2023 AIME II 第 6 题

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6.

考虑如下图所示,由三个单位正方形沿边拼成的 L 形区域。从该区域内部独立且均匀随机地选取两点 AABB。 线段 AB\overline{AB} 的中点也位于这个 L 形区域内的概率可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。 求 m+nm + n

Consider the L-shaped region formed by three unit squares joined at their sides, as shown below. Two points AA and BB are chosen independently and uniformly at random from inside the region. The probability that the midpoint of AB\overline{AB} also lies inside this L-shaped region can be expressed as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:35
知识点:几何概率独立事件分类讨论
难度评级:2740
解答:

将区域放为 [0,1]2([0,1]×[1,2])[0,1]^2 \cup \bigl([0,1] \times [1,2]\bigr) ([1,2]×[0,1])\cup \bigl([1,2] \times [0,1]\bigr),即一个 2×22 \times 2 正方形去掉右上角单位正方形。中点的两个坐标都是 [0,2][0, 2] 中两个数的平均值,所以中点一定在这个 2×22 \times 2 正方形中;它不在 L 形区域内,当且仅当它落在缺失的正方形中, 即 xA+xB>2x_A + x_B \gt 2yA+yB>2y_A + y_B \gt 2

如果没有点在右侧正方形,则 xA+xB2x_A + x_B \le 2;如果没有点在上方正方形,则 yA+yB2y_A + y_B \le 2。所以失败要求一个点在上方正方形,另一个点在右侧正方形,这发生的概率为 21313=292 \cdot \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{3} = \frac{2}{9}。在这种情况下,一个 xx 坐标均匀分布在 [0,1][0,1],另一个均匀分布在 [1,2][1,2],所以 xA+xB>2x_A + x_B \gt 2 的概率为 12\frac{1}{2},同理且独立地, yA+yB>2y_A + y_B \gt 2 的概率为 12\frac{1}{2}

失败概率为 2914=118\frac{2}{9} \cdot \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{18},所以所求概率为 1718\frac{17}{18}m+n=17+18=35m + n = 17 + 18 = 35

Place the region as [0,1]2([0,1]×[1,2])[0,1]^2 \cup \bigl([0,1] \times [1,2]\bigr) ([1,2]×[0,1]),\cup \bigl([1,2] \times [0,1]\bigr), so it is the 2×22 \times 2 square with the top-right unit square removed. Both coordinates of the midpoint are averages of numbers in [0,2],[0, 2], so the midpoint always lies in the 2×22 \times 2 square; it fails to lie in the region exactly when it lands in the missing square, i.e. when xA+xB>2x_A + x_B \gt 2 and yA+yB>2.y_A + y_B \gt 2.

If neither point is in the right square, then xA+xB2;x_A + x_B \le 2; if neither is in the top square, then yA+yB2.y_A + y_B \le 2. So failure requires one point in the top square and the other in the right square, which happens with probability 21313=29.2 \cdot \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{3} = \frac{2}{9}. In that case, one xx-coordinate is uniform on [0,1][0,1] and the other on [1,2],[1,2], so xA+xB>2x_A + x_B \gt 2 with probability 12,\frac{1}{2}, and independently yA+yB>2y_A + y_B \gt 2 with probability 12.\frac{1}{2}.

The failure probability is 2914=118,\frac{2}{9} \cdot \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{18}, so the desired probability is 1718\frac{17}{18} and m+n=17+18=35.m + n = 17 + 18 = 35.

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