2025 AMC 10A 真题

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1.

Andy 和 Betsy 都住在 Mathville。Andy 在 1:301{:}30 从 Mathville 骑自行车出发,以稳定的每小时 88 英里正北行驶。Betsy 在 2:302{:}30 从同一点骑自行车出发,以稳定的每小时 1212 英里正东行驶。什么时候他们离共同出发点的距离恰好相同?

Andy and Betsy both live in Mathville. Andy leaves Mathville on his bicycle at 1:30,1{:}30, traveling due north at a steady 88 miles per hour. Betsy leaves on her bicycle from the same point at 2:30,2{:}30, traveling due east at a steady 1212 miles per hour. At what time will they be exactly the same distance from their common starting point?

3:303{:}30

3:453{:}45

4:004{:}00

4:154{:}15

4:304{:}30

答案:E
知识点:路程、速度与时间一次方程
难度评级:860
小提示:

tt 为 Andy 出发后的小时数;Andy 走了 8t8t 英里,Betsy 走了 12(t1)12(t-1) 英里。

Let tt be the hours since Andy started; Andy has gone 8t8t miles and Betsy 12(t1)12(t-1) miles

大提示:

令两人的距离相等,并解出 tt

Set the two distances equal and solve for tt

解答:

tt 为从 1:301{:}30 起经过的小时数。Andy 向北走了 8t8t 英里。Betsy 晚一小时出发,所以她向东走了 12(t1)12(t-1) 英里。要求两人的距离相等,即 8t=12(t1)8t = 12(t-1)。因此 4t=124t = 12t=3t = 31:301{:}30 之后三小时是 4:304{:}30。因此正确答案是 E

Let tt be the hours since 1:30.1{:}30. Andy has gone 8t8t miles north. Betsy starts an hour later, so she’s gone 12(t1)12(t-1) miles east. We want these equal: 8t=12(t1).8t = 12(t-1). That gives 4t=12,4t = 12, so t=3.t = 3. Three hours past 1:301{:}30 is 4:30.4{:}30. Thus, E is the correct answer.

2.

一个盒子里有 1010 磅坚果混合物,其中 5050% 是花生,2020% 是腰果,3030% 是杏仁。向盒子中加入另一种坚果混合物,其中 2020% 是花生,4040% 是腰果,4040% 是杏仁,结果新的混合物中花生占 4040%。现在盒子里有多少磅腰果?

A box contains 1010 pounds of a nut mix that is 5050 percent peanuts, 2020 percent cashews, and 3030 percent almonds. A second nut mix containing 2020 percent peanuts, 4040 percent cashews, and 4040 percent almonds is added to the box resulting in a new nut mix that is 4040 percent peanuts. How many pounds of cashews are now in the box?

3.53.5

44

4.54.5

55

66

答案:B
难度评级:980
小提示:

盒子一开始有 55 磅花生和 22 磅腰果。

The box starts with 55 pounds of peanuts and 22 pounds of cashews

大提示:

若加入 xx 磅第二种混合物,则花生变为 5+x55 + \tfrac{x}{5} 磅,总量为 10+x10 + x 磅;令这个比例等于 40100\tfrac{40}{100}

If xx pounds of the second mix is added, peanuts become 5+x55 + \tfrac{x}{5} out of 10+x;10 + x; set this fraction to 40100\tfrac{40}{100}

解答:

原来的 1010 磅混合物中有 55 磅花生和 22 磅腰果。设加入 xx 磅第二种混合物,其中 20%20\% 是花生。新的花生比例要为 40%40\%,所以 5+0.2x10+x=0.4\frac{5 + 0.2x}{10 + x} = 0.4。这给出 5+0.2x=4+0.4x5 + 0.2x = 4 + 0.4xx=5x = 5。这 55 磅新混合物带来 0.45=20.4 \cdot 5 = 2 磅腰果,所以盒子里现在有 2+2=42 + 2 = 4 磅腰果。因此正确答案是 B

The starting 1010-pound mix holds 55 pounds of peanuts and 22 pounds of cashews. Add xx pounds of the second mix, which is 20%20\% peanuts. We want the new peanut fraction to be 40%,40\%, so 5+0.2x10+x=0.4.\frac{5 + 0.2x}{10 + x} = 0.4. This means 5+0.2x=4+0.4x,5 + 0.2x = 4 + 0.4x, giving x=5.x = 5. Those 55 pounds bring 0.45=20.4 \cdot 5 = 2 more pounds of cashews, so the box now has 2+2=4.2 + 2 = 4. Therefore, the answer is B.

3.

有多少个面积为正的等腰三角形,其边长都是正整数,并且最长边的长度为 20252025

How many isosceles triangles are there with positive area whose side lengths are all positive integers and whose longest side has length 2025?2025?

20252025

20262026

30123012

30373037

40504050

答案:D
难度评级:1130
小提示:

分成两种情况:有两条边等于 20252025,以及 20252025 是唯一的最长边。

Split into the case where two sides equal 20252025 and the case where 20252025 is the unique longest side

大提示:

在第二种情况中,两条相等的边长 ss 满足 2s>20252s \gt 2025s<2025s \lt 2025

In the second case the two equal sides ss satisfy 2s>20252s \gt 2025 and s<2025s \lt 2025

解答:

分成两种情况。若有两条边都等于 20252025,第三边可以是从 1120252025 的任意整数,共有 20252025 个三角形。现在假设 20252025 是唯一的最长边。两条相等的腰长 ss 必须满足三角不等式 2s>20252s \gt 2025,并且 s2024s \le 2024。因此 ss1013101320242024,共有 10121012 个三角形。总数为 2025+1012=30372025 + 1012 = 3037。因此正确答案是 D

Split into two cases. Say two sides both equal 2025.2025. Then the third side can be any integer from 11 to 2025,2025, which is 20252025 triangles. Now suppose 20252025 is the unique longest side. The two equal legs ss must satisfy 2s>20252s \gt 2025 by the triangle inequality, and s2024.s \le 2024. So ss runs from 10131013 to 2024,2024, giving 10121012 triangles. Adding up, 2025+1012=3037.2025 + 1012 = 3037. Thus, D is the correct answer.

4.

一队学生将和一队老师进行知识竞赛。学生和老师的总人数为 1515。Ash 是其中一名学生的表亲,他想加入比赛。如果 Ash 加入学生队,该队的平均年龄会从 1212 岁增加到 1414 岁。如果 Ash 加入老师队,该队的平均年龄会从 5555 岁降低到 5252 岁。Ash 多少岁?

A team of students is going to compete against a team of teachers in a trivia contest. The total number of students and teachers is 15.15. Ash, a cousin of one of the students, wants to join the contest. If Ash plays with the students, the average age on that team will increase from 1212 to 14.14. If Ash plays with the teachers, the average age on that team will decrease from 5555 to 52.52. How old is Ash?

2828

2929

3030

3232

3333

答案:A
难度评级:1160
小提示:

设学生人数为 ss;学生年龄和为 12s12s,老师年龄和为 55(15s)55(15-s)

Let ss be the number of students; their ages sum to 12s12s and the teachers’ to 55(15s)55(15-s)

大提示:

Ash 的年龄既可表示为 14(s+1)12s14(s+1) - 12s,也可表示为 52(16s)55(15s)52(16-s) - 55(15-s);令两者相等。

Ash’s age is 14(s+1)12s14(s+1) - 12s and also 52(16s)55(15s);52(16-s) - 55(15-s); set them equal

解答:

设学生人数为 ss。如果 Ash 加入学生队,他的年龄为 14(s+1)12s=2s+1414(s+1) - 12s = 2s + 14。如果他加入老师队,老师有 15s15 - s 人,他的年龄为 52(16s)52(16 - s) 55(15s)=3s+7- 55(15 - s) = 3s + 7。两式描述的是同一个 Ash,所以 2s+14=3s+72s + 14 = 3s + 7。解得 s=7s = 7,Ash 的年龄为 27+14=282 \cdot 7 + 14 = 28。因此正确答案是 A

Let ss be the number of students. If Ash joins them, his age is 14(s+1)12s=2s+14.14(s+1) - 12s = 2s + 14. If he joins the teachers instead (there are 15s15 - s of them), his age is 52(16s)52(16 - s) 55(15s)=3s+7.- 55(15 - s) = 3s + 7. Both describe the same Ash, so 2s+14=3s+7.2s + 14 = 3s + 7. That gives s=7,s = 7, and Ash is 27+14=28.2 \cdot 7 + 14 = 28. Therefore, the answer is A.

5.

考虑正整数序列

1,2,1,2,3,2,1,2,3,4,3,2,1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1,2,3,4,5,6,5,4,3,2,1,2, \begin{gathered} 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, \\ 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, \\ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, \\ 1, 2, \ldots \end{gathered}

这个序列的第 20252025 项是多少?

Consider the sequence of positive integers

1,2,1,2,3,2,1,2,3,4,3,2,1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1,2,3,4,5,6,5,4,3,2,1,2, \begin{gathered} 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, \\ 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, \\ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, \\ 1, 2, \ldots \end{gathered}

What is the 20252025th term in this sequence?

55

1515

1616

4444

4545

答案:E
难度评级:1200
小提示:

这个序列先从 11 上升到一个峰值,再下降回来;按峰值把它分成若干块。

The sequence rises from 11 up to a peak and falls back; group it into blocks by peak value

大提示:

峰值为 kk 的块有 2k12k-1 项,并且在累计位置 k2k^2 结束。

The block that peaks at kk has 2k12k-1 terms and ends at cumulative position k2k^2

解答:

按块分组。第 kk 块为 k,k1,,2,1,2,,k1,kk, k-1, \ldots, 2, 1, 2, \ldots, k-1, k,共有 2k12k - 1 项,并以 kk 结束。累计到第 kk 块末尾共用了 1+3++(2k1)=k21 + 3 + \cdots + (2k-1) = k^2 项。注意 2025=4522025 = 45^2。这正好是第 4545 块的末尾,而该块的最后一项为 4545。因此正确答案是 E

Group the sequence into blocks. Block kk reads k,k1,,2,1,2,,k1,k,k, k-1, \ldots, 2, 1, 2, \ldots, k-1, k, which is 2k12k - 1 terms and ends on k.k. So after block kk we’ve used 1+3++(2k1)=k21 + 3 + \cdots + (2k-1) = k^2 terms. Notice 2025=452.2025 = 45^2. That’s exactly the end of block 45,45, whose last term is 45.45. Thus, E is the correct answer.

6.

在一个等边三角形中,每个内角都由两条射线三等分。每个顶点处中间那个 2020^\circ 角的内部相交部分,是一个凸六边形的内部。这个六边形最小内角的度数是多少?

In an equilateral triangle each interior angle is trisected by a pair of rays. The intersection of the interiors of the middle 2020^\circ-angle at each vertex is the interior of a convex hexagon. What is the degree measure of the smallest angle of this hexagon?

8080

9090

100100

110110

120120

答案:C
难度评级:1310
小提示:

每个 6060^\circ 顶角被分成三个 2020^\circ 部分;考虑来自两个顶点并落在同一边附近的三等分线所形成的三角形。

Each 6060^\circ vertex angle splits into three 2020^\circ pieces; consider triangles formed by trisectors from two vertices on one side

大提示:

在这些交点处使用三角形内角和,其中两组底角分别为 40,4040^\circ,40^\circ20,2020^\circ,20^\circ

Use the triangle angle sum at the intersections with base-angle pairs 40,4040^\circ,40^\circ and 20,2020^\circ,20^\circ

解答:

设等边三角形为 ABCABC。每个 6060^\circ 角被分成三个 2020^\circ 部分。取从 AABB 出发的外侧三等分线:它们形成的三角形底角都是 2360=40\tfrac23 \cdot 60^\circ = 40^\circ,所以对应的六边形顶角为 180240=100180^\circ - 2\cdot 40^\circ = 100^\circ。从 AABB 出发的内侧三等分线形成底角为 2020^\circ 的三角形,顶角为 180220=140180^\circ - 2\cdot 20^\circ = 140^\circ,由对顶角可得到相对的六边形角。因此六个角交替为 100100^\circ140140^\circ。最小角为 100100^\circ。因此正确答案是 C

Label the equilateral triangle ABC.ABC. Each 6060^\circ angle splits into three 2020^\circ pieces. Take the outermost trisectors from AA and BB: they meet at base angles 2360=40,\tfrac23 \cdot 60^\circ = 40^\circ, so the hexagon vertex there has angle 180240=100.180^\circ - 2\cdot 40^\circ = 100^\circ. The innermost trisectors from AA and BB meet at base angles 20,20^\circ, giving apex 180220=140,180^\circ - 2\cdot 20^\circ = 140^\circ, and by vertical angles that’s the opposite hexagon angle. So the six angles alternate 100100^\circ and 140.140^\circ. The smallest is 100.100^\circ. Therefore, the answer is C.

7.

aabb 是实数。多项式 x3+x2+ax+bx^3 + x^2 + ax + b 除以 x1x - 1 时余数为 44,除以 x2x - 2 时余数为 66bab - a 等于多少?

Suppose aa and bb are real numbers. When the polynomial x3+x2+ax+bx^3 + x^2 + ax + b is divided by x1,x - 1, the remainder is 4.4. When the polynomial is divided by x2,x - 2, the remainder is 6.6. What is ba?b - a?

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

答案:E
知识点:多项式方程组
难度评级:1250
小提示:

根据余数定理,分别在 x=1x = 1x=2x = 2 处代入多项式。

By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate the polynomial at x=1x = 1 and x=2x = 2

大提示:

这给出 a+b+2=4a + b + 2 = 42a+b+12=62a + b + 12 = 6

This gives a+b+2=4a + b + 2 = 4 and 2a+b+12=62a + b + 12 = 6

解答:

由余数定理,直接代入即可。我们有 p(1)=1+1+a+b=4p(1) = 1 + 1 + a + b = 4,所以 a+b=2a + b = 2。又有 p(2)=8+4+2a+b=6p(2) = 8 + 4 + 2a + b = 6,所以 2a+b=62a + b = -6。第二式减去第一式,得 a=8a = -8,从而 b=10b = 10。因此 ba=10(8)=18b - a = 10 - (-8) = 18,所以正确答案是 E

By the Remainder Theorem, just plug in. We get p(1)=1+1+a+b=4,p(1) = 1 + 1 + a + b = 4, so a+b=2.a + b = 2. And p(2)=8+4+2a+b=6,p(2) = 8 + 4 + 2a + b = 6, so 2a+b=6.2a + b = -6. Subtract the first from the second: a=8,a = -8, hence b=10.b = 10. Then ba=10(8)=18.b - a = 10 - (-8) = 18. Thus, E is the correct answer.

8.

Agnes 在一张空白纸上写下下面四个陈述。

• 这些陈述中至少有一个是真的。

• 这些陈述中至少有两个是真的。

• 这些陈述中至少有两个是假的。

• 这些陈述中至少有一个是假的。

每个陈述要么真,要么假。Agnes 在纸上写了多少个假陈述?

Agnes writes the following four statements on a blank piece of paper.

• At least one of these statements is true.

• At least two of these statements are true.

• At least two of these statements are false.

• At least one of these statements is false.

Each statement is either true or false. How many false statements did Agnes write on the paper?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:B
难度评级:1350
小提示:

先假设第三个陈述“至少有两个是假的”为真,再寻找矛盾。

Test the assumption that the third statement (“at least two are false”) is true and look for a contradiction

大提示:

然后检查“恰好有一个假陈述”是否完全一致。

Then check whether exactly one false statement is fully consistent

解答:

给四个陈述编号:(1)(1) 至少一个真,(2)(2) 至少两个真,(3)(3) 至少两个假,(4)(4) 至少一个假。假设 (3)(3) 为真,则至少有两个陈述为假。但这时 (1)(1)(2)(2)(4)(4) 都会是真的,因此最多只有一个假陈述,矛盾。所以 (3)(3) 必须为假。现在 (1)(1)(2)(2)(4)(4) 都为真,而且这与只有一个假陈述完全一致。所以恰好有 11 个陈述是假的。因此正确答案是 B

Number them: (1)(1) at least one true, (2)(2) at least two true, (3)(3) at least two false, (4)(4) at least one false. Suppose (3)(3) is true. Then at least two statements are false. But then (1),(1), (2),(2), and (4)(4) all read as true, which leaves at most one false statement. That’s a contradiction, so (3)(3) must be false. Now (1),(1), (2),(2), and (4)(4) are all true, and each matches reality with just one false statement. So exactly 11 statement is false. Therefore, the answer is B.

9.

f(x)=100x3300x2+200xf(x) = 100x^3 - 300x^2 + 200x。有多少个实数 aa,使得 y=f(xa)y = f(x - a) 的图像经过点 (1,25)(1, 25)

Let f(x)=100x3300x2+200x.f(x) = 100x^3 - 300x^2 + 200x. For how many real numbers aa does the graph of y=f(xa)y = f(x - a) pass through the point (1,25)?(1, 25)?

11

22

33

44

多于 44

more than 44

答案:C
知识点:函数多项式
难度评级:1440
小提示:

图像 y=f(xa)y = f(x-a) 经过 (1,25)(1,25),当且仅当 f(1a)=25f(1 - a) = 25

The graph of y=f(xa)y = f(x-a) passes through (1,25)(1,25) exactly when f(1a)=25f(1 - a) = 25

大提示:

分解 f(x)=100x(x1)(x2)f(x) = 100x(x-1)(x-2),并数 f(t)=25f(t) = 25 的解;注意 f(0.5)f(0.5) 超过 2525

Factor f(x)=100x(x1)(x2)f(x) = 100x(x-1)(x-2) and count solutions of f(t)=25f(t) = 25; note that f(0.5)f(0.5) exceeds 2525

解答:

图像经过 (1,25)(1,25),当且仅当 f(1a)=25f(1 - a) = 25。令 t=1at = 1 - a,于是只需要数 f(t)=25f(t) = 25 的解的个数。分解得 f(x)=100x(x1)(x2)f(x) = 100x(x-1)(x-2),根为 0,1,20, 1, 2。函数在 (0,1)(0,1) 上为正,且 f(0.5)=37.5>25f(0.5) = 37.5 \gt 25,所以由连续性可知 0.50.5 两侧各有一个解。函数在 (1,2)(1,2) 上为负,而当 x>2x \gt 2 时从 00 单调增加到无穷大,因此还有一个解。三次方程最多有 33 个实根,所以这些就是全部的解。每个解给出唯一的 aa,因此共有 33 个值。正确答案是 C

The graph passes through (1,25)(1,25) exactly when f(1a)=25.f(1 - a) = 25. Let t=1a,t = 1 - a, so we count solutions of f(t)=25.f(t) = 25. Factor f(x)=100x(x1)(x2),f(x) = 100x(x-1)(x-2), with roots 0,1,2.0, 1, 2. On (0,1),(0,1), the function is positive and f(0.5)=37.5>25,f(0.5) = 37.5 \gt 25, so continuity gives one root on each side of 0.5.0.5. On (1,2)(1,2) the function is negative, while for x>2x \gt 2 it increases from 00 to infinity, giving one more root. A cubic equation has at most 33 real roots, so these are all the solutions. Each gives one a,a, so there are 33 values. Thus, C is the correct answer.

10.

一个半圆的直径为 ABAB,有一条长为 1616 的弦 CDCD 平行于 ABAB。从大半圆中剪去一个较小的半圆,较小半圆的直径在 ABAB 上,并且与 CDCD 相切,如下图所示。

阴影部分的面积是多少?

A semicircle has diameter ABAB and chord CDCD of length 1616 parallel to AB.AB. A smaller semicircle with diameter on ABAB and tangent to CDCD is cut from the larger semicircle, as shown below.

What is the area of the resulting figure, shown shaded?

16π16\pi

24π24\pi

32π32\pi

48π48\pi

64π64\pi

答案:C
难度评级:1440
小提示:

设大半圆半径为 RR,小半圆半径为 rr,则阴影面积为 12πR212πr2\tfrac12\pi R^2 - \tfrac12\pi r^2

With large radius RR and small radius r,r, the shaded area is 12πR212πr2\tfrac12\pi R^2 - \tfrac12\pi r^2

大提示:

OO 为圆心,PPCDCD 的中点;则 OP=rOP = rOD=ROD = RPD=8PD = 8,所以 R2r2=64R^2 - r^2 = 64

Let OO be the center and PP the midpoint of CD;CD; then OP=r,OP = r, OD=R,OD = R, and PD=8,PD = 8, so R2r2=64R^2 - r^2 = 64

解答:

OOABAB 上的圆心,PP 是弦 CDCD 的中点。令 r=OPr = OP 为小半圆半径,R=ODR = OD 为大半圆半径。因为 PD=8PD = 8,在直角三角形 OPDOPD 中由勾股定理得 R2r2=64R^2 - r^2 = 64。阴影面积等于大半圆面积减去小半圆面积:12πR212πr2\tfrac12\pi R^2 - \tfrac12\pi r^2 =12π(R2r2)= \tfrac12\pi(R^2 - r^2) =32π= 32\pi。因此正确答案是 C

Let OO be the center on ABAB and PP the midpoint of chord CD.CD. Set r=OPr = OP for the small radius and R=ODR = OD for the large one. Since PD=8,PD = 8, the Pythagorean theorem in triangle OPDOPD gives R2r2=64.R^2 - r^2 = 64. The shaded area is the big semicircle minus the small one: 12πR212πr2\tfrac12\pi R^2 - \tfrac12\pi r^2 =12π(R2r2)= \tfrac12\pi(R^2 - r^2) =32π.= 32\pi. Therefore, the answer is C.

11.

序列 11xxyyzz 是等差数列,序列 11ppqqzz 是等比数列。两个序列都严格递增且只含整数,并且 zz 尽可能小。x+y+z+p+qx + y + z + p + q 的值是多少?

The sequence 1,1, x,x, y,y, zz is arithmetic. The sequence 1,1, p,p, q,q, zz is geometric. Both sequences are strictly increasing and contain only integers, and zz is as small as possible. What is the value of x+y+z+p+q?x + y + z + p + q?

6666

9191

103103

132132

149149

答案:E
难度评级:1500
小提示:

从等差数列可写出 z=1+3dz = 1 + 3d,从等比数列可写出 z=p3z = p^3

Write z=1+3dz = 1 + 3d from the arithmetic sequence and z=p3z = p^3 from the geometric one

大提示:

因为 z1(mod3)z \equiv 1 \pmod 3,按递增的整数公比 pp 测试,直到 p31(mod3)p^3 \equiv 1 \pmod 3

Since z1(mod3),z \equiv 1 \pmod 3, test increasing integer ratios pp until p31(mod3)p^3 \equiv 1 \pmod 3

解答:

从等差数列可知 z=1+3dz = 1 + 3d,所以 z1(mod3)z \equiv 1 \pmod 3。从等比数列可知 z=p3z = p^3,其中整数公比 p2p \ge 2。为了让 zz 最小,测试 p=2,3,4p = 2, 3, 4。只有 p=4p = 4 可行,因为 p3=641(mod3)p^3 = 64 \equiv 1 \pmod 3。于是 d=21d = 21,两个序列为 1,22,43,641, 22, 43, 641,4,16,641, 4, 16, 64。因此 x+y+z+p+qx + y + z + p + q =22+43+64+4+16= 22 + 43 + 64 + 4 + 16 =149= 149。所以正确答案是 E

From the arithmetic sequence, z=1+3d,z = 1 + 3d, so z1(mod3).z \equiv 1 \pmod 3. From the geometric one, z=p3z = p^3 for some integer ratio p2.p \ge 2. We want the smallest such z,z, so test p=2,3,4.p = 2, 3, 4. Only p=4p = 4 works, since p3=641(mod3).p^3 = 64 \equiv 1 \pmod 3. That forces d=21,d = 21, and the sequences are 1,22,43,641, 22, 43, 64 and 1,4,16,64.1, 4, 16, 64. So x+y+z+p+qx + y + z + p + q =22+43+64+4+16= 22 + 43 + 64 + 4 + 16 =149.= 149. Thus, E is the correct answer.

12.

Carlos 用一个 44 位密码解锁电脑。在他的密码中,恰好一个数字是偶数,恰好一个(可能是不同的)数字是质数,并且没有数字是 00。有多少个 44 位密码满足这些条件?

Carlos uses a 44-digit passcode to unlock his computer. In his passcode, exactly one digit is even, exactly one (possibly different) digit is prime, and no digit is 0.0. How many 44-digit passcodes satisfy these conditions?

176176

192192

432432

464464

608608

答案:D
难度评级:1560
小提示:

先把唯一的偶数数字放在 44 个位置之一,最后乘以 44;其余三个数字都是奇数。

Place the single even digit in one of 44 positions and multiply by 4;4; the other three digits are odd

大提示:

分两种情况:唯一的质数是偶数 22,或是奇质数 3,53, 577 中的一个。

Split on whether the one prime digit is the even one (22) or an odd one (3,5,3, 5, or 77)

解答:

没有数字是 00,所以可用数字为 1199。先固定唯一的偶数数字在第一个位置,最后再乘以 44 来选择它的位置。按这个偶数数字分类。若它是质数 22,则三个奇数数字都必须不是质数,所以每个只能是 1199,共有 23=82^3 = 8 种。否则偶数数字是 4,64, 688,有 33 种;三个奇数位置中恰好一个是质数,可选 3,53, 577,有 33 种,并可放在 33 个奇数位置之一;另外两个奇数来自 {1,9}\{1, 9\},有 222^2 种。这部分共有 3334=1083 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 4 = 108 种。总数为 4(8+108)=4644(8 + 108) = 464。因此正确答案是 D

No digit is 0,0, so digits run from 11 to 9.9. Put the single even digit in the first slot for now and multiply by 44 at the end to place it. Split on that even digit. If it’s the prime 2,2, then the three odd digits all have to be non-prime, so each is 11 or 9,9, giving 23=82^3 = 8 ways. Otherwise the even digit is 4,6,4, 6, or 88 (33 choices), and exactly one of the odd digits is prime, worth 3,5,3, 5, or 77 (33 choices) in one of the 33 odd positions, while the other two odds come from {1,9}\{1, 9\} (222^2 ways). That’s 3334=108.3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 4 = 108. Altogether, 4(8+108)=464.4(8 + 108) = 464. Therefore, the answer is D.

13.

下图中,外面的正方形内含有无限多个正方形,每个正方形都有相同的中心,且边都平行于外面的正方形。一个正方形的边长与下一个内层正方形的边长之比为 kk,其中 0<k<10 \lt k \lt 1。相邻正方形之间的区域交替涂色,如图所示(图不一定按比例绘制)。

阴影部分的面积是原正方形面积的 64%64\%kk 等于多少?

In the figure below, the outside square contains infinitely many squares, each of them with the same center and sides parallel to the outside square. The ratio of the side length of a square to the side length of the next inner square is k,k, where 0<k<1.0 \lt k \lt 1. The spaces between squares are alternately shaded, as shown in the figure (which is not necessarily drawn to scale).

The area of the shaded portion of the figure is 64%64\% of the area of the original square. What is k?k?

35\dfrac{3}{5}

1625\dfrac{16}{25}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

答案:D
难度评级:1560
小提示:

设外层边长为 11;正方形边长依次为 1,k,k2,1, k, k^2, \ldots,阴影面积为 1k2+k41 - k^2 + k^4 - \cdots

Take the outer side to be 1;1; the square sides are 1,k,k2,1, k, k^2, \ldots and the shaded area is 1k2+k41 - k^2 + k^4 - \cdots

大提示:

对这个公比为 k2-k^2 的等比级数求和,并令它等于 1625\tfrac{16}{25}

Sum this geometric series with ratio k2-k^2 and set it equal to 1625\tfrac{16}{25}

解答:

设外层正方形边长为 11。各正方形边长依次为 1,k,k2,1, k, k^2, \ldots,而阴影环带交替出现,所以阴影面积为 1k2+k4k6+=11+k21 - k^2 + k^4 - k^6 + \cdots = \frac{1}{1 + k^2}。题目给出这等于 64%=162564\% = \frac{16}{25},所以 1+k2=25161 + k^2 = \frac{25}{16}。因此 k2=916k^2 = \frac{9}{16},得到 k=34k = \frac{3}{4}。所以正确答案是 D

Let the outer side be 1.1. The squares have sides 1,k,k2,,1, k, k^2, \ldots, and the shaded rings alternate, so the shaded area is 1k2+k4k6+=11+k2.1 - k^2 + k^4 - k^6 + \cdots = \frac{1}{1 + k^2}. We’re told this equals 64%=1625,64\% = \frac{16}{25}, so 1+k2=2516.1 + k^2 = \frac{25}{16}. Then k2=916,k^2 = \frac{9}{16}, giving k=34.k = \frac{3}{4}. Thus, D is the correct answer.

14.

六把椅子围着一张圆桌摆放。两名学生和两名老师随机选择其中四把椅子坐下。两名学生坐在相邻两把椅子上,并且两名老师也坐在相邻两把椅子上的概率是多少?

Six chairs are arranged around a round table. Two students and two teachers randomly select four of the chairs to sit in. What is the probability that the two students will sit in two adjacent chairs and the two teachers will also sit in two adjacent chairs?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

29\dfrac{2}{9}

313\dfrac{3}{13}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

答案:B
难度评级:1600
小提示:

先安排一名学生;另一名学生坐在相邻椅子上的概率为 25\tfrac{2}{5}

Seat one student; the probability the other student takes one of the two adjacent chairs is 25\tfrac{2}{5}

大提示:

在学生相邻的条件下,老师从剩下四把椅子中选两把,共有 (42)=6\binom{4}{2}=6 种,数其中相邻的情况。

Given the students are adjacent, count how many of the (42)=6\binom{4}{2}=6 teacher seatings are adjacent

解答:

先让第一名学生坐任意位置。第二名学生坐到相邻椅子的概率为 25\tfrac{2}{5},因为剩下五把椅子中有两把与第一名学生相邻。接着老师占据剩下四把椅子中的两把。在 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 种选法中,恰好有 33 对是相邻椅子。因此所求概率为 2536=15\tfrac{2}{5} \cdot \tfrac{3}{6} = \tfrac{1}{5}。所以正确答案是 B

Seat the first student anywhere. The second student lands next to them with probability 25,\tfrac{2}{5}, since two of the remaining five chairs are adjacent. Now the teachers fill two of the four leftover chairs. Of the (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 ways to do that, exactly 33 are adjacent pairs. So the probability is 2536=15.\tfrac{2}{5} \cdot \tfrac{3}{6} = \tfrac{1}{5}. Therefore, the answer is B.

15.

下图中,ABEFABEF 是矩形,ADDEAD \perp DEAF=7AF = 7AB=1AB = 1,且 AD=5AD = 5ABC\triangle ABC 的面积是多少?

In the figure below, ABEFABEF is a rectangle, ADDE,AD \perp DE, AF=7,AF = 7, AB=1,AB = 1, and AD=5.AD = 5. What is the area of ABC?\triangle ABC?

38\dfrac{3}{8}

49\dfrac{4}{9}

1813\dfrac{1}{8}\sqrt{13}

715\dfrac{7}{15}

1815\dfrac{1}{8}\sqrt{15}

答案:A
难度评级:1730
小提示:

x=BCx = BC。则 AC=1+x2AC = \sqrt{1 + x^2}CE=7xCE = 7 - x,且 CD=51+x2CD = 5 - \sqrt{1 + x^2}

Let x=BC.x = BC. Then AC=1+x2,AC = \sqrt{1 + x^2}, CE=7x,CE = 7 - x, and CD=51+x2CD = 5 - \sqrt{1 + x^2}

大提示:

利用 ABCEDC\triangle ABC \sim \triangle EDC 建立比例式,然后解出 xx

Use ABCEDC\triangle ABC \sim \triangle EDC to set up a proportion, then solve for xx

解答:

x=BCx = BC。因为 ABEFABEF 是矩形,AB=1AB = 1AF=7AF = 7,且 AD=5AD = 5,所以 AC=1+x2AC = \sqrt{1 + x^2}CE=7xCE = 7 - xCD=51+x2CD = 5 - \sqrt{1 + x^2}。三角形 ABC\triangle ABCEDC\triangle EDC 相似,因此 7x1+x2=51+x2x\frac{7 - x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} = \frac{5 - \sqrt{1 + x^2}}{x}。清除分母并平方,可得 24x2+14x24=024x^2 + 14x - 24 = 0,它分解为 (4x3)(3x+4)=0(4x - 3)(3x + 4) = 0。正根为 x=34x = \tfrac{3}{4}。面积为 12341=38\tfrac12 \cdot \tfrac34 \cdot 1 = \tfrac{3}{8}。因此正确答案是 A

Let x=BC.x = BC. Since ABEFABEF is a rectangle with AB=1AB = 1 and AF=7,AF = 7, and AD=5,AD = 5, we get AC=1+x2,AC = \sqrt{1 + x^2}, CE=7x,CE = 7 - x, and CD=51+x2.CD = 5 - \sqrt{1 + x^2}. The triangles ABC\triangle ABC and EDC\triangle EDC are similar, so 7x1+x2=51+x2x.\frac{7 - x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} = \frac{5 - \sqrt{1 + x^2}}{x}. Clear denominators and square to get 24x2+14x24=0,24x^2 + 14x - 24 = 0, which factors as (4x3)(3x+4)=0.(4x - 3)(3x + 4) = 0. The positive root is x=34.x = \tfrac{3}{4}. So the area is 12341=38.\tfrac12 \cdot \tfrac34 \cdot 1 = \tfrac{3}{8}. Thus, A is the correct answer.

16.

有三个罐子。三枚硬币中的每一枚都随机且相互独立地放入三个罐子之一。装有最多硬币的罐子中的硬币数的期望是多少?

There are three jars. Each of three coins is placed in one of the three jars, chosen at random and independently of the placements of the other coins. What is the expected number of coins in a jar with the most coins?

43\dfrac{4}{3}

3927\dfrac{39}{27}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

179\dfrac{17}{9}

22

答案:D
难度评级:1630
小提示:

共有 33=273^3 = 27 种等可能的放法;按硬币分布情况分类。

There are 33=273^3 = 27 equally likely placements; classify each by how the coins are distributed

大提示:

分别数最大值为 33(全在一个罐子)、最大值为 11(每罐一个)和最大值为 22(其余情况)的放法。

Count placements with max 33 (all in one jar), max 11 (one per jar), and max 22 (the rest)

解答:

共有 33=273^3 = 27 种等可能的放法。其中 33 种把所有硬币放在同一个罐子中,此时最大值为 3366 种把三个罐子各放一枚硬币,此时最大值为 11。其余 1818 种为 22-11 分布,此时最大值为 22。所以最大硬币数的期望为 33+218+1627=5127=179\frac{3 \cdot 3 + 2 \cdot 18 + 1 \cdot 6}{27} = \frac{51}{27} = \frac{17}{9}。因此正确答案是 D

There are 33=273^3 = 27 equally likely placements. Of these, 33 pile all coins into one jar (max 33), and 66 put one coin in each jar (max 11). The other 1818 split 22-11 (max 22). So the expected maximum is 33+218+1627=5127=179.\frac{3 \cdot 3 + 2 \cdot 18 + 1 \cdot 6}{27} = \frac{51}{27} = \frac{17}{9}. Therefore, the answer is D.

17.

NN 是唯一的正整数,使得 273436273436 除以 NN 的余数为 1616,并且 272760272760 除以 NN 的余数为 1515NN 的十位数字是多少?

Let NN be the unique positive integer such that dividing 273436273436 by NN leaves a remainder of 16,16, and dividing 272760272760 by NN leaves a remainder of 15.15. What is the tens digit of N?N?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:E
难度评级:1730
小提示:

27343616273436 - 1627276015272760 - 15 都是 NN 的倍数。

Both 27343616273436 - 16 and 27276015272760 - 15 are multiples of NN

大提示:

它们的差也是如此;继续用倍数相减化简,并记住余数为 1616 意味着 N>16N \gt 16

So is their difference; reduce it by subtracting further multiples, and remember N>16N \gt 16 since the remainder is 1616

解答:

减去余数。273420=27343616273420 = 273436 - 16272745=27276015272745 = 272760 - 15 都是 NN 的倍数,所以它们的差 675675 也是倍数。又有 272745=404675+45272745 = 404 \cdot 675 + 45,因此 4545 也是 NN 的倍数。余数 1616 意味着 N>16N \gt 16,而 4545 的大于 1616 的因数只有 4545 本身。所以 N=45N = 45,十位数字是 44。因此正确答案是 E

Subtract off the remainders. Both 273420=27343616273420 = 273436 - 16 and 272745=27276015272745 = 272760 - 15 are multiples of N,N, so their difference 675675 is too. Now 272745=404675+45,272745 = 404 \cdot 675 + 45, which makes 4545 a multiple of NN as well. The remainder 1616 means N>16,N \gt 16, and the only divisor of 4545 bigger than 1616 is 4545 itself. So N=45,N = 45, and its tens digit is 4.4. Thus, E is the correct answer.

18.

一组数的调和平均数,定义为这些数的倒数的算术平均数的倒数。例如,444455 的调和平均数为

113(14+14+15)=307\frac{1}{\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5}\right)} = \frac{30}{7}\text{。}

下面这个 40504050 次多项式所有实根的调和平均数是多少?

k=12025(kx24x3)=(x24x3)(2x24x3)(3x24x3)(2025x24x3) \begin{gathered} \prod_{k=1}^{2025}(kx^2 - 4x - 3) \\ {}= (x^2 - 4x - 3) \\ \quad {}\cdot (2x^2 - 4x - 3) \\ \quad {}\cdot (3x^2 - 4x - 3)\cdots \\ \quad {}\cdot (2025x^2 - 4x - 3) \end{gathered}\text{?}

The harmonic mean of a collection of numbers is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the numbers in the collection. For example, the harmonic mean of 4,4, 4,4, and 55 is

113(14+14+15)=307.\frac{1}{\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5}\right)} = \frac{30}{7}.

What is the harmonic mean of all the real roots of the 40504050th degree polynomial

k=12025(kx24x3)=(x24x3)(2x24x3)(3x24x3)(2025x24x3)? \begin{gathered} \prod_{k=1}^{2025}(kx^2 - 4x - 3) \\ {}= (x^2 - 4x - 3) \\ \quad {}\cdot (2x^2 - 4x - 3) \\ \quad {}\cdot (3x^2 - 4x - 3)\cdots \\ \quad {}\cdot (2025x^2 - 4x - 3)? \end{gathered}

53-\dfrac{5}{3}

32-\dfrac{3}{2}

65-\dfrac{6}{5}

56-\dfrac{5}{6}

23-\dfrac{2}{3}

答案:B
难度评级:1840
小提示:

对每个因式 kx24x3kx^2 - 4x - 3,由韦达定理可得根和为 4k\tfrac{4}{k},根积为 3k-\tfrac{3}{k},所以倒数和是二者的商。

For each factor kx24x3,kx^2 - 4x - 3, Vieta gives root sum 4k\tfrac{4}{k} and product 3k,-\tfrac{3}{k}, so the reciprocal-sum is their quotient

大提示:

调和平均数等于根的个数除以所有倒数之和。

The harmonic mean is the number of roots divided by the total sum of reciprocals

解答:

看其中一个因式 kx24x3kx^2 - 4x - 3。它的判别式 16+12k16 + 12k 为正,所以它有两个不同的实根。来自不同因式的根也互不相同:若 xx 是下标为 k1k_1k2k_2 的两个因式的公共根,就会有 (k1k2)x2=0(k_1-k_2)x^2=0,但 x0x\ne0。由韦达定理,同一个因式的两个根的倒数之和为 x1+x2x1x2=4k3k=43\frac{x_1 + x_2}{x_1 x_2} = \frac{\frac{4}{k}}{-\frac{3}{k}} = -\tfrac{4}{3}。对全部 20252025 个因式求和,这些倒数的总和为 2025(43)=27002025 \cdot \left(-\tfrac{4}{3}\right) = -2700。实根共有 40504050 个,所以调和平均数为 40502700=32\frac{4050}{-2700} = -\tfrac{3}{2}。因此正确答案是 B

Look at one factor kx24x3.kx^2 - 4x - 3. Its discriminant 16+12k16 + 12k is positive, so it has two distinct real roots. Roots from different factors are also distinct: a common root xx for indices k1k_1 and k2k_2 would satisfy (k1k2)x2=0,(k_1-k_2)x^2=0, but x0.x\ne0. By Vieta, the two reciprocals from one factor sum to x1+x2x1x2=4k3k=43.\frac{x_1 + x_2}{x_1 x_2} = \frac{\frac{4}{k}}{-\frac{3}{k}} = -\tfrac{4}{3}. Summing over all 20252025 factors, the reciprocals total 2025(43)=2700.2025 \cdot \left(-\tfrac{4}{3}\right) = -2700. There are 40504050 real roots in all, so the harmonic mean is 40502700=32.\frac{4050}{-2700} = -\tfrac{3}{2}. Therefore, the answer is B.

19.

一个数阵从顶行的 1-13311 开始构造。每一对相邻数字相加,得到下一行中的一个数字。每一行的开头和结尾分别是 1-111,前三行如下图所示。

如果这个过程继续下去,某一行的和将为 12,28812{,}288。在那一行中,从左数第三个数是多少?

An array of numbers is constructed beginning with the numbers 1,-1, 3,3, 11 in the top row. Each adjacent pair of numbers is summed to produce a number in the next row. Each row will begin and end with the numbers 1-1 and 1,1, respectively. The first three rows are shown below.

If the process continues, one of the rows will sum to 12,288.12{,}288. In that row, what is the third number from the left?

29-29

21-21

14-14

8-8

3-3

答案:A
难度评级:1910
小提示:

每个内部项会进入下面两个和中,所以每一行的总和会翻倍;顶行总和为 33

Each interior entry feeds two sums below, so each row’s total doubles; the top row sums to 33

大提示:

追踪从左数第三条对角线,它累加第二条对角线 3,2,1,0,3, 2, 1, 0, \ldots

Track the third diagonal from the left, which accumulates the second diagonal 3,2,1,0,3, 2, 1, 0, \ldots

解答:

每个内部项会贡献给下一行的两个项,而端点 1-111 在总和中相互抵消。因此每一行的总和都是上一行的两倍。顶行总和为 33,且 12,288=321212{,}288 = 3 \cdot 2^{12},所以这是第 1212 行(顶行算第 00 行)。从左侧追踪对角线。第二条对角线为 3,2,1,0,1,3, 2, 1, 0, -1, \ldots,每行减少 11。第三条对角线是这些数的累加:当 n4n \ge 4 时,它等于 7(0+1++(n4))7 - (0 + 1 + \cdots + (n-4)) =7(n4)(n3)2= 7 - \frac{(n-4)(n-3)}{2}。代入 n=12n = 12,得到 7892=297 - \frac{8 \cdot 9}{2} = -29。因此正确答案是 A

Each interior entry feeds two entries below, and the end values 1-1 and 11 cancel in the sum. So every row’s total doubles the one above. The top row sums to 3,3, and 12,288=3212,12{,}288 = 3 \cdot 2^{12}, so this is the 1212th row (counting the top as row 00). Track the diagonals from the left. The second diagonal is 3,2,1,0,1,,3, 2, 1, 0, -1, \ldots, dropping by 11 each row. The third diagonal adds these up: for n4n \ge 4 it equals 7(0+1++(n4))7 - (0 + 1 + \cdots + (n-4)) =7(n4)(n3)2.= 7 - \frac{(n-4)(n-3)}{2}. Plug in n=12n = 12: 7892=29.7 - \frac{8 \cdot 9}{2} = -29. Thus, A is the correct answer.

20.

一个直圆柱形筒仓直径为 2020 米,立在一片田地中。MacDonald 位于筒仓中心以西 2020 米、以南 1515 米处。McGregor 位于筒仓中心以东 2020 米、以南 g>0g \gt 0 米处。MacDonald 和 McGregor 之间的视线与筒仓相切。gg 的值可写为 abcd\dfrac{a\sqrt{b} - c}{d},其中 aabbccdd 是正整数,bb 不被任何质数的平方整除,且 ddaacc 的最大公因数互质。a+b+c+da + b + c + d 等于多少?

A silo (right circular cylinder) with diameter 2020 meters stands in a field. MacDonald is located 2020 meters west and 1515 meters south of the center of the silo. McGregor is located 2020 meters east and g>0g \gt 0 meters south of the center of the silo. The line of sight between MacDonald and McGregor is tangent to the silo. The value of gg can be written as abcd,\dfrac{a\sqrt{b} - c}{d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers, bb is not divisible by the square of any prime, and dd is relatively prime to the greatest common divisor of aa and c.c. What is a+b+c+d?a + b + c + d?

119119

120120

121121

122122

123123

答案:A
难度评级:2080
小提示:

把筒仓中心放在原点;视线是半径为 1010 的圆的切线。

Put the silo’s center at the origin; the line of sight is tangent to the circle of radius 1010

大提示:

沿着切线有 DG=DT+TGDG = DT + TG,其中 DTDTTGTG 分别是从两点到圆的切线长。

Along the tangent line DG=DT+TG,DG = DT + TG, where each of DTDT and TGTG is a tangent length from a point to the circle

解答:

将筒仓中心放在原点,半径为 1010。则 MacDonald 在 D=(20,15)D = (-20, -15),McGregor 在 G=(20,g)G = (20, -g)。从 DD 到切点的切线长为 DT=DS2102DT = \sqrt{DS^2 - 10^2} =252100= \sqrt{25^2 - 100} =525= \sqrt{525},从 GG 到切点的切线长为 TG=g2+202102TG = \sqrt{g^2 + 20^2 - 10^2}。切点 TT 在两人之间,所以 DG=DT+TGDG = DT + TG。另一方面 DG=402+(15g)2DG = \sqrt{40^2 + (15 - g)^2}。两次平方并化简,得到 3g2+150g925=03g^2 + 150g - 925 = 0。它的正根满足原来的切线长方程,即 g=2021753g = \frac{20\sqrt{21} - 75}{3}。所以 a+b+c+da + b + c + d =20+21+75+3= 20 + 21 + 75 + 3 =119= 119。因此正确答案是 A

Put the silo’s center at the origin with radius 10.10. Then MacDonald is at D=(20,15)D = (-20, -15) and McGregor at G=(20,g).G = (20, -g). The tangent length from DD is DT=DS2102DT = \sqrt{DS^2 - 10^2} =252100= \sqrt{25^2 - 100} =525,= \sqrt{525}, and from GG it is TG=g2+202102.TG = \sqrt{g^2 + 20^2 - 10^2}. The tangent point TT sits between the two men, so DG=DT+TG.DG = DT + TG. But also DG=402+(15g)2.DG = \sqrt{40^2 + (15 - g)^2}. Squaring twice and simplifying gives 3g2+150g925=0.3g^2 + 150g - 925 = 0. Its positive root, which satisfies the original tangent-length equation, is g=2021753.g = \frac{20\sqrt{21} - 75}{3}. Therefore a+b+c+da + b + c + d =20+21+75+3= 20 + 21 + 75 + 3 =119.= 119. Thus, A is the correct answer.

21.

若一个数集满足:无论 xxyy 是否相同,只要它们都是该集合的元素,x+yx + y 就不是该集合的元素,则称这个数集为无和集。例如,{1,4,6}\{1, 4, 6\} 和空集是无和集,但 {2,4,5}\{2, 4, 5\} 不是。从 {1,2,3,,20}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 20\} 中取出的无和子集最多可以有多少个元素?

A set of numbers is called sum-free if whenever xx and yy are (not necessarily distinct) elements of the set, x+yx + y is not an element of the set. For example, {1,4,6}\{1, 4, 6\} and the empty set are sum-free, but {2,4,5}\{2, 4, 5\} is not. What is the greatest possible number of elements in a sum-free subset of {1,2,3,,20}?\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 20\}?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

答案:C
难度评级:2120
小提示:

{1,3,5,,19}\{1, 3, 5, \ldots, 19\}{11,12,,20}\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\} 都是无和集,且各有 1010 个元素。

Both {1,3,5,,19}\{1, 3, 5, \ldots, 19\} and {11,12,,20}\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\} are sum-free, each with 1010 elements

大提示:

mm 是最大元素,把 11m1m-1 配成 {i,mi}\{i, m-i\};每一对最多贡献一个元素。

If mm is the largest element, pair 11 to m1m-1 as {i,mi};\{i, m-i\}; each pair contributes at most one element

解答:

我们可以达到 1010。所有奇数组成的集合 {1,3,5,,19}\{1, 3, 5, \ldots, 19\} 是无和集,因为两个奇数之和为偶数。{11,12,,20}\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\} 也是无和集,因为其中任意两个数之和都超过 2020。它们各有 1010 个元素。现在设 mm 是任意一个无和子集的最大元素。对于 1i<m21\le i<\frac{m}{2}{i,mi}\{i,m-i\} 中最多只能选一个,因为这两个数之和为 mm。若 mm 是偶数,则 m2\frac{m}{2} 也不能选,因为它可以被用两次,而 m2+m2=m\frac{m}{2}+\frac{m}{2}=m。于是除 mm 之外最多还能选 m12\lfloor\frac{m-1}{2}\rfloor 个元素,总数最多为 m12+110\lfloor\frac{m-1}{2}\rfloor+1\le10。因此最大可能的元素个数是 1010。所以正确答案是 C

We can reach 10.10. The odds {1,3,5,,19}\{1, 3, 5, \ldots, 19\} are sum-free, since two odds sum to an even. So is {11,12,,20},\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\}, since any two of those sum past 20.20. Each has 1010 elements. Now let mm be the largest element of any sum-free subset. For 1i<m2,1\le i<\frac{m}{2}, at most one member of {i,mi}\{i,m-i\} can be chosen, because the two sum to m.m. If mm is even, m2\frac{m}{2} cannot be chosen either, since it can be used twice and m2+m2=m.\frac{m}{2}+\frac{m}{2}=m. Thus besides mm there are at most m12\lfloor\frac{m-1}{2}\rfloor chosen elements, for a total of at most m12+110.\lfloor\frac{m-1}{2}\rfloor+1\le10. Therefore the greatest possible size is 10.10. Thus, C is the correct answer.

22.

一个半径为 rr 的圆被三个圆围住,这三个圆的半径分别为 112233,它们都与内圆外切,并且彼此也外切,如图所示。

rr 等于多少?

A circle of radius rr is surrounded by three circles, whose radii are 1,1, 2,2, and 3,3, all externally tangent to the inner circle and externally tangent to each other, as shown in the diagram below.

What is r?r?

14\dfrac{1}{4}

623\dfrac{6}{23}

311\dfrac{3}{11}

517\dfrac{5}{17}

310\dfrac{3}{10}

答案:B
难度评级:2120
小提示:

半径为 1,2,31, 2, 3 的三个圆的圆心两两相距 3,4,53, 4, 5,形成一个直角三角形。

The centers of the radius-1,2,31, 2, 3 circles are pairwise 3,4,53, 4, 5 apart, forming a right triangle

大提示:

把直角顶点放在原点,并为内圆圆心写出距离方程;也可以应用四个相切圆的曲率关系。

Place the right angle at the origin and write distance equations for the inner center, or apply the four-circle curvature relation

解答:

三个外圆圆心 A,B,CA, B, C 的两两距离分别为 AB=1+2=3AB = 1 + 2 = 3AC=1+3=4AC = 1 + 3 = 4BC=2+3=5BC = 2 + 3 = 5,构成 33-44-55 直角三角形。现在对四个相互相切的圆应用笛卡尔圆定理,曲率分别为 1,12,131, \tfrac12, \tfrac13,以及 1r\tfrac1r1r=1+12+13\frac1r = 1 + \tfrac12 + \tfrac13 +212+16+13+ 2\sqrt{\tfrac12 + \tfrac16 + \tfrac13} =116+21= \tfrac{11}{6} + 2\sqrt{1} =236= \tfrac{23}{6}。取倒数得 r=623r = \tfrac{6}{23}。因此正确答案是 B

The three outer centers A,B,CA, B, C are pairwise AB=1+2=3,AB = 1 + 2 = 3, AC=1+3=4,AC = 1 + 3 = 4, and BC=2+3=5BC = 2 + 3 = 5 apart, a 33-44-55 right triangle. Now apply Descartes’ Circle Theorem with curvatures 1,12,13,1, \tfrac12, \tfrac13, and 1r,\tfrac1r, all mutually tangent: 1r=1+12+13\frac1r = 1 + \tfrac12 + \tfrac13 +212+16+13+ 2\sqrt{\tfrac12 + \tfrac16 + \tfrac13} =116+21= \tfrac{11}{6} + 2\sqrt{1} =236.= \tfrac{23}{6}. Inverting, r=623.r = \tfrac{6}{23}. Therefore, the answer is B.

23.

三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 的边长为 AB=80AB = 80BC=45BC = 45AC=75AC = 75B\angle B 的角平分线与到边 ABAB 的高相交于点 PPBPBP 等于多少?

Triangle ABC\triangle ABC has side lengths AB=80,AB = 80, BC=45,BC = 45, and AC=75.AC = 75. The bisector of B\angle B and the altitude to side ABAB intersect at point P.P. What is BP?BP?

1818

1919

2020

2121

2222

答案:D
难度评级:2270
小提示:

B\angle B 的角平分线交 ACACDD;角平分线定理给出 AD=48AD = 48CD=27CD = 27

Let the bisector of B\angle B meet ACAC at D;D; the Angle Bisector Theorem gives AD=48AD = 48 and CD=27CD = 27

大提示:

证明 BD=48BD = 48,所以 ADB\triangle ADB 是等腰三角形;再追角可知 CDP\triangle CDP 也是等腰三角形,且 PD=CDPD = CD

Show BD=48,BD = 48, so ADB\triangle ADB is isosceles; then angle-chase to find CDP\triangle CDP isosceles with PD=CDPD = CD

解答:

B\angle B 的角平分线交 ACACDD。由角平分线定理,ADDC=ABBC=8045\frac{AD}{DC} = \frac{AB}{BC} = \frac{80}{45},又因为 AC=75AC = 75,得到 AD=48AD = 48CD=27CD = 27。三角形 BCDBCDACBACB 共有 C\angle C,夹角两边的比例都为 4575=2745=35\tfrac{45}{75}=\tfrac{27}{45}=\tfrac35,所以由边角边相似。于是 BD=3580=48=ADBD=\tfrac35\cdot80=48=AD,故 ADB\triangle ADB 是等腰三角形。设 DAB=DBA=θ\angle DAB=\angle DBA=\theta。因为过 CC 的高垂直于 ABAB,所以 DPC\angle DPCDCP\angle DCP 都等于 90θ90^\circ-\theta。因此 CDP\triangle CDP 是等腰三角形,故 PD=CD=27PD=CD=27。由于 PP 位于 BDBD 上,所以 BP=BDPDBP=BD-PD =4827=21=48-27=21。所以正确答案是 D

Let the bisector of B\angle B hit ACAC at D.D. By the Angle Bisector Theorem, ADDC=ABBC=8045,\frac{AD}{DC} = \frac{AB}{BC} = \frac{80}{45}, and since AC=75,AC = 75, we get AD=48AD = 48 and CD=27.CD = 27. Triangles BCDBCD and ACBACB share C,\angle C, with adjacent sides in the common ratio 4575=2745=35,\tfrac{45}{75}=\tfrac{27}{45}=\tfrac35, so they are similar by SAS. Hence BD=3580=48=AD,BD=\tfrac35\cdot80=48=AD, making ADB\triangle ADB isosceles. Put DAB=DBA=θ.\angle DAB=\angle DBA=\theta. Because the altitude through CC is perpendicular to AB,AB, both DPC\angle DPC and DCP\angle DCP equal 90θ.90^\circ-\theta. Thus CDP\triangle CDP is isosceles, so PD=CD=27.PD=CD=27. Since PP lies on BD,BD, we get BP=BDPDBP=BD-PD =4827=21.=48-27=21. Thus, D is the correct answer.

24.

若一个正整数不重复使用任何数字,没有数字 00,并且没有任何数字同时与两个更大的数字相邻,则称它为公平数。例如,23231961961246312463 是公平数,但 154615463203203432134321 不是。共有多少个公平正整数?

Call a positive integer fair if no digit is used more than once, it has no 00s, and no digit is adjacent to two greater digits. For example, 23,23, 196,196, and 1246312463 are fair, but 1546,1546, 320,320, and 3432134321 are not fair. How many fair positive integers are there?

511511

2,5842{,}584

9,8419{,}841

17,71117{,}711

19,68219{,}682

答案:C
难度评级:2380
小提示:

一个公平数的数字会先递增到最大数字 mm,然后再递减。

A fair number’s digits increase up to its largest digit mm and then decrease

大提示:

对于 kk 位数,先选择数字集合((9k)\binom{9}{k} 种),再决定其余 k1k-1 个较小数字中哪些放在 mm 左边(2k12^{k-1} 种)。

For kk digits, choose the digit set ((9k)\binom{9}{k}) and decide which of the k1k-1 smaller digits go left of mm (2k12^{k-1})

解答:

在一个公平数中,数字必须先上升到最大数字 mm,再下降。事实上,任何一次下降之后的第一次上升,都会起始于一个比左右两个邻居都小的数字。对于 kk 位数,从 1199 中选择数字集合,有 (9k)\binom{9}{k} 种。比 mm 小的那 k1k-1 个数字各自独立地放在递增的左侧或递减的右侧,之后它们的位置就被唯一确定。因此总数为 k=19(9k)2k1\sum_{k=1}^{9}\binom{9}{k}2^{k-1} =12((1+2)91)= \tfrac12\big((1+2)^9-1\big) =3912= \tfrac{3^9-1}{2} =9841=9841。因此正确答案是 C

A fair number’s digits must increase up to its largest digit mm and then decrease. Indeed, the first ascent after any descent would begin at a digit smaller than both of its neighbors. For kk digits, choose the digit set from 11 to 99 in (9k)\binom{9}{k} ways. Each of the k1k-1 digits below mm independently goes on the increasing left side or the decreasing right side, after which its position is forced. Hence the total is k=19(9k)2k1\sum_{k=1}^{9}\binom{9}{k}2^{k-1} =12((1+2)91)= \tfrac12\big((1+2)^9-1\big) =3912= \tfrac{3^9-1}{2} =9841.=9841. Therefore, the answer is C.

25.

从正方形 ABCDABCD 内随机选择一点 PP。若 APAP 既不是 APB\triangle APB 的最短边,也不是最长边,则这个概率可以写成 a+bπcde\dfrac{a + b\pi - c\sqrt{d}}{e},其中 aabbccddee 是正整数,gcd(a,b,c,e)=1\gcd(a, b, c, e) = 1,且 dd 不被任何质数的平方整除。a+b+c+d+ea + b + c + d + e 等于多少?

A point PP is chosen at random inside square ABCD.ABCD. The probability that APAP is neither the shortest nor the longest side of APB\triangle APB can be written as a+bπcde,\dfrac{a + b\pi - c\sqrt{d}}{e}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, and ee are positive integers, gcd(a,b,c,e)=1,\gcd(a, b, c, e) = 1, and dd is not divisible by the square of a prime. What is a+b+c+d+e?a + b + c + d + e?

2525

2626

2727

2828

2929

答案:A
难度评级:2600
小提示:

A=(0,0),B=(1,0)A = (0,0), B = (1,0);当 BP<AP<ABBP \lt AP \lt ABAB<AP<BPAB \lt AP \lt BP 时,APAP 是中间长度。

Set A=(0,0),B=(1,0);A = (0,0), B = (1,0); APAP is the middle length when either BP<AP<ABBP \lt AP \lt AB or AB<AP<BPAB \lt AP \lt BP

大提示:

边界是以 AA 为圆心的圆 AP=1AP = 1,以及直线 AP=BPAP = BP;利用 ABS\triangle ABS 为等边三角形时的 6060^\circ 扇形。

The boundaries are the circle AP=1AP = 1 (about AA) and the vertical line AP=BP;AP = BP; use the 6060^\circ sector where ABS\triangle ABS is equilateral

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0,0)B=(1,0)B = (1,0) 放在单位正方形中。APAP 是中间长度,当且仅当 BP<AP<ABBP \lt AP \lt ABAB<AP<BPAB \lt AP \lt BP。这两个条件给出的区域由以 AA 为圆心、半径为 11 的圆(其中 AP=ABAP = AB)和垂直平分线 x=12x = \tfrac12(其中 AP=BPAP = BP)围出。设 SS 是该圆与 x=12x = \tfrac12 的交点,则 ABS\triangle ABS 为等边三角形,所以相关扇形角为 BAS=60\angle BAS = 60^\circ。计算这些区域面积,较大区域为 4π3324\frac{4\pi - 3\sqrt3}{24},较小区域为 122π3324\frac{12 - 2\pi - 3\sqrt3}{24}。相加得概率 6+π3312\frac{6 + \pi - 3\sqrt3}{12}。因此 a+b+c+d+ea + b + c + d + e =6+1+3+3+12= 6 + 1 + 3 + 3 + 12 =25= 25,所以正确答案是 A

Place A=(0,0)A = (0,0) and B=(1,0)B = (1,0) on the unit square. APAP is the middle length when BP<AP<ABBP \lt AP \lt AB or AB<AP<BP.AB \lt AP \lt BP. These regions are bounded by the circle centered at AA with radius 11 (where AP=ABAP = AB) and the line x=12x = \tfrac12 (where AP=BPAP = BP). Let SS be where the circle meets x=12.x = \tfrac12. Then ABS\triangle ABS is equilateral, so BAS=60.\angle BAS = 60^\circ. The larger region has area 4π3324\frac{4\pi - 3\sqrt3}{24} and the smaller has area 122π3324.\frac{12 - 2\pi - 3\sqrt3}{24}. They add to 6+π3312.\frac{6 + \pi - 3\sqrt3}{12}. Thus a+b+c+d+ea + b + c + d + e =6+1+3+3+12= 6 + 1 + 3 + 3 + 12 =25.= 25. Thus, A is the correct answer.