO 位于 XYXYZWZW 的垂直平分线上,而它们分别就是 ABABACAC 的垂直平分线。因此 OOABC\triangle ABC 的外心;又因为 C=90\angle C = 90^\circ,所以 OOABAB 的中点。

a=12BCa = \tfrac12 BCb=12CAb = \tfrac12 CA。则 a2+b2=62a^2 + b^2 = 6^2,由 OX2=OW2OX^2 = OW^2122+62=b2+(a+2b)212^2 + 6^2 = b^2 + (a + 2b)^2。因为左边是 5(a2+b2)5(a^2+b^2),相减得到 4a(ba)=04a(b-a)=0。所以 a=ba=b,再由 2a2=362a^2=36a=b=32a=b=3\sqrt2。因此 BC=CA=62BC=CA=6\sqrt2,周长为 12+12212+12\sqrt2

因此,正确答案是 C

The center OO of the circle lies on the perpendicular bisectors of XYXY and ZW,ZW, which are the same as those of ABAB and AC.AC. So OO is the circumcenter of ABC,\triangle ABC, and since C=90,\angle C = 90^\circ, OO is the midpoint of AB.AB.

Let a=12BCa = \tfrac12 BC and b=12CA.b = \tfrac12 CA. Then a2+b2=62,a^2 + b^2 = 6^2, and computing OX2=OW2OX^2 = OW^2 gives 122+62=b2+(a+2b)2.12^2 + 6^2 = b^2 + (a + 2b)^2. Because the left side is 5(a2+b2),5(a^2+b^2), subtracting gives 4a(ba)=0.4a(b-a)=0. Thus a=b,a=b, and 2a2=362a^2=36 gives a=b=32.a=b=3\sqrt2. Therefore BC=CA=62,BC=CA=6\sqrt2, and the perimeter is 12+122.12+12\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

对每个正整数 nn,令 mod5(n)\operatorname{mod}_5(n) 表示 nn 除以 55 的余数。递归定义函数 f:{0,1,2,3,}f : \{0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots\} ×{0,1,2,3,4}\times \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\} {0,1,2,3,4}\to \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\} 如下:

f(i,j)={mod5(j+1)当 i=0 且 0j4,f(i1,1)当 i1 且 j=0, 且f(i1,f(i,j1))当 i1 且 1j4 \tiny f(i, j) = \begin{cases} \operatorname{mod}_5(j + 1) & \text{当 } i = 0 \text{ 且 } 0 \le j \le 4, \\ f(i - 1, 1) & \text{当 } i \ge 1 \text{ 且 } j = 0, \text{ 且} \\ f(i - 1, f(i, j - 1)) & \text{当 } i \ge 1 \text{ 且 } 1 \le j \le 4 \end{cases}\text{。}

f(2015,2)f(2015, 2) 是多少?

For every positive integer n,n, let mod5(n)\operatorname{mod}_5(n) be the remainder obtained when nn is divided by 5.5. Define a function f:{0,1,2,3,}f : \{0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots\} ×{0,1,2,3,4}\times \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\} {0,1,2,3,4}\to \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\} recursively as follows:

f(i,j)={mod5(j+1)if i=0 and 0j4,f(i1,1)if i1 and j=0, andf(i1,f(i,j1))if i1 and 1j4. \tiny f(i, j) = \begin{cases} \operatorname{mod}_5(j + 1) & \text{if } i = 0 \text{ and } 0 \le j \le 4, \\ f(i - 1, 1) & \text{if } i \ge 1 \text{ and } j = 0, \text{ and} \\ f(i - 1, f(i, j - 1)) & \text{if } i \ge 1 \text{ and } 1 \le j \le 4. \end{cases}

What is f(2015,2)?f(2015, 2)?

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:2100
小提示:

对小的 ii,逐行建立 f(i,j)f(i, j) 的表

Build the table of f(i,j)f(i, j) row by row for small ii

大提示:

跟踪 j=2j = 2 这一列;当 ii 足够大后它会变成常数

Track the column j=2;j = 2; it becomes constant once ii is large enough

解答:

在每一行中从左到右应用递推,得到 i\j01234012340123401230241303410431313511111 \begin{array}{c|ccccc} i\backslash j&0&1&2&3&4\\ \hline 0&1&2&3&4&0\\ 1&2&3&4&0&1\\ 2&3&0&2&4&1\\ 3&0&3&4&1&0\\ 4&3&1&3&1&3\\ 5&1&1&1&1&1 \end{array} 如果某一行全是 11,递推就会使下一行也全是 11。因此由归纳法可知,对每个 i5i\ge5 都有 f(i,2)=1f(i,2)=1

因为 201552015 \ge 5,所以 f(2015,2)=1f(2015, 2) = 1

因此,正确选项是 B

Applying the recursion from left to right in each row gives i\j01234012340123401230241303410431313511111 \begin{array}{c|ccccc} i\backslash j&0&1&2&3&4\\ \hline 0&1&2&3&4&0\\ 1&2&3&4&0&1\\ 2&3&0&2&4&1\\ 3&0&3&4&1&0\\ 4&3&1&3&1&3\\ 5&1&1&1&1&1 \end{array} If a row consists entirely of 11s, the recursion makes the next row entirely 11s as well. Hence, by induction, f(i,2)=1f(i,2)=1 for every i5.i\ge5.

Since 20155,2015 \ge 5, we get f(2015,2)=1.f(2015, 2) = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

Cozy the Cat 和 Dash the Dog 正在爬一段有某个步数的楼梯。不过,它们不是一步一步走上去,而是跳上去。Cozy 每次跳上两级台阶(但如果有必要,它最后只会跳上最后一级)。Dash 每次跳上五级台阶(但如果剩下少于 55 级,必要时它最后会只跳完剩下的台阶)。假设 Dash 到达楼梯顶部所用的跳数比 Cozy 少 1919 次。令 ss 表示这段楼梯所有可能步数的和。ss 的各位数字之和是多少?

Cozy the Cat and Dash the Dog are going up a staircase with a certain number of steps. However, instead of walking up the steps one at a time, both Cozy and Dash jump. Cozy goes two steps up with each jump (though if necessary, he will just jump the last step). Dash goes five steps up with each jump (though if necessary, he will just jump the last steps if there are fewer than 55 steps left). Suppose that Dash takes 1919 fewer jumps than Cozy to reach the top of the staircase. Let ss denote the sum of all possible numbers of steps this staircase can have. What is the sum of the digits of s?s?

99

1111

1212

1313

1515

难度评级:2170
小提示:

tt 级台阶,Cozy 跳 t2\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{2} \right\rceil 次,Dash 跳 t5\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{5} \right\rceil

For tt steps, Cozy makes t2\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{2} \right\rceil jumps and Dash makes t5\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{5} \right\rceil jumps

大提示:

t2t5=19\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{2} \right\rceil - \left\lceil \tfrac{t}{5} \right\rceil = 19,并收集所有有效的 tt

Solve t2t5=19\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{2} \right\rceil - \left\lceil \tfrac{t}{5} \right\rceil = 19 and collect every valid tt

解答:

一段 tt 级的楼梯需要 Cozy 跳 t2\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{2} \right\rceil 次,Dash 跳 t5\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{5} \right\rceil 次,我们需要二者差为 1919

设 Dash 跳了 d+1d+1 次。那么 tt5d+15d+15d+25d+25d+35d+35d+45d+45d+55d+5 之一。Cozy 跳了 d+20d+20 次,所以 tt2d+392d+392d+402d+40。令这两组值相等,只有在以下三种情形中 dd 才是整数:5d+3=2d+39,5d+1=2d+40,5d+4=2d+40 \begin{gathered} 5d+3=2d+39,\\ 5d+1=2d+40,\\ 5d+4=2d+40 \end{gathered}\text{。} 它们分别给出 t=63,66,64t=63,66,64。因此有效值为 t=63t=6364646666,所以 s=63+64+66=193s = 63 + 64 + 66 = 193。它的各位数字之和是 1+9+3=131 + 9 + 3 = 13

因此,正确选项是 D

A staircase of tt steps takes Cozy t2\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{2} \right\rceil jumps and Dash t5\left\lceil \tfrac{t}{5} \right\rceil jumps, and we need the difference to equal 19.19.

Suppose Dash makes d+1d+1 jumps. Then tt is one of 5d+1,5d+1, 5d+2,5d+2, 5d+3,5d+3, 5d+4,5d+4, 5d+5.5d+5. Cozy makes d+20d+20 jumps, so tt is either 2d+392d+39 or 2d+40.2d+40. Equating these two lists gives an integer dd only in the three cases 5d+3=2d+39,5d+1=2d+40,5d+4=2d+40. \begin{gathered} 5d+3=2d+39,\\ 5d+1=2d+40,\\ 5d+4=2d+40. \end{gathered} These yield respectively t=63,66,64.t=63,66,64. Thus the valid values are t=63,t=63, 64,64, and 66,66, so s=63+64+66=193.s = 63 + 64 + 66 = 193. Its digit sum is 1+9+3=13.1 + 9 + 3 = 13.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

六把椅子均匀地围绕一张圆桌摆放。每把椅子上坐着一个人。每个人起身后坐到一把不是原来的椅子、也不与原来椅子相邻的椅子上,并且最后仍然每把椅子坐一个人。这样的方式有多少种?

Six chairs are evenly spaced around a circular table. One person is seated in each chair. Each person gets up and sits down in a chair that is not the same chair and is not adjacent to the chair he or she originally occupied, so that again one person is seated in each chair. In how many ways can this be done?

1414

1616

1818

2020

2424

难度评级:2310
小提示:

重新标号,使每个人必须留在原位或移到相邻椅子

Relabel so that each person must stay put or move to an adjacent chair

大提示:

保持其(重新标号后的)座位不变的人数必须是偶数:002244,或 66

The number of people who keep their (relabeled) seat must be even: 0,0, 2,2, 4,4, or 66

解答:

先想象每个人都移动到正对面的椅子。条件变为:每个人必须坐在同一把椅子或相邻椅子上。保持原座位的人数必须为偶数(否则一个奇数长度的空段无法填满)。

00 人保持原座位,所有人一齐向左移、一齐向右移,或与相邻者两两交换:共 44 种。若 22 人保持原座位,这两人必须相对或相邻,给出 3+6=93+6=9 种选择,其余的人只能与相邻者两两交换。若 44 人保持原座位,另外两人必须占据相邻座位并互相交换,给出 66 种选择。若全部 66 人都不动,有 11 种。总数是 4+9+6+1=204+9+6+1=20

因此,正确选项是 D

First imagine everyone moves to the chair directly opposite. The condition becomes: each person must sit in the same chair or an adjacent one. The number of people who keep their seat must be even (otherwise an odd-length gap cannot be filled).

If 00 keep their seat, everyone shifts left, shifts right, or swaps with a neighbor: 44 ways. If 22 keep their seats, those two must be opposite or adjacent, giving 3+6=93+6=9 choices, and the remaining people are forced to swap in adjacent pairs. If 44 keep their seats, the other two must occupy adjacent seats and swap, giving 66 choices. If all 66 stay, there is 11 way. The total is 4+9+6+1=20.4+9+6+1=20.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

一个长方体的尺寸为 a×b×ca \times b \times c,其中 aabb,和 cc 是整数,且 1abc1 \le a \le b \le c。这个长方体的体积和表面积在数值上相等。有多少个有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c) 是可能的?

A rectangular box measures a×b×c,a \times b \times c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers and 1abc.1 \le a \le b \le c. The volume and the surface area of the box are numerically equal. How many ordered triples (a,b,c)(a, b, c) are possible?

44

1010

1212

2121

2626

难度评级:2340
小提示:

条件是 abc=2(ab+bc+ca)abc = 2(ab + bc + ca),且 1abc1 \le a \le b \le c

The condition is abc=2(ab+bc+ca)abc = 2(ab + bc + ca) with 1abc1 \le a \le b \le c

大提示:

证明 a6a \le 6,然后对每个固定的 aa,把方程因式分解为一个等于常数的乘积

Show a6,a \le 6, then for each fixed aa factor the equation into a product equal to a constant

解答:

体积和表面积在数值上相等,意味着 abc=2(ab+bc+ca)abc=2(ab+bc+ca)。两边除以 abcabc1=2a+2b+2c6a1=\frac{2}{a}+\frac{2}{b}+\frac{2}{c}\le\frac{6}{a},所以 a6a\le6。情形 a=1a=1a=2a=2 都没有正数解。当 a2a\ne2 时,令 u=(a2)b2a,v=(a2)c2a \begin{gathered} u=(a-2)b-2a,\\ v=(a-2)c-2a \end{gathered}\text{。}原方程可因式分解为 uv=4a2uv=4a^2

a=3a=3 时,(b6)(c6)=36(b-6)(c-6)=36 给出 (b,c)=(7,42)(b,c)=(7,42)(8,24)(8,24)(9,18)(9,18)(10,15)(10,15)(12,12)(12,12)。当 a=4a=4 时,(b4)(c4)=16(b-4)(c-4)=16 给出 (5,20),(6,12),(8,8)(5,20),(6,12),(8,8)。当 a=5a=5 时,两个因数模 33 的同余条件只留下有效数对 (b,c)=(5,10)(b,c)=(5,10),当 a=6a=6 时,(b3)(c3)=9(b-3)(c-3)=9 只留下 (b,c)=(6,6)(b,c)=(6,6)。因此共有 5+3+1+1=105+3+1+1=10 个三元组。

因此,正确答案是 B

Numerically equal volume and surface area means abc=2(ab+bc+ca).abc=2(ab+bc+ca). Dividing by abcabc gives 1=2a+2b+2c6a,1=\frac{2}{a}+\frac{2}{b}+\frac{2}{c}\le\frac{6}{a}, so a6.a\le6. The cases a=1a=1 and a=2a=2 give no positive solutions. For a2,a\ne2, set u=(a2)b2a,v=(a2)c2a. \begin{gathered} u=(a-2)b-2a,\\ v=(a-2)c-2a. \end{gathered} The equation then factors as uv=4a2.uv=4a^2.

For a=3,a=3, (b6)(c6)=36(b-6)(c-6)=36 gives (b,c)=(7,42),(b,c)=(7,42), (8,24),(8,24), (9,18),(9,18), (10,15),(10,15), (12,12).(12,12). For a=4,a=4, (b4)(c4)=16(b-4)(c-4)=16 gives (5,20),(6,12),(8,8).(5,20),(6,12),(8,8). For a=5,a=5, the congruence of the two factors modulo 33 leaves only the valid pair (b,c)=(5,10),(b,c)=(5,10), and for a=6,a=6, (b3)(c3)=9(b-3)(c-3)=9 leaves only (b,c)=(6,6).(b,c)=(6,6). Thus there are 5+3+1+1=105+3+1+1=10 triples.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

四个圆两两不全等,圆心分别为 AABBCCDD,点 PPQQ 都在这四个圆上。圆 AA 的半径是圆 BB 半径的 58\dfrac58,圆 CC 的半径是圆 DD 半径的 58\dfrac58。此外,AB=CD=39AB = CD = 39PQ=48PQ = 48。令 RRPQ\overline{PQ} 的中点。AR+BR+CR+DRAR + BR + CR + DR 是多少?

Four circles, no two of which are congruent, have centers at A,A, B,B, C,C, and D,D, and points PP and QQ lie on all four circles. The radius of circle AA is 58\dfrac58 times the radius of circle B,B, and the radius of circle CC is 58\dfrac58 times the radius of circle D.D. Furthermore, AB=CD=39AB = CD = 39 and PQ=48.PQ = 48. Let RR be the midpoint of PQ.\overline{PQ}. What is AR+BR+CR+DR?AR + BR + CR + DR?

180180

184184

188188

192192

196196

难度评级:2560
小提示:

A,B,C,D,RA, B, C, D, R 都在 PQPQ 的垂直平分线上,且 PR=24PR = 24

All of A,B,C,D,RA, B, C, D, R lie on the perpendicular bisector of PQ,PQ, and PR=24PR = 24

大提示:

AR=yAR = y,半径比为 5:85{:}8,使用 y2+242=25x2y^2 + 24^2 = 25x^2(39y)2+242=64x2(39 - y)^2 + 24^2 = 64x^2

With AR=yAR = y and radius ratio 5:8,5{:}8, use y2+242=25x2y^2 + 24^2 = 25x^2 and (39y)2+242=64x2(39 - y)^2 + 24^2 = 64x^2

解答:

因为每个圆心到 PPQQ 等距,所以四个圆心和 RR 都位于 PQPQ 的垂直平分线上,并且 PR=24PR=24。先考虑半径比为 5:85{:}8、彼此距离为 3939 的两个圆心。如果 RR 位于它们之间,令 y=ARy = AR,并令 x=15x = \tfrac15 乘以圆 AA 的半径。则 y2+242=25x2y^2 + 24^2 = 25x^2(39y)2+242=64x2(39 - y)^2 + 24^2 = 64x^2。相减得到 x2=392yx^2 = 39 - 2y,所以 y2+50y399=0y^2 + 50y - 399 = 0,从而 y=7y=7。此时 x=5x=5,两个圆心到 RR 的距离为 773232,半径为 25254040

如果两个圆心位于 RR 的同一侧,它们到该点的距离为 www+39w+39。类似的方程给出 w250w399=0w^2-50w-399=0,所以 w=57w=57,两个距离为 57579696。此时半径为 51535\sqrt{153}81538\sqrt{153}。如果两对 (A,B)(A,B)(C,D)(C,D) 都采用同一种位置关系,就会出现两对同半径的全等圆,与题设矛盾。因此两对必须分别采用一种位置关系。它们的距离和分别为 7+32=397+32=3957+96=15357+96=153,所以所求总和为 39+153=19239+153=192

因此,正确答案是 D

Since every center is equidistant from PP and Q,Q, all four centers and RR lie on the perpendicular bisector of PQ,PQ, with PR=24.PR=24. First consider two centers whose radii are in the ratio 5:85{:}8 and whose distance apart is 39.39. If RR lies between them, let y=ARy = AR and x=15x = \tfrac15 of circle AA’s radius. Then y2+242=25x2y^2 + 24^2 = 25x^2 and (39y)2+242=64x2.(39 - y)^2 + 24^2 = 64x^2. Subtracting gives x2=392y,x^2 = 39 - 2y, so y2+50y399=0y^2 + 50y - 399 = 0 and y=7.y=7. Here x=5,x=5, so the two center distances from RR are 77 and 32,32, and the radii are 2525 and 40.40.

If instead the two centers lie on the same side of R,R, their distances are ww and w+39.w+39. The analogous equations give w250w399=0,w^2-50w-399=0, hence w=57,w=57, and the distances are 5757 and 96.96. In this case the radii are 51535\sqrt{153} and 8153.8\sqrt{153}. Using the same placement for both pairs (A,B)(A,B) and (C,D)(C,D) would give two congruent circles of each radius, contrary to the hypothesis. Thus one pair uses each placement. Their distance sums are 7+32=397+32=39 and 57+96=153,57+96=153, so the requested total is 39+153=192.39+153=192.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

一只蜜蜂从点 P0P_0 出发飞行。她向正东方向飞 11 英寸到点 P1P_1。对 j1j \ge 1,一旦蜜蜂到达点 PjP_j,她就逆时针转 3030^\circ,然后沿直线飞 j+1j + 1 英寸到点 Pj+1P_{j+1}。当蜜蜂到达 P2015P_{2015} 时,她距离 P0P_0 恰好为 ab+cda\sqrt b + c\sqrt d 英寸,其中 aabbccdd 是正整数,且 bbdd 都不能被任何质数的平方整除。a+b+c+da + b + c + d 是多少?

A bee starts flying from point P0.P_0. She flies 11 inch due east to point P1.P_1. For j1,j \ge 1, once the bee reaches point Pj,P_j, she turns 3030^\circ counterclockwise and then flies j+1j + 1 inches straight to point Pj+1.P_{j+1}. When the bee reaches P2015P_{2015} she is exactly ab+cda\sqrt b + c\sqrt d inches away from P0,P_0, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers and bb and dd are not divisible by the square of any prime. What is a+b+c+d?a + b + c + d?

20162016

20242024

20322032

20402040

20482048

难度评级:2780
小提示:

用复数表示路径:P0=0P_0 = 0z=eπi6z = e^{\frac{\pi i}{6}},且 Pn=k=1nkzk1P_n = \sum_{k=1}^{n} k z^{k-1}

Model the path with complex numbers: P0=0,P_0 = 0, z=eπi6,z = e^{\frac{\pi i}{6}}, and Pn=k=1nkzk1P_n = \sum_{k=1}^{n} k z^{k-1}

大提示:

求和该级数,然后使用 z12=1z^{12} = 1z12=23|z - 1|^2 = 2 - \sqrt3

Sum the series, then use z12=1z^{12} = 1 and z12=23|z - 1|^2 = 2 - \sqrt3

解答:

P0=0P_0 = 0,并设 z=eπi6z = e^{\frac{\pi i}{6}},则长度为 kk、方向为 zk1z^{k-1} 的每一步给出 P2015=k=12015kzk1P_{2015} = \sum_{k=1}^{2015} k z^{k-1}。对这个级数求和(对几何级数求导),得到 P2015=1(z1)2(2015z20162016z2015+1) \begin{aligned} &P_{2015} = \dfrac{1}{(z - 1)^2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \bigl(2015 z^{2016} - 2016 z^{2015} + 1\bigr) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 z12=1z^{12} = 1,所以 z2016=1z^{2016} = 1z2015=1zz^{2015} = \tfrac1z,因此 P2015=2016z(z1)P_{2015} = \dfrac{2016}{z(z - 1)}。使用 z12=23=(31)22|z - 1|^2 = 2 - \sqrt3 = \dfrac{(\sqrt3 - 1)^2}{2} 以及 z=1|z| = 1,距离为 2016z1=10086+10082\dfrac{2016}{|z - 1|} = 1008\sqrt6 + 1008\sqrt2

因此 a+b+c+d=1008+6+1008a + b + c + d = 1008 + 6 + 1008 +2=2024+ 2 = 2024

因此,正确选项是 B

Place P0=0P_0 = 0 and let z=eπi6,z = e^{\frac{\pi i}{6}}, so each step of length kk in direction zk1z^{k-1} gives P2015=k=12015kzk1.P_{2015} = \sum_{k=1}^{2015} k z^{k-1}. Summing this (a differentiated geometric series) leads to P2015=1(z1)2(2015z20162016z2015+1). \begin{aligned} &P_{2015} = \dfrac{1}{(z - 1)^2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \bigl(2015 z^{2016} - 2016 z^{2015} + 1\bigr). \end{aligned}

Since z12=1,z^{12} = 1, we have z2016=1z^{2016} = 1 and z2015=1z,z^{2015} = \tfrac1z, so P2015=2016z(z1).P_{2015} = \dfrac{2016}{z(z - 1)}. Using z12=23=(31)22|z - 1|^2 = 2 - \sqrt3 = \dfrac{(\sqrt3 - 1)^2}{2} and z=1,|z| = 1, the distance is 2016z1=10086+10082.\dfrac{2016}{|z - 1|} = 1008\sqrt6 + 1008\sqrt2.

Hence a+b+c+d=1008+6+1008a + b + c + d = 1008 + 6 + 1008 +2=2024.+ 2 = 2024.

Thus, the correct answer is B.