2018 AMC 10B 第 6 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

6.

一个盒子里有 55 个筹码,编号为 1122334455。每次随机抽出一个筹码且不放回,直到抽出的编号之和超过 44。需要抽 33 次的概率是多少?

A box contains 55 chips, numbered 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 5.5. Chips are drawn randomly one at a time without replacement until the sum of the values drawn exceeds 4.4. What is the probability that 33 draws are required?

115\dfrac{1}{15}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

答案:D
知识点:无放回抽样基本概率
难度评级:1290
小提示:

恰好需要第三次抽取,当且仅当前两个筹码的和仍不超过 44

A third draw is needed exactly when the first two chips still sum to at most 44

大提示:

哪些不同筹码对的和不超过 44?在所有有序前两次抽取中计数。

Which pairs of distinct chips sum to 44 or less? Count them among all ordered first-two-draw outcomes

解答:

恰好需要第三次抽取,当且仅当前两个筹码的和仍不超过 44。这样的无序对只有 {1,2}\{1,2\}{1,3}\{1,3\}。每一对都可以按两种顺序抽出,所以有利的有序前两次抽取共有 44 种。

设想事先就把五个筹码的完整随机顺序定好。这样前两个筹码的 54=205\cdot4=20 种有序结果都是等可能的,即使实际过程会在抽出第一个筹码后就停止也不影响。因此概率为 420=15\frac{4}{20}=\frac{1}{5}。正确答案是 D

We need a third draw exactly when the first two chips still sum to 44 or less. The only such unordered pairs are {1,2}\{1,2\} and {1,3}.\{1,3\}. Each can be drawn in either order, giving 44 favorable ordered prefixes.

Imagine that a complete random ordering of all five chips is chosen in advance. Then all 54=205\cdot4=20 ordered first-two-chip prefixes are equally likely, even when the actual process would stop after the first chip. Thus the probability is 420=15.\frac{4}{20}=\frac{1}{5}. Therefore, the answer is D.

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