2025 AMC 10A 第 24 题

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24.

若一个正整数不重复使用任何数字,没有数字 00,并且没有任何数字同时与两个更大的数字相邻,则称它为公平数。例如,23,19623, 1961246312463 是公平数,但 1546,3201546, 3203432134321 不是。共有多少个公平正整数?

Call a positive integer fair if no digit is used more than once, it has no 00s, and no digit is adjacent to two greater digits. For example, 23,196,23, 196, and 1246312463 are fair, but 1546,320,1546, 320, and 3432134321 are not fair. How many fair positive integers are there?

511511

2,5842{,}584

9,8419{,}841

17,71117{,}711

19,68219{,}682

答案:C
知识点:组合二项式定理
难度评级:2380
解答:

在一个公平数中,数字必须先上升到最大数字 mm,再下降;否则某个数字会被夹在两个更大的数字之间。按位数计数。对于 kk 位数,从 1199 中选择数字集合,有 (9k)\binom{9}{k} 种。最大数字为 mm,其余 k1k-1 个数字各自选择放在 =12((1+2)91)= \tfrac12\big((1+2)^9-1\big) 的左边或右边,有 =3912= \tfrac{3^9-1}{2} 种;一旦选择左右,数字顺序就确定了。对 =9841=9841 求和:k=19(9k)2k1\sum_{k=1}^{9}\binom{9}{k}2^{k-1} 。因此正确答案是 C

A fair number's digits must increase up to its largest digit mm and then decrease. Indeed, the first ascent after any descent would begin at a digit smaller than both of its neighbors. For kk digits, choose the digit set from 11 to 99 in (9k)\binom{9}{k} ways. Each of the k1k-1 digits below mm independently goes on the increasing left side or the decreasing right side, after which its position is forced. Hence the total is k=19(9k)2k1\sum_{k=1}^{9}\binom{9}{k}2^{k-1} =12((1+2)91)= \tfrac12\big((1+2)^9-1\big) =3912= \tfrac{3^9-1}{2} =9841.=9841. Therefore, the answer is C.

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