2018 AMC 10B 真题

向下滚动并点击“开始”即可作答!或前往可打印 PDF答案,或由 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 精心整理的专业解答

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

或直接跳转到某一道题及其解答: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25

想通过互动视频课程系统学习吗?

了解 LIVE课程

计时

1:15:00

1.

Kate 烤了一盘 2020 英寸乘 1818 英寸的玉米面包。玉米面包被切成 22 英寸乘 22 英寸的小块。这一盘共有多少块玉米面包?

Kate bakes a 2020-inch by 1818-inch pan of cornbread. The cornbread is cut into pieces that measure 22 inches by 22 inches. How many pieces of cornbread does the pan contain?

9090

100100

180180

200200

360360

答案:A
知识点:面积矩形
难度评级:860
小提示:

整盘和每一小块都是矩形;比较它们的面积。

The pan and each piece are rectangles; compare their areas

大提示:

用总面积除以一个 2×22 \times 2 小块的面积。

Divide the total area by the area of one 2×22 \times 2 piece

解答:

整盘面积为 20×18=36020 \times 18 = 360 平方英寸。每小块面积为 2×2=42 \times 2 = 4 平方英寸。因此小块数为 3604=90\frac{360}{4} = 90。正确答案是 A

The whole pan has area 20×18=36020 \times 18 = 360 square inches. Each piece is 2×2=42 \times 2 = 4 square inches. So the number of pieces is 3604=90.\frac{360}{4} = 90. Thus, A is the correct answer.

2.

Sam 在 9090 分钟内开了 9696 英里。前 3030 分钟他的平均速度是每小时 6060 英里,第二个 3030 分钟的平均速度是每小时 6565 英里。最后 3030 分钟他的平均速度是每小时多少英里?

Sam drove 9696 miles in 9090 minutes. His average speed during the first 3030 minutes was 6060 mph (miles per hour), and his average speed during the second 3030 minutes was 6565 mph. What was his average speed, in mph, during the last 3030 minutes?

6464

6565

6666

6767

6868

答案:D
难度评级:980
小提示:

距离等于速度 ×\times 时间,每段 3030 分钟是半小时。

Distance = rate ×\times time, and each 3030-minute leg is half an hour

大提示:

9696 英里中减去前一小时行驶的距离,得到最后一段的距离。

Subtract the distance covered in the first hour from 9696 to get the last leg’s distance

解答:

每段都是半小时。第一段行驶 6012=3060 \cdot \tfrac12 = 30 英里,第二段行驶 6512=32.565 \cdot \tfrac12 = 32.5 英里。前两段共 62.562.5 英里,还剩 9662.5=33.596 - 62.5 = 33.5 英里。最后半小时的速度为 33.512=67\frac{33.5}{\tfrac12} = 67 英里每小时。因此正确答案是 D

Each leg is half an hour. In the first, Sam drove 6012=3060 \cdot \tfrac12 = 30 miles; in the second, 6512=32.565 \cdot \tfrac12 = 32.5 miles. That’s 62.562.5 miles so far. That leaves 9662.5=33.596 - 62.5 = 33.5 miles for the last half hour, which is a speed of 33.512=67\frac{33.5}{\tfrac12} = 67 mph. Therefore, the answer is D.

3.

在表达式 (x×x)+(x×x)(\underline{\phantom{x}} \times \underline{\phantom{x}}) + (\underline{\phantom{x}} \times \underline{\phantom{x}}) 中,每个空格要填入数字 11223344,且每个数字恰好使用一次。可以得到多少个不同的值?

In the expression (x×x)+(x×x)(\underline{\phantom{x}} \times \underline{\phantom{x}}) + (\underline{\phantom{x}} \times \underline{\phantom{x}}) each blank is to be filled in with one of the digits 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, or 4,4, with each digit being used once. How many different values can be obtained?

22

33

44

66

2424

答案:B
难度评级:950
小提示:

乘法顺序和最后相加的顺序都不影响结果,所以只需看四个数字怎样分成两对。

Neither multiplication nor the final addition depends on order, so only the way the four digits are split into two pairs matters

大提示:

列出把 {1,2,3,4}\{1,2,3,4\} 分成两对的三种方式。

List the three ways to split {1,2,3,4}\{1,2,3,4\} into two pairs

解答:

乘积中数字的顺序以及两个乘积相加的顺序都不影响结果,所以只需考虑把四个数字分成两对。有三种分法:12+34=141\cdot2 + 3\cdot4 = 1413+24=111\cdot3 + 2\cdot4 = 11 以及 14+23=101\cdot4 + 2\cdot3 = 10。因此可以得到 33 个不同的值。正确答案是 B

Order inside a product doesn’t matter, and neither does the order we add the two products. So all that matters is how the four digits split into two pairs. There are three splits: 12+34=14,1\cdot2 + 3\cdot4 = 14, 13+24=11,1\cdot3 + 2\cdot4 = 11, and 14+23=10.1\cdot4 + 2\cdot3 = 10. That’s 33 different values. Thus, B is the correct answer.

4.

一个长方体的三条边长为 XXYYZZ,它的六个面的面积分别为 242424244848484872727272 平方单位。求 X+Y+ZX + Y + Z

A three-dimensional rectangular box with dimensions X,X, Y,Y, and ZZ has faces whose surface areas are 24,24, 24,24, 48,48, 48,48, 72,72, and 7272 square units. What is X+Y+Z?X + Y + Z?

1818

2222

2424

3030

3636

答案:B
难度评级:1130
小提示:

三种不同的面面积是两两乘积 XY,XZ,YZXY, XZ, YZ,分别为 24,48,7224, 48, 72

The three distinct face areas are the pairwise products XY,XZ,YZ,XY, XZ, YZ, equal to 24,48,7224, 48, 72

大提示:

把三个面积相乘得到 (XYZ)2(XYZ)^2;开方后再除以各个面面积。

Multiplying all three gives (XYZ)2;(XYZ)^2; take the square root, then divide by each face area

解答:

三种不同的面面积是两两乘积 XY=24XY = 24XZ=48XZ = 48YZ=72YZ = 72,次序可以互换。三式相乘得 (XYZ)2=244872=82944(XYZ)^2 = 24 \cdot 48 \cdot 72 = 82944,所以 XYZ=288XYZ = 288。分别除以三个面面积,得到 Z=28824=12Z = \frac{288}{24} = 12Y=28848=6Y = \frac{288}{48} = 6X=28872=4X = \frac{288}{72} = 4,因此 X+Y+Z=22X + Y + Z = 22。正确答案是 B

The three distinct face areas are the pairwise products XY=24,XY = 24, XZ=48,XZ = 48, YZ=72YZ = 72 in some order. Multiply all three: (XYZ)2=244872=82944,(XYZ)^2 = 24 \cdot 48 \cdot 72 = 82944, so XYZ=288.XYZ = 288. Now divide by each face area. We get Z=28824=12,Z = \frac{288}{24} = 12, Y=28848=6,Y = \frac{288}{48} = 6, and X=28872=4,X = \frac{288}{72} = 4, so X+Y+Z=22.X + Y + Z = 22. Therefore, the answer is B.

5.

集合 {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}\{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\} 的子集中,有多少个至少包含一个质数?

How many subsets of {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}\{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\} contain at least one prime number?

128128

192192

224224

240240

256256

答案:D
难度评级:1200
小提示:

数不含质数的子集,再从所有子集中减去。

Count the subsets with no prime and subtract from the total number of subsets

大提示:

非质数元素是 4,6,8,94, 6, 8, 9;只由它们组成的任意子集都不含质数。

The non-prime elements are 4,6,8,9;4, 6, 8, 9; any subset of just those contains no prime

解答:

反过来计数。这个集合共有 28=2562^8 = 256 个子集。不含任何质数的子集只能从非质数 {4,6,8,9}\{4, 6, 8, 9\} 中选出,共 24=162^4 = 16 个。所以至少含一个质数的子集有 25616=240256 - 16 = 240 个。正确答案是 D

Count the complement. The set has 28=2562^8 = 256 subsets total. A subset avoids every prime exactly when it sticks to the non-primes {4,6,8,9},\{4, 6, 8, 9\}, and there are 24=162^4 = 16 of those. So 25616=240256 - 16 = 240 subsets contain at least one prime. Thus, D is the correct answer.

6.

一个盒子里有 55 个筹码,编号为 1122334455。每次随机抽出一个筹码且不放回,直到抽出的编号之和超过 44。需要抽 33 次的概率是多少?

A box contains 55 chips, numbered 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 5.5. Chips are drawn randomly one at a time without replacement until the sum of the values drawn exceeds 4.4. What is the probability that 33 draws are required?

115\dfrac{1}{15}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

答案:D
难度评级:1290
小提示:

恰好需要第三次抽取,当且仅当前两个筹码的和仍不超过 44

A third draw is needed exactly when the first two chips still sum to at most 44

大提示:

哪些不同筹码对的和不超过 44?在所有有序前两次抽取中计数。

Which pairs of distinct chips sum to 44 or less? Count them among all ordered first-two-draw outcomes

解答:

恰好需要第三次抽取,当且仅当前两个筹码的和仍不超过 44。这样的无序对只有 {1,2}\{1,2\}{1,3}\{1,3\}。每一对都可以按两种顺序抽出,所以有利的有序前两次抽取共有 44 种。

设想事先就把五个筹码的完整随机顺序定好。这样前两个筹码的 54=205\cdot4=20 种有序结果都是等可能的,即使实际过程会在抽出第一个筹码后就停止也不影响。因此概率为 420=15\frac{4}{20}=\frac{1}{5}。正确答案是 D

We need a third draw exactly when the first two chips still sum to 44 or less. The only such unordered pairs are {1,2}\{1,2\} and {1,3}.\{1,3\}. Each can be drawn in either order, giving 44 favorable ordered prefixes.

Imagine that a complete random ordering of all five chips is chosen in advance. Then all 54=205\cdot4=20 ordered first-two-chip prefixes are equally likely, even when the actual process would stop after the first chip. Thus the probability is 420=15.\frac{4}{20}=\frac{1}{5}. Therefore, the answer is D.

7.

下图中,沿着一个大半圆的直径画了 NN 个全等的小半圆,它们的直径无重叠地覆盖大半圆的直径。设 AA 为这些小半圆面积之和,BB 为大半圆内部但小半圆外部区域的面积。若 A:BA : B1:181 : 18,求 NN

In the figure below, NN congruent semicircles are drawn along a diameter of a large semicircle, with their diameters covering the diameter of the large semicircle with no overlap. Let AA be the combined area of the small semicircles and BB be the area of the region inside the large semicircle but outside the small semicircles. The ratio A:BA : B is 1:18.1 : 18. What is N?N?

1616

1717

1818

1919

3636

答案:D
难度评级:1310
小提示:

若每个小半圆半径为 rr,则大半圆半径为 NrNr

If each small semicircle has radius r,r, the large semicircle has radius NrNr

大提示:

证明 A:B=1:(N1)A : B = 1 : (N-1),再令它等于 1:181 : 18

Show A:B=1:(N1),A : B = 1 : (N-1), then set this equal to 1:181 : 18

解答:

设每个小半圆半径为 rr。因为 NN 个小直径覆盖大直径,所以大半圆半径为 NrNr。小半圆面积之和为 A=N12πr2A = N \cdot \tfrac12 \pi r^2,大半圆面积为 12π(Nr)2\tfrac12 \pi (Nr)^2,所以剩余区域面积为 B=12πr2(N2N)B = \tfrac12 \pi r^2(N^2 - N)。因此 A:B=N:N(N1)A : B = N : N(N-1) =1:(N1)= 1 : (N-1)。令 N1=18N - 1 = 18,得 N=19N = 19。正确答案是 D

Let each small semicircle have radius r.r. The NN diameters cover the big diameter, so the large radius is Nr.Nr. Then A=N12πr2,A = N \cdot \tfrac12 \pi r^2, and the large semicircle has area 12π(Nr)2,\tfrac12 \pi (Nr)^2, so the leftover region is B=12πr2(N2N).B = \tfrac12 \pi r^2(N^2 - N). This gives A:B=N:N(N1)A : B = N : N(N-1) =1:(N1).= 1 : (N-1). Set N1=18,N - 1 = 18, and N=19.N = 19. Thus, D is the correct answer.

8.

Sara 用牙签搭了如下楼梯:

这是一个 33 级楼梯,使用了 1818 根牙签。如果一个楼梯使用了 180180 根牙签,它有多少级?

Sara makes a staircase out of toothpicks as shown:

This is a 33-step staircase and uses 1818 toothpicks. How many steps would be in a staircase that used 180180 toothpicks?

1010

1111

1212

2424

3030

答案:C
难度评级:1200
小提示:

nn 级楼梯的牙签数;竖直牙签数为 (1+2++n)+n(1 + 2 + \cdots + n) + n

Count the toothpicks in an nn-step staircase; the vertical ones number (1+2++n)+n(1 + 2 + \cdots + n) + n

大提示:

水平和竖直牙签数相等,总数为 n(n+3)n(n+3);解 n(n+3)=180n(n+3) = 180

With equal horizontal and vertical counts the total is n(n+3);n(n+3); solve n(n+3)=180n(n+3) = 180

解答:

nn 级楼梯中,竖直牙签数为 (1+2++n)+n(1 + 2 + \cdots + n) + n =n(n+1)2+n= \tfrac{n(n+1)}{2} + n,水平牙签数与其相同,因此总数为 n(n+1)+2n=n(n+3)n(n+1) + 2n = n(n+3)。检验可知 n=3n = 3 时有 1818 根牙签。令 n(n+3)=180n(n+3) = 180。因式分解得 (n12)(n+15)=0(n-12)(n+15) = 0,所以 n=12n = 12。正确答案是 C

In an nn-step staircase the vertical toothpicks number (1+2++n)+n(1 + 2 + \cdots + n) + n =n(n+1)2+n,= \tfrac{n(n+1)}{2} + n, and there are just as many horizontal ones. That’s a total of n(n+1)+2n=n(n+3).n(n+1) + 2n = n(n+3). Check: n=3n = 3 gives 18,18, as it should. Now solve n(n+3)=180.n(n+3) = 180. This factors as (n12)(n+15)=0,(n-12)(n+15) = 0, so n=12.n = 12. Therefore, the answer is C.

9.

77 个标准骰子的每个面分别标有整数 1166。设 pp 为这 77 个骰子同时掷出时,上方面点数之和为 1010 的概率。还有哪个点数和出现的概率也等于 pp

The faces of each of 77 standard dice are labeled with the integers from 11 to 6.6. Let pp be the probability that when all 77 dice are rolled, the sum of the numbers on the top faces is 10.10. What other sum occurs with the same probability p?p?

1313

2626

3232

3939

4242

答案:D
难度评级:1370
小提示:

把每个骰子的点数 kk 替换为 7k7 - k,可把等概率结果一一配对。

Replacing each die value kk by 7k7 - k pairs up equally likely outcomes

大提示:

这个替换会把总和 ss 变为 49s49 - s

This replacement sends a total of ss to a total of 49s49 - s

解答:

对每个骰子,把点数 kk 替换为 7k7 - k。这会把所有掷骰结果一一配对,且概率不变;原总和为 ss 时,新总和为 77s=49s7 \cdot 7 - s = 49 - s。因此总和 ss49s49 - s 出现的概率相同。与 1010 配对的是 4910=3949 - 10 = 39。正确答案是 D

Replace each die’s value kk by 7k.7 - k. This pairs up outcomes one-to-one and keeps their probabilities, and it sends a total of ss to 77s=49s.7 \cdot 7 - s = 49 - s. So the sums ss and 49s49 - s are equally likely. The partner of 1010 is 4910=39.49 - 10 = 39. Thus, D is the correct answer.

10.

在图示长方体中,AB=3AB = 3BC=1BC = 1,且 CG=2CG = 2。点 MMFGFG 的中点。以 BCHEBCHE 为底、MM 为顶点的棱锥体积是多少?

In the rectangular parallelepiped shown, AB=3,AB = 3, BC=1,BC = 1, and CG=2.CG = 2. Point MM is the midpoint of FG.FG. What is the volume of the rectangular pyramid with base BCHEBCHE and apex M?M?

11

43\dfrac{4}{3}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

22

答案:E
难度评级:1570
小提示:

AA 放在原点,三条棱沿坐标轴,求矩形 BCHEBCHE 及其面积。

Place AA at the origin with the edges along the axes; find the rectangle BCHEBCHE and its area

大提示:

体积 =13= \tfrac13 ×(底面积)\times (\text{底面积}) ×(从 M 到底面的距离)\times (\text{从 } M \text{ 到底面的距离})

Volume =13= \tfrac13 ×(base area)\times (\text{base area}) ×(distance from M to base)\times (\text{distance from } M \text{ to base})

解答:

AA 放在原点,并令三条棱沿坐标轴:A=(0,0,0)A = (0,0,0)B=(3,0,0)B = (3,0,0)C=(3,1,0)C = (3,1,0)E=(0,0,2)E = (0,0,2)H=(0,1,2)H = (0,1,2)F=(3,0,2)F = (3,0,2)G=(3,1,2)G = (3,1,2),所以 M=(3,12,2)M = (3, \tfrac12, 2)。底面 BCHEBCHE 是矩形,且 BC=1BC = 1BE=32+22=13BE = \sqrt{3^2 + 2^2} = \sqrt{13},所以底面积为 13\sqrt{13}。底面所在平面为 2x+3z=62x + 3z = 6,点 MM 到该平面的距离为 23+32613=613\frac{|2\cdot3 + 3\cdot2 - 6|}{\sqrt{13}} = \frac{6}{\sqrt{13}}。体积为 1313613=2\tfrac13 \cdot \sqrt{13} \cdot \frac{6}{\sqrt{13}} = 2。正确答案是 E

Put AA at the origin with edges along the axes: A=(0,0,0),A = (0,0,0), B=(3,0,0),B = (3,0,0), C=(3,1,0),C = (3,1,0), E=(0,0,2),E = (0,0,2), H=(0,1,2),H = (0,1,2), F=(3,0,2),F = (3,0,2), G=(3,1,2),G = (3,1,2), so M=(3,12,2).M = (3, \tfrac12, 2). The base BCHEBCHE is a rectangle with BC=1BC = 1 and BE=32+22=13,BE = \sqrt{3^2 + 2^2} = \sqrt{13}, hence area 13.\sqrt{13}. Its plane is 2x+3z=6,2x + 3z = 6, and MM sits at distance 23+32613=613\frac{|2\cdot3 + 3\cdot2 - 6|}{\sqrt{13}} = \frac{6}{\sqrt{13}} from it. The volume is 1313613=2.\tfrac13 \cdot \sqrt{13} \cdot \frac{6}{\sqrt{13}} = 2. Therefore, the answer is E.

11.

pp 是质数时,下面哪个表达式永远不是质数?

Which of the following expressions is never a prime number when pp is a prime number?

p2+16p^2 + 16

p2+24p^2 + 24

p2+26p^2 + 26

p2+46p^2 + 46

p2+96p^2 + 96

答案:C
知识点:质数模运算
难度评级:1500
小提示:

逐一考察这些表达式模 33 的余数;若质数 p3p \ne 3,则 p21(mod3)p^2 \equiv 1 \pmod 3

Test the expressions modulo 3;3; for a prime p3,p \ne 3, p21(mod3)p^2 \equiv 1 \pmod 3

大提示:

对正确选项,还要单独检查 p=3p = 3,再说明其他质数时它总是 33 的倍数。

For the correct choice, also check p=3p = 3 separately, then show it is a multiple of 33 for all other primes

解答:

考虑 p2+26p^2 + 26。若 p=3p = 3,则它等于 35=5735 = 5 \cdot 7,不是质数。若 pp 是其他质数,则它不被 33 整除,所以 p21(mod3)p^2 \equiv 1 \pmod 3,并且 p2+261+20(mod3)p^2 + 26 \equiv 1 + 2 \equiv 0 \pmod 3。无论哪种情况,它都是大于 3333 的倍数,因此不是质数。正确答案是 C

Look at p2+26.p^2 + 26. When p=3,p = 3, it’s 35=57.35 = 5 \cdot 7. For any other prime, pp isn’t divisible by 3,3, so p21(mod3)p^2 \equiv 1 \pmod 3 and p2+261+20(mod3).p^2 + 26 \equiv 1 + 2 \equiv 0 \pmod 3. Either way it’s a multiple of 33 bigger than 3,3, hence composite. So it’s never prime. Thus, C is the correct answer.

12.

线段 ABAB 是一个圆的直径,且 AB=24AB = 24。点 CC 在圆上,但不等于 AABB。当 CC 绕圆运动时,ABC\triangle ABC 的重心描出一条少了两个点的闭曲线。四舍五入到最接近的正整数,这条曲线围成区域的面积是多少?

Line segment ABAB is a diameter of a circle with AB=24.AB = 24. Point C,C, not equal to AA or B,B, lies on the circle. As point CC moves around the circle, the centroid (center of mass) of ABC\triangle ABC traces out a closed curve missing two points. To the nearest positive integer, what is the area of the region bounded by this curve?

2525

3838

5050

6363

7575

答案:C
难度评级:1530
小提示:

ABC\triangle ABC 的重心是 13(A+B+C)\tfrac13(A + B + C),而 A+BA + B 是圆心的两倍。

The centroid of ABC\triangle ABC is 13(A+B+C),\tfrac13(A + B + C), and A+BA + B is twice the center

大提示:

CC 在半径为 1212 的圆上运动时,重心在半径为其三分之一的圆上运动。

As CC moves on a circle of radius 12,12, the centroid moves on a circle of one third the radius

解答:

把圆心 OO 放在原点,则可取 A=(12,0)A = (-12, 0)B=(12,0)B = (12, 0),而 CC 在半径为 1212 的圆上运动。因为 A+B=0A + B = 0,重心为 13(A+B+C)=13C\tfrac13(A + B + C) = \tfrac13 C。当 CC 绕圆运动时,13C\tfrac13 C 描出半径为 123=4\tfrac{12}{3} = 4 的圆,少掉 C=AC = ABB 时的两个点不影响面积。面积为 π42=16π50\pi \cdot 4^2 = 16\pi \approx 50。正确答案是 C

Put the center OO at the origin, so A=(12,0)A = (-12, 0) and B=(12,0),B = (12, 0), while CC runs over the circle of radius 12.12. Then A+B=0,A + B = 0, so the centroid is 13(A+B+C)=13C.\tfrac13(A + B + C) = \tfrac13 C. As CC circles, 13C\tfrac13 C traces a circle of radius 123=4\tfrac{12}{3} = 4 (minus the two points where C=AC = A or BB). Its area is π42=16π50.\pi \cdot 4^2 = 16\pi \approx 50. Therefore, the answer is C.

13.

数列 101101100110011000110001100001100001\ldots 的前 20182018 项中,有多少项能被 101101 整除?

How many of the first 20182018 numbers in the sequence 101,101, 1001,1001, 10001,10001, 100001,100001, \ldots are divisible by 101?101?

253253

504504

505505

506506

10091009

答案:C
难度评级:1570
小提示:

kk 项是 10k+1+110^{k+1} + 1,当 10k+11(mod101)10^{k+1} \equiv -1 \pmod{101} 时能被 101101 整除。

The kk-th term is 10k+1+1,10^{k+1} + 1, which is divisible by 101101 when 10k+11(mod101)10^{k+1} \equiv -1 \pmod{101}

大提示:

因为 102=1001(mod101)10^2 = 100 \equiv -1 \pmod{101},所以 10m110^m \equiv -1 正好在 m2(mod4)m \equiv 2 \pmod 4 时发生。

102=1001(mod101),10^2 = 100 \equiv -1 \pmod{101}, so 10m110^m \equiv -1 exactly when m2(mod4)m \equiv 2 \pmod 4

解答:

kk 项为 10k+1+110^{k+1} + 1,它能被 101101 整除,当且仅当 10k+11(mod101)10^{k+1} \equiv -1 \pmod{101}。因为 102=1001(mod101)10^2 = 100 \equiv -1 \pmod{101},所以 10m110^m \equiv -1 当且仅当 m2(mod4)m \equiv 2 \pmod 4。因此需要 k+12k + 1 \equiv 2,即 k1(mod4)k \equiv 1 \pmod 4。在 k=1,2,,2018k = 1, 2, \ldots, 2018 中,符合条件的是 1,5,,20171, 5, \ldots, 2017,共有 505505 个。正确答案是 C

The kk-th term is 10k+1+1,10^{k+1} + 1, which 101101 divides iff 10k+11(mod101).10^{k+1} \equiv -1 \pmod{101}. Notice 102=1001(mod101).10^2 = 100 \equiv -1 \pmod{101}. So 10m110^m \equiv -1 exactly when m2(mod4),m \equiv 2 \pmod 4, meaning k+12,k + 1 \equiv 2, that is k1(mod4).k \equiv 1 \pmod 4. Among k=1,2,,2018,k = 1, 2, \ldots, 2018, the values 1,5,,20171, 5, \ldots, 2017 number 505.505. Thus, C is the correct answer.

14.

一个由 20182018 个正整数组成的列表有唯一的众数,且这个众数恰好出现 1010 次。这个列表中最少可能出现多少个不同的值?

A list of 20182018 positive integers has a unique mode, which occurs exactly 1010 times. What is the least number of distinct values that can occur in the list?

202202

223223

224224

225225

234234

答案:D
知识点:众数最优化
难度评级:1660
小提示:

众数以外的每个值最多出现 99 次,否则会与众数并列。

Every value other than the mode can appear at most 99 times, to keep the mode unique

大提示:

若有 dd 个不同值,列表最多容纳 10+9(d1)10 + 9(d-1) 项;令它至少为 20182018

With dd distinct values the list holds at most 10+9(d1)10 + 9(d-1) entries; make this at least 20182018

解答:

众数出现 1010 次。为了让不同值个数尽量少,其余每个值都应尽量多出现,但最多只能出现 99 次,否则会与众数并列。若共有 dd 个不同值,最多可有 10+9(d1)10 + 9(d-1) 项。需要 10+9(d1)201810 + 9(d-1) \ge 2018,因此 d1223.1d - 1 \ge 223.1,也就是 d225d \ge 225。正确答案是 D

The mode shows up 1010 times. To keep the number of distinct values small, let every other value repeat as much as the rules allow, which is 99 times each (any more would tie the mode). With dd distinct values the list holds at most 10+9(d1)10 + 9(d-1) entries. We need 10+9(d1)2018,10 + 9(d-1) \ge 2018, so d1223.1,d - 1 \ge 223.1, giving d225.d \ge 225. Therefore, the answer is D.

15.

一个正方形底面的封闭盒子要用一张正方形包装纸包裹。如左图所示,盒子放在包装纸中央,底面顶点位于正方形纸张的中线上。包装纸的四个角将沿盒子侧面向上折,并在盒子顶面中心、即右图中的点 AA 处相会。盒子底边长为 ww,高为 hh。包装纸的面积是多少?

A closed box with a square base is to be wrapped with a square sheet of wrapping paper. The box is centered on the wrapping paper with the vertices of the base lying on the midlines of the square sheet of paper, as shown in the figure on the left. The four corners of the wrapping paper are to be folded up over the sides and brought together to meet at the center of the top of the box, point AA in the figure on the right. The box has base length ww and height h.h. What is the area of the sheet of wrapping paper?

2(w+h)22(w + h)^2

(w+h)22\dfrac{(w + h)^2}{2}

2w2+4wh2w^2 + 4wh

2w22w^2

w2hw^2 h

答案:A
难度评级:1730
小提示:

若包装纸边长为 ss,从中心到角的距离为 s2\dfrac{s}{\sqrt 2}

If the sheet has side s,s, its center-to-corner distance is s2\dfrac{s}{\sqrt 2}

大提示:

一个角折到顶部中心时,沿直线依次经过半个底面、盒子高度 hh,再经过顶部的半边。

Folding a corner to the top center covers, in a straight line, half the base, then the side of height h,h, then the other half of the top

解答:

设包装纸边长为 ss,盒子底面边长为 ww。包装纸中心到一个角的距离为 s2\tfrac{s}{\sqrt2}。盒子底面相对于包装纸旋转了 4545^\circ,所以从底面中心到一条边的距离为 w2\tfrac{w}{2}。一个角折到盒子顶部中心时,依次经过 w2\tfrac{w}{2}、高度 hh 和另一个 w2\tfrac{w}{2},因此 s2=w2+h+w2=w+h\tfrac{s}{\sqrt2} = \tfrac{w}{2} + h + \tfrac{w}{2} = w + h。所以 s=2(w+h)s = \sqrt2\,(w + h),包装纸面积为 s2=2(w+h)2s^2 = 2(w + h)^2。正确答案是 A

Let the sheet have side s.s. The base sits as a square of side ww turned 45,45^\circ, so the center is w2\tfrac{w}{2} from each base edge. A corner of the sheet lies s2\tfrac{s}{\sqrt2} from the center. Folding that corner up to the top center traces a straight line: w2\tfrac{w}{2} out to the base edge, then hh up the side, then w2\tfrac{w}{2} across the top. So s2=w2+h+w2=w+h.\tfrac{s}{\sqrt2} = \tfrac{w}{2} + h + \tfrac{w}{2} = w + h. Then s=2(w+h),s = \sqrt2\,(w + h), and the area is s2=2(w+h)2.s^2 = 2(w + h)^2. Thus, A is the correct answer.

16.

a1a_1a2a_2\ldotsa2018a_{2018} 是一个严格递增的正整数数列,且

a1+a2++a2018=20182018a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_{2018} = 2018^{2018}\text{。}

a13+a23++a20183a_1^3 + a_2^3 + \cdots + a_{2018}^3 除以 66 的余数是多少?

Let a1,a_1, a2,a_2, ,\ldots, a2018a_{2018} be a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers such that

a1+a2++a2018=20182018.a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_{2018} = 2018^{2018}.

What is the remainder when a13+a23++a20183a_1^3 + a_2^3 + \cdots + a_{2018}^3 is divided by 6?6?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:E
知识点:模运算整除性
难度评级:1710
小提示:

n3n(mod6)n^3 \equiv n \pmod 6,因为 n3n=(n1)n(n+1)n^3 - n = (n-1)n(n+1) 是三个连续整数的乘积。

n3n(mod6),n^3 \equiv n \pmod 6, because n3n=(n1)n(n+1)n^3 - n = (n-1)n(n+1) is a product of three consecutive integers

大提示:

因此立方和同余于 20182018(mod6)2018^{2018} \pmod 6;再把它对 66 取模。

So the sum of cubes is congruent to 20182018(mod6);2018^{2018} \pmod 6; reduce that modulo 66

解答:

对任意整数 nnn3n=(n1)n(n+1)n^3 - n = (n-1)n(n+1) 是三个连续整数的乘积,所以能被 66 整除。因此 n3n(mod6)n^3 \equiv n \pmod 6。求和得到 ai3ai\sum a_i^3 \equiv \sum a_i =20182018(mod6)= 2018^{2018} \pmod 6。因为 20182(mod6)2018 \equiv 2 \pmod 6,而 22 的幂模 66 的余数按 2,4,2,4,2, 4, 2, 4, \ldots 交替,指数 20182018 为偶数,所以 220184(mod6)2^{2018} \equiv 4 \pmod 6,余数为 44。正确答案是 E

For any integer n,n, n3n=(n1)n(n+1)n^3 - n = (n-1)n(n+1) is a product of three consecutive integers, so it’s divisible by 6.6. That means n3n(mod6).n^3 \equiv n \pmod 6. Summing, ai3ai\sum a_i^3 \equiv \sum a_i =20182018(mod6).= 2018^{2018} \pmod 6. Now 20182(mod6),2018 \equiv 2 \pmod 6, and powers of 22 mod 66 alternate 2,4,2,4,.2, 4, 2, 4, \ldots. The exponent 20182018 is even, so 220184(mod6).2^{2018} \equiv 4 \pmod 6. The remainder is 4.4. Therefore, the answer is E.

17.

在长方形 PQRSPQRS 中,PQ=8PQ = 8QR=6QR = 6。点 AABBPQPQ 上,点 CCDDQRQR 上,点 EEFFRSRS 上,点 GGHHSPSP 上,满足 AP=BQ<4AP = BQ < 4,并且凸八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 是等边的。这个八边形的边长可写成 k+mnk + m\sqrt{n},其中 kkmmnn 是整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 k+m+nk + m + n

In rectangle PQRS,PQRS, PQ=8PQ = 8 and QR=6.QR = 6. Points AA and BB lie on PQ,PQ, points CC and DD lie on QR,QR, points EE and FF lie on RS,RS, and points GG and HH lie on SPSP so that AP=BQ<4AP = BQ < 4 and the convex octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH is equilateral. The length of a side of this octagon can be expressed in the form k+mn,k + m\sqrt{n}, where k,k, m,m, and nn are integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is k+m+n?k + m + n?

11

77

2121

9292

106106

答案:B
难度评级:1890
小提示:

四个被切掉的角是全等直角三角形,其在长为 88 的边上的腿为 xx,在长为 66 的边上的腿为 yy

The four cut corners are congruent right triangles with legs xx (on the sides of length 88) and yy (on the sides of length 66)

大提示:

等边条件给出 82x=62y=x2+y28 - 2x = 6 - 2y = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2};先由第一个等式得 y=x1y = x - 1,再代入平方。

The equal sides give 82x=62y=x2+y2;8 - 2x = 6 - 2y = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}; the first equality gives y=x1,y = x - 1, then substitute and square

解答:

设八边形的边长为 ss,并设 x=AP=BQ=8s2x=AP=BQ=\frac{8-s}{2}。直角三角形 APH\triangle APHBQC\triangle BQC 的斜边同为 ss,且都有一条长为 xx 的直角边,所以它们全等;记 PH=QC=yPH=QC=y。因为 CD=HG=sCD=HG=s,且长方形两条竖边的长度都为 66,所以 DR=GSDR=GS。于是 RRSS 处的直角三角形全等,从而 RE=SFRE=SF。因为 RS=8RS=8,且 EF=sEF=s,这两个相等长度都为 8s2=x\frac{8-s}{2}=x。所以四个被切去的角的两条直角边都是 xxyy

八边形各边相等,给出 82x=62y=x2+y28-2x=6-2y=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\text{。}第一个等式给出 y=x1y=x-1。代入并平方,得到 2x230x+63=02x^2-30x+63=0,所以满足 x<4x<4 的根为 x=153112x=\frac{15-3\sqrt{11}}{2}

边长为 82x=7+3118-2x=-7+3\sqrt{11},所以 k+m+n=7+3+11=7k+m+n=-7+3+11=7。因此正确答案是 B

Let ss be the octagon’s side length and let x=AP=BQ=8s2.x=AP=BQ=\frac{8-s}{2}. The right triangles APH\triangle APH and BQC\triangle BQC have the same hypotenuse ss and a leg of length x,x, so they are congruent; write PH=QC=y.PH=QC=y. Because CD=HG=sCD=HG=s and the vertical sides of the rectangle both have length 6,6, it follows that DR=GS.DR=GS. The right triangles at RR and SS are then congruent, so RE=SF.RE=SF. Since RS=8RS=8 and EF=s,EF=s, each of these equal lengths is 8s2=x.\frac{8-s}{2}=x. Thus all four cut corners have legs xx and y.y.

The equal octagon sides give 82x=62y=x2+y2.8-2x=6-2y=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}. The first equality gives y=x1.y=x-1. Substituting and squaring gives 2x230x+63=0,2x^2-30x+63=0, so the root with x<4x<4 is x=153112.x=\frac{15-3\sqrt{11}}{2}.

The side length is 82x=7+311,8-2x=-7+3\sqrt{11}, so k+m+n=7+3+11=7.k+m+n=-7+3+11=7. Thus, B is the correct answer.

18.

来自三个不同家庭的三对年幼兄妹需要乘面包车出行。这六个孩子将坐在车的第二排和第三排,每排有三个座位。为了避免打闹,兄妹不能在同一排相邻而坐,也不能一个正好坐在另一个的正前方。共有多少种座位安排?

Three young brother-sister pairs from different families need to take a trip in a van. These six children will occupy the second and third rows in the van, each of which has three seats. To avoid disruptions, siblings may not sit right next to each other in the same row, and no child may sit directly in front of his or her sibling. How many seating arrangements are possible for this trip?

6060

7272

9292

9696

120120

答案:D
难度评级:1930
小提示:

说明每一排必须恰好有每个家庭的一个孩子。

Show that each row must contain exactly one child from each family

大提示:

第三排各列的家庭必须都不同于第二排对应列,这是一个错排;每对兄妹还可互换各自的座位。

The third row’s families must differ from the second row’s in every column (a derangement), and each pair’s two children can be swapped between their seats

解答:

若某个家庭的两个孩子坐在同一排,他们只能坐在该排的第 11 和第 33 个座位,这会迫使另一个家庭的两个孩子坐在同一列,违反条件。因此每排必须恰好有每个家庭的一个孩子。第二排安排三个家庭有 3!=63! = 6 种。第三排必须在每一列都与第二排家庭不同,是三个元素的错排,共 22 种。最后每对兄妹可互换座位,共 23=82^3 = 8 种。因此总数为 628=966 \cdot 2 \cdot 8 = 96。正确答案是 D

Suppose some family put both children in one row. They’d have to take the non-adjacent seats 11 and 3,3, which forces the middle family’s two children into the same column. Not allowed. So each row holds exactly one child from each family. The second row is a permutation of the three families, 3!=63! = 6 ways. The third row needs a different family in every column, a derangement of the second row’s order, and there are 22 of those. Finally, each pair can swap its two children between their seats, 23=82^3 = 8 ways. The total is 628=96.6 \cdot 2 \cdot 8 = 96. Therefore, the answer is D.

19.

Joey、Chloe 和他们的女儿 Zoe 都同一天生日。Joey 比 Chloe 大 11 岁,Zoe 今天正好 11 岁。今天是 Chloe 的年龄会是 Zoe 年龄整数倍的 99 个生日中的第一个。下一次 Joey 的年龄是 Zoe 年龄的整数倍时,Joey 年龄的两个数字之和是多少?

Joey and Chloe and their daughter Zoe all have the same birthday. Joey is 11 year older than Chloe, and Zoe is exactly 11 year old today. Today is the first of the 99 birthdays on which Chloe’s age will be an integral multiple of Zoe’s age. What will be the sum of the two digits of Joey’s age the next time his age is a multiple of Zoe’s age?

77

88

99

1010

1111

答案:E
难度评级:1990
小提示:

设 Chloe 今天 nn 岁。在 tt 年后,她的年龄是 Zoe 年龄的整数倍,当且仅当 1+t1 + t 整除 n1n - 1

Let Chloe be nn today. In tt years her age is a multiple of Zoe’s iff 1+t1 + t divides n1n - 1

大提示:

恰好 99 个这样的生日意味着 n1n - 199 个因子;找出两位数情形,然后对 Joey 重复整除思路。

Exactly 99 such birthdays means n1n - 1 has 99 divisors; find the two-digit value, then repeat the divisor idea for Joey

解答:

设 Chloe 今天 nn 岁,Zoe 今天 11 岁。tt 年后,她们的年龄之比为 n+t1+t=1+n11+t\dfrac{n+t}{1+t}=1+\dfrac{n-1}{1+t}\text{,} 它是整数当且仅当 1+t1+t 整除 n1n-1。因此 n1n-1 恰好有 99 个正因子。

99 个正因子的数形如 p8p^8p2q2p^2q^2。其中唯一的两位数是 2232=362^2\cdot3^2=36,所以 Chloe 今天 3737 岁,Joey 今天 3838 岁。

现在 Joey 的年龄 38+t38+t1+t1+t(即 Zoe 年龄)的倍数,当且仅当 1+t1+t 整除 3737。所以下一次发生在 t=36t=36,此时 Joey 7474 岁,数字和为 7+4=117+4=11。正确答案是 E

Let Chloe be nn today; Zoe is 1.1. In tt years their age ratio is n+t1+t=1+n11+t,\dfrac{n+t}{1+t}=1+\dfrac{n-1}{1+t}, which is an integer exactly when 1+t1+t divides n1.n-1. Thus n1n-1 has exactly 99 positive divisors.

A number with 99 divisors has the form p8p^8 or p2q2.p^2q^2. The only two-digit possibility is 2232=36,2^2\cdot3^2=36, so Chloe is 3737 and Joey is 38.38.

Joey’s age 38+t38+t is a multiple of Zoe’s age 1+t1+t exactly when 1+t1+t divides 37.37. The next time is t=36,t=36, when Joey is 74.74. Its digit sum is 7+4=11.7+4=11. Thus, E is the correct answer.

20.

函数 ff 递归定义为 f(1)=f(2)=1f(1) = f(2) = 1,且

f(n)=f(n1)f(n2)+nf(n) = f(n - 1) - f(n - 2) + n

对所有整数 n3n \ge 3 成立。求 f(2018)f(2018)

A function ff is defined recursively by f(1)=f(2)=1f(1) = f(2) = 1 and

f(n)=f(n1)f(n2)+nf(n) = f(n - 1) - f(n - 2) + n

for all integers n3.n \ge 3. What is f(2018)?f(2018)?

20162016

20172017

20182018

20192019

20202020

答案:B
知识点:递推找规律
难度评级:1910
小提示:

寻找形如 f(n)=n+cf(n) = n + c 的特解;减去它后得到 g(n)=g(n1)g(n2)g(n) = g(n-1) - g(n-2)

Look for a particular solution of the form f(n)=n+c;f(n) = n + c; subtracting it leaves g(n)=g(n1)g(n2)g(n) = g(n-1) - g(n-2)

大提示:

这个齐次递推的周期为 66;把 2018201866 取模。

That homogeneous recursion is periodic with period 6;6; reduce 20182018 modulo 66

解答:

注意 f(n)=n+1f(n) = n + 1 本身就满足这个递推式,因此令 f(n)=(n+1)+g(n)f(n) = (n + 1) + g(n),则 gg 满足对应的齐次递推 g(n)=g(n1)g(n2)g(n) = g(n-1) - g(n-2)。由初值得 g(1)=1g(1) = -1g(2)=2g(2) = -2,于是序列以 66 为周期循环:1,2,1,1,2,1,-1, -2, -1, 1, 2, 1, \ldots。因为 20182(mod6)2018 \equiv 2 \pmod 6,所以 g(2018)=2g(2018) = -2,于是 f(2018)=20192=2017f(2018) = 2019 - 2 = 2017。正确答案是 B

Notice f(n)=n+1f(n) = n + 1 solves the recurrence on its own, so write f(n)=(n+1)+g(n).f(n) = (n + 1) + g(n). Then gg satisfies the homogeneous version g(n)=g(n1)g(n2).g(n) = g(n-1) - g(n-2). With g(1)=1g(1) = -1 and g(2)=2,g(2) = -2, it cycles with period 66: 1,2,1,1,2,1,.-1, -2, -1, 1, 2, 1, \ldots. Since 20182(mod6),2018 \equiv 2 \pmod 6, we get g(2018)=2,g(2018) = -2, so f(2018)=20192=2017.f(2018) = 2019 - 2 = 2017. Therefore, the answer is B.

21.

Mary 选择了一个偶数 44 位数 nn。她把 nn 的所有因子按从小到大的顺序从左到右写下:1122\ldotsn2\frac{n}{2}nn。某一刻 Mary 写下了 323323,它是 nn 的一个因子。写在 323323 右边的下一个因子的最小可能值是多少?

Mary chose an even 44-digit number n.n. She wrote down all the divisors of nn in increasing order from left to right: 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, n2,\frac{n}{2}, n.n. At some moment Mary wrote 323323 as a divisor of n.n. What is the smallest possible value of the next divisor written to the right of 323?323?

324324

330330

340340

361361

646646

答案:C
难度评级:2100
小提示:

利用 323=1719323 = 17 \cdot 19,且 nn 是一个偶数 44 位数并且是 323323 的倍数。

323=1719,323 = 17 \cdot 19, and nn is an even 44-digit multiple of 323323

大提示:

对候选的下一个因子 ddnn 必须是 lcm(323,d)\operatorname{lcm}(323, d) 的倍数;找出使其小于 1000010000 的最小 d>323d > 323

For a candidate next divisor d,d, nn must be a multiple of lcm(323,d);\operatorname{lcm}(323, d); find the smallest d>323d > 323 keeping that under 1000010000

解答:

dd323323 之后的下一个因数。若 gcd(d,323)=1\gcd(d,323)=1,则 nn323d>3232>9999323d>323^2>9999 的倍数,这对四位数来说不可能。因此 gcd(d,323)>1\gcd(d,323)>1

因为 323=1719323=17\cdot19,这个最大公因数至少为 1717。它也整除 d323d-323,所以 d32317d-323\ge17,从而 d340d\ge340

这个界可以达到:当 n=6460=2251719n=6460=2^2\cdot5\cdot17\cdot19 时,323323340340 都是因数。下界说明二者之间不存在因数。因此最小的下一个因数是 340340,正确答案是 C

Let dd be the next divisor after 323.323. If gcd(d,323)=1,\gcd(d,323)=1, then nn is a multiple of 323d>3232>9999,323d>323^2>9999, impossible for a four-digit number. Thus gcd(d,323)>1.\gcd(d,323)>1.

Since 323=1719,323=17\cdot19, this gcd is at least 17.17. It also divides d323,d-323, so d32317d-323\ge17 and hence d340.d\ge340.

This bound is attained: for n=6460=2251719,n=6460=2^2\cdot5\cdot17\cdot19, both 323323 and 340340 are divisors. The lower bound shows there is no divisor between them. Thus the smallest possible next divisor is 340,340, and C is the correct answer.

22.

实数 xxyy 独立且均匀地从区间 [0,1][0, 1] 中随机选取。下面哪个数最接近 xxyy11 能作为一个钝角三角形三边长的概率?

Real numbers xx and yy are chosen independently and uniformly at random from the interval [0,1].[0, 1]. Which of the following numbers is closest to the probability that x,x, y,y, and 11 are the side lengths of an obtuse triangle?

0.210.21

0.250.25

0.290.29

0.500.50

0.790.79

答案:C
难度评级:2100
小提示:

边长 x,y,1x, y, 1 构成三角形需要 x+y>1x + y > 1;因为 11 是最长边,钝角条件是 x2+y2<1x^2 + y^2 < 1

A triangle with sides x,y,1x, y, 1 needs x+y>1;x + y > 1; since 11 is the longest side it is obtuse when x2+y2<1x^2 + y^2 < 1

大提示:

在单位正方形中,这个区域是四分之一圆盘去掉直线 x+y=1x + y = 1 下方的三角形。

In the unit square this region is a quarter disk with the triangle below x+y=1x + y = 1 removed

解答:

三边 x,y,1x, y, 1 构成三角形,当且仅当 x+y>1x + y > 1。又因为 11 是最长边,该三角形为钝角,当且仅当 x2+y2<1x^2 + y^2 < 1。因此在单位正方形中,所求区域位于四分之一圆 x2+y2=1x^2 + y^2 = 1 内、直线 x+y=1x + y = 1 上方,也就是四分之一圆盘去掉弦下方的直角三角形,面积为 π4120.285\tfrac{\pi}{4} - \tfrac12 \approx 0.285。最接近的选项是 0.290.29。正确答案是 C

The three lengths x,y,1x, y, 1 make a triangle iff x+y>1.x + y > 1. Since 11 is the longest side, that triangle is obtuse iff x2+y2<1.x^2 + y^2 < 1. So in the unit square we want the region inside the quarter circle x2+y2=1x^2 + y^2 = 1 but above the line x+y=1.x + y = 1. That’s the quarter disk with the right triangle under the chord removed: π4120.285.\tfrac{\pi}{4} - \tfrac12 \approx 0.285. The closest choice is 0.29.0.29. Therefore, the answer is C.

23.

有多少个正整数有序对 (a,b)(a, b) 满足方程

ab+63=20lcm(a,b)+12gcd(a,b) \begin{aligned} a \cdot b + 63 &= 20 \cdot \operatorname{lcm}(a, b) \\ &\quad {}+ 12 \cdot \gcd(a, b) \end{aligned}\text{,}

其中 gcd(a,b)\gcd(a, b) 表示 aabb 的最大公因数,lcm(a,b)\operatorname{lcm}(a, b) 表示它们的最小公倍数。

How many ordered pairs (a,b)(a, b) of positive integers satisfy the equation

ab+63=20lcm(a,b)+12gcd(a,b), \begin{aligned} a \cdot b + 63 &= 20 \cdot \operatorname{lcm}(a, b) \\ &\quad {}+ 12 \cdot \gcd(a, b), \end{aligned}

where gcd(a,b)\gcd(a, b) denotes the greatest common divisor of aa and b,b, and lcm(a,b)\operatorname{lcm}(a, b) denotes their least common multiple?

00

22

44

66

88

答案:B
难度评级:2120
小提示:

使用 ab=gcd(a,b)lcm(a,b)ab = \gcd(a,b) \cdot \operatorname{lcm}(a,b);令 x=lcm(a,b)x = \operatorname{lcm}(a,b)y=gcd(a,b)y = \gcd(a,b)

Use ab=gcd(a,b)lcm(a,b);ab = \gcd(a,b) \cdot \operatorname{lcm}(a,b); let x=lcm(a,b)x = \operatorname{lcm}(a,b) and y=gcd(a,b)y = \gcd(a,b)

大提示:

方程变为 (x12)(y20)=177=359(x - 12)(y - 20) = 177 = 3 \cdot 59;同时 yy 必须整除 xx

The equation becomes (x12)(y20)=177=359;(x - 12)(y - 20) = 177 = 3 \cdot 59; also yy must divide xx

解答:

回忆 ab=gcd(a,b)lcm(a,b)ab=\gcd(a,b)\operatorname{lcm}(a,b)。令 x=lcm(a,b)x=\operatorname{lcm}(a,b)y=gcd(a,b)y=\gcd(a,b),则原方程变为 (x12)(y20)=177=359(x-12)(y-20)=177=3\cdot59\text{。}

正因数分解给出 (x,y)=(13,197)(x,y)=(13,197)(189,21)(189,21)(15,79)(15,79)(71,23)(71,23)。负因数分解会使 xxyy 为负数,因此不可能。此外 yy 必须整除 xx,只有 (x,y)=(189,21)(x,y)=(189,21) 满足这一点。

写成 a=21ua=21ub=21vb=21v。于是 gcd(u,v)=1\gcd(u,v)=1uv=18921=9uv=\frac{189}{21}=9,所以 (u,v)=(1,9)(u,v)=(1,9)(9,1)(9,1)。因此符合条件的有序对是 (21,189)(21,189)(189,21)(189,21),正确答案是 B

Recall ab=gcd(a,b)lcm(a,b).ab=\gcd(a,b)\operatorname{lcm}(a,b). Let x=lcm(a,b)x=\operatorname{lcm}(a,b) and y=gcd(a,b).y=\gcd(a,b). The equation becomes (x12)(y20)=177=359.(x-12)(y-20)=177=3\cdot59.

The positive factor pairs give (x,y)=(13,197),(x,y)=(13,197), (189,21),(189,21), (15,79),(15,79), and (71,23).(71,23). The negative factor pairs make either xx or yy negative, so they are impossible. Also yy must divide x,x, and only (x,y)=(189,21)(x,y)=(189,21) passes.

Write a=21ua=21u and b=21v.b=21v. Then gcd(u,v)=1\gcd(u,v)=1 and uv=18921=9,uv=\frac{189}{21}=9, so (u,v)=(1,9)(u,v)=(1,9) or (9,1).(9,1). Hence the two ordered pairs are (21,189)(21,189) and (189,21),(189,21), and B is the correct answer.

24.

ABCDEFABCDEF 是边长为 11 的正六边形。令 XXYYZZ 分别为边 ABABCDCDEFEF 的中点。某个凸六边形的内部恰好是 ACE\triangle ACEXYZ\triangle XYZ 的内部交集。这个凸六边形的面积是多少?

Let ABCDEFABCDEF be a regular hexagon with side length 1.1. Denote by X,X, Y,Y, and ZZ the midpoints of sides AB,AB, CD,CD, and EF,EF, respectively. What is the area of the convex hexagon whose interior is the intersection of the interiors of ACE\triangle ACE and XYZ?\triangle XYZ?

383\dfrac{3}{8}\sqrt{3}

7163\dfrac{7}{16}\sqrt{3}

15323\dfrac{15}{32}\sqrt{3}

123\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}

9163\dfrac{9}{16}\sqrt{3}

答案:C
难度评级:2470
小提示:

ACE\triangle ACE 是边长为 3\sqrt{3} 的等边三角形;XYZ\triangle XYZ 是边长为 32\tfrac{3}{2} 的等边三角形。

ACE\triangle ACE is equilateral with side 3;\sqrt{3}; XYZ\triangle XYZ is equilateral with side 32\tfrac{3}{2}

大提示:

以正六边形的中心为公共中心,这两个三角形同心且相差 3030^\circ;交集是 XYZ\triangle XYZ 去掉三个伸出的角三角形。

Centered at the hexagon’s center the two triangles are concentric and rotated 30;30^\circ; the overlap is XYZ\triangle XYZ minus its three protruding corner triangles

解答:

三角形 XYZXYZ 是边长为 32\frac{3}{2} 的等边三角形,所以面积为 34(32)2=9316\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}\left(\dfrac32\right)^2=\dfrac{9\sqrt3}{16}\text{。}

三角形 ACEACEXYZXYZ 同心,且彼此旋转 3030^\circ。在 XYZXYZ 的每个顶点处,ACEACE 的两边截出一个 3030-6060-9090 三角形,其斜边是半边长线段 AX=12AX=\frac{1}{2}。两条直角边分别为 14\frac{1}{4}34\frac{\sqrt3}{4},所以每个角的面积为 332\frac{\sqrt3}{32}

去掉三个角后,面积为 93163332=15332\dfrac{9\sqrt3}{16}-3\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt3}{32}=\dfrac{15\sqrt3}{32}\text{。}因此答案是 C

The triangle XYZXYZ is equilateral with side 32,\frac{3}{2}, so its area is 34(32)2=9316.\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}\left(\dfrac32\right)^2=\dfrac{9\sqrt3}{16}.

The triangles ACEACE and XYZXYZ are concentric and rotated 3030^\circ from each other. At each vertex of XYZ,XYZ, the sides of ACEACE cut off a 3030-6060-9090 triangle whose hypotenuse is the half-side segment AX=12.AX=\frac{1}{2}. Its legs are 14\frac{1}{4} and 34,\frac{\sqrt3}{4}, so each corner has area 332.\frac{\sqrt3}{32}.

Removing the three corners gives 93163332=15332.\dfrac{9\sqrt3}{16}-3\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt3}{32}=\dfrac{15\sqrt3}{32}. Therefore, the answer is C.

25.

x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。有多少个实数 xx 满足方程 x2+10,000x=10,000xx^2 + 10{,}000\lfloor x \rfloor = 10{,}000x

Let x\lfloor x \rfloor denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x. How many real numbers xx satisfy the equation x2+10,000x=10,000x?x^2 + 10{,}000\lfloor x \rfloor = 10{,}000x?

197197

198198

199199

200200

201201

答案:C
难度评级:2270
小提示:

{x}=xx\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor,方程变为 x2=10,000{x}x^2 = 10{,}000\{x\},所以 0x2<10,0000 \le x^2 < 10{,}000

Writing {x}=xx,\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor, the equation is x2=10,000{x},x^2 = 10{,}000\{x\}, so 0x2<10,0000 \le x^2 < 10{,}000

大提示:

在每个区间 [a,a+1)[a, a+1) 上,恰好在 (a+1)2<10,000(a + 1)^2 \lt 10{,}000 时有一个解。

On each interval [a,a+1)[a, a+1) there is a solution exactly when (a+1)2<10,000(a + 1)^2 \lt 10{,}000

解答:

a=xa = \lfloor x \rfloor。方程可写成 x2=10,000(xa)x^2 = 10{,}000(x - a) =10,000{x}= 10{,}000\{x\}。因为 0{x}<10 \le \{x\} < 1,所以 0x2<10,0000 \le x^2 < 10{,}000,即 100<x<100-100 < x < 100。在每个区间 [a,a+1)[a, a + 1) 上,函数 10,000xx210{,}000x - x^210,000aa210{,}000a - a^2 单调增加并趋近于但不取到 10,000(a+1)(a+1)210{,}000(a+1) - (a+1)^2。它恰好在 (a+1)2<10,000(a + 1)^2 < 10{,}000 时取到 10,000a10{,}000a。满足条件的整数为 100a98-100 \le a \le 98,共 199199 个。正确答案是 C

Let a=x.a = \lfloor x \rfloor. The equation reads x2=10,000(xa)x^2 = 10{,}000(x - a) =10,000{x},= 10{,}000\{x\}, and since 0{x}<1,0 \le \{x\} < 1, this forces 0x2<10,000,0 \le x^2 < 10{,}000, so 100<x<100.-100 < x < 100. On each interval [a,a+1)[a, a + 1) the quantity 10,000xx210{,}000x - x^2 increases from 10,000aa210{,}000a - a^2 and approaches, but does not reach, 10,000(a+1)(a+1)2.10{,}000(a+1) - (a+1)^2. It hits 10,000a10{,}000a exactly once precisely when (a+1)2<10,000.(a + 1)^2 < 10{,}000. That holds for the integers 100a98,-100 \le a \le 98, which is 199199 solutions. Thus, C is the correct answer.