2025 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

Andy 和 Betsy 都住在 Mathville。Andy 在 1:301{:}30 从 Mathville 骑自行车出发,以稳定的每小时 88 英里向正北行驶。Betsy 在 2:302{:}30 从同一点骑自行车出发,以稳定的每小时 1212 英里向正东行驶。什么时候他们离共同出发点的距离恰好相同?

Andy and Betsy both live in Mathville. Andy leaves Mathville on his bicycle at 1:30,1{:}30, traveling due north at a steady 88 miles per hour. Betsy leaves on her bicycle from the same point at 2:30,2{:}30, traveling due east at a steady 1212 miles per hour. At what time will they be exactly the same distance from their common starting point?

3:303{:}30

3:453{:}45

4:004{:}00

4:154{:}15

4:304{:}30

答案:E
知识点:路程、速度与时间一次方程
难度评级:890
小提示:

1:301{:}30 开始计时;Betsy 骑行的时间比 Andy 少一小时

Measure time from 1:301{:}30; Betsy has been riding one hour less than Andy

大提示:

如果 Andy 已骑行 tt 小时,列方程 8t=12(t1)8t = 12(t-1)

If Andy has ridden tt hours, set 8t=12(t1)8t = 12(t-1)

解答:

tt 为从 1:301{:}30 起经过的小时数。Andy 向北行驶了 8t8t 英里,而 Betsy 晚一小时出发,向东行驶了 12(t1)12(t-1) 英里。

令两人的距离相等,得到 8t=12(t1)8t = 12(t-1)\text{,} 所以 4t=124t = 12t=3t = 3

1:301{:}30 算起,三小时后的时间是 4:304{:}30

因此,正确答案是 E

Let tt be the number of hours since 1:30.1{:}30. Andy has traveled 8t8t miles north, and Betsy, who started an hour later, has traveled 12(t1)12(t-1) miles east.

Setting the distances equal, 8t=12(t1),8t = 12(t-1), so 4t=124t = 12 and t=3.t = 3.

Three hours after 1:301{:}30 is 4:30.4{:}30.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

一个盒子里有 1010 磅坚果混合物,其中花生占 5050%,腰果占 2020%,杏仁占 3030%。向盒子中加入另一种坚果混合物,其中花生占 2020%,腰果占 4040%,杏仁占 4040%,得到的新混合物中花生占 4040%。现在盒子里有多少磅腰果?

A box contains 1010 pounds of a nut mix that is 5050 percent peanuts, 2020 percent cashews, and 3030 percent almonds. A second nut mix containing 2020 percent peanuts, 4040 percent cashews, and 4040 percent almonds is added to the box resulting in a new nut mix that is 4040 percent peanuts. How many pounds of cashews are now in the box?

3.53.5

44

4.54.5

55

66

答案:B
难度评级:1020
小提示:

第一盒中有 55 磅花生、22 磅腰果和 33 磅杏仁

The first box holds 55 lb peanuts, 22 lb cashews, and 33 lb almonds

大提示:

如果加入 xx 磅第二种混合物,解 5+0.2x10+x=0.4\dfrac{5+0.2x}{10+x}=0.4

If xx pounds of the second mix are added, solve 5+0.2x10+x=0.4\dfrac{5+0.2x}{10+x}=0.4

解答:

第一盒中有 55 磅花生、22 磅腰果和 33 磅杏仁。加入 xx 磅第二种混合物会增加 0.2x0.2x 磅花生和 0.4x0.4x 磅腰果。

新的花生比例是 40%40\%,所以 5+0.2x10+x=0.4\frac{5+0.2x}{10+x}=0.4\text{。} 这给出 5+0.2x=4+0.4x5+0.2x=4+0.4x,所以 x=5x=5

现在腰果总量为 2+0.4(5)=42 + 0.4(5) = 4 磅。

因此,正确答案是 B

The first box has 55 lb peanuts, 22 lb cashews, and 33 lb almonds. Adding xx pounds of the second mix contributes 0.2x0.2x lb peanuts and 0.4x0.4x lb cashews.

The new peanut fraction is 40%,40\%, so 5+0.2x10+x=0.4.\frac{5+0.2x}{10+x}=0.4. This gives 5+0.2x=4+0.4x,5+0.2x=4+0.4x, so x=5.x=5.

The cashews now total 2+0.4(5)=42 + 0.4(5) = 4 pounds.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

一队学生将和一队老师进行知识竞赛。学生和老师总共有 1515 人。Ash 是其中一名学生的表亲,他想加入比赛。如果 Ash 加入学生队,该队的平均年龄会从 1212 岁增加到 1414 岁。如果 Ash 加入老师队,该队的平均年龄会从 5555 岁降低到 5252 岁。Ash 多少岁?

A team of students is going to compete against a team of teachers in a trivia contest. The total number of students and teachers is 15.15. Ash, a cousin of one of the students, wants to join the contest. If Ash plays with the students, the average age on that team will increase from 1212 to 14.14. If Ash plays with the teachers, the average age on that team will decrease from 5555 to 52.52. How old is Ash?

2828

2929

3030

3232

3333

答案:A
难度评级:1130
小提示:

设学生人数为 ss;学生年龄总和为 12s12s

Let ss be the number of students; their ages total 12s12s

大提示:

加入 Ash 后有 12s+a=14(s+1)12s + a = 14(s+1)55(15s)+a=52(16s)55(15-s) + a = 52(16-s)

Adding Ash gives 12s+a=14(s+1)12s + a = 14(s+1) and 55(15s)+a=52(16s)55(15-s) + a = 52(16-s)

解答:

设学生人数为 ss,Ash 的年龄为 aa。学生年龄总和为 12s12s,加入 Ash 后得到 12s+a=14(s+1)    a=2s+14 \begin{aligned} 12s + a &= 14(s+1) \\ &\implies a = 2s + 14 \end{aligned}\text{。}

老师有 15s15 - s 人,年龄总和为 55(15s)55(15-s),加入 Ash 后得到 55(15s)+a=52(16s)    a=3s+7 \begin{aligned} 55(15-s) + a &= 52(16-s) \\ &\implies a = 3s + 7 \end{aligned}\text{。}

2s+14=3s+72s+14 = 3s+7,得 s=7s = 7,所以 a=2(7)+14=28a = 2(7)+14 = 28

因此,正确答案是 A

Let ss be the number of students and aa be Ash’s age. The students’ ages total 12s,12s, and adding Ash gives 12s+a=14(s+1)    a=2s+14. \begin{aligned} 12s + a &= 14(s+1) \\ &\implies a = 2s + 14. \end{aligned}

There are 15s15 - s teachers with ages totaling 55(15s),55(15-s), and adding Ash gives 55(15s)+a=52(16s)    a=3s+7. \begin{aligned} 55(15-s) + a &= 52(16-s) \\ &\implies a = 3s + 7. \end{aligned}

Setting 2s+14=3s+72s+14 = 3s+7 gives s=7,s = 7, so a=2(7)+14=28.a = 2(7)+14 = 28.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

Agnes 在一张空白纸上写下下面四个陈述。

• 这些陈述中至少有一个是真的。

• 这些陈述中至少有两个是真的。

• 这些陈述中至少有两个是假的。

• 这些陈述中至少有一个是假的。

每个陈述要么真,要么假。Agnes 在纸上写了多少个假陈述?

Agnes writes the following four statements on a blank piece of paper.

• At least one of these statements is true.

• At least two of these statements are true.

• At least two of these statements are false.

• At least one of these statements is false.

Each statement is either true or false. How many false statements did Agnes write on the paper?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:B
难度评级:1200
小提示:

TT 为真陈述的数量;四个说法分别是 T1T\ge1T2T\ge2T2T\le2T3T\le3

Let TT be the number of true statements; the four claims say T1,T\ge1, T2,T\ge2, T2,T\le2, T3T\le3

大提示:

找到一个 TT 值,使四个条件中恰好有 TT 个成立

Find the value of TT for which exactly TT of the four conditions hold

解答:

TT 为真陈述的数量。这四个陈述分别断言 T1T \ge 1T2T \ge 2T2T \le 2T3T \le 3

检查 T=3T = 3:条件 T1T\ge1T2T\ge2T3T\le3 成立,也就是第一、第二、第四个陈述为真;而 T2T\le2 不成立,也就是第三个陈述为假。恰好有 33 个陈述为真,与 T=3T = 3 一致。

T=0,1,2,3,4T=0,1,2,3,4,成立的条件个数依次为 2,3,4,3,22,3,4,3,2,所以没有其他值是自洽的。因此恰好有一个陈述是假的。

因此,正确答案是 B

Let TT be the number of true statements. The statements assert T1,T \ge 1, T2,T \ge 2, T2,T \le 2, and T3,T \le 3, respectively.

Testing T=3T = 3: the conditions T1,T\ge1, T2,T\ge2, T3T\le3 hold (statements one, two, four) and T2T\le2 fails (statement three). Exactly 33 statements are true, matching T=3.T = 3.

For T=0,1,2,3,4,T=0,1,2,3,4, the respective numbers of true conditions are 2,3,4,3,2,2,3,4,3,2, so no other value is self-consistent. Therefore exactly one statement is false.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

在下图中,外面的正方形包含无限多个正方形,每个正方形都有相同的中心,且边都平行于外面的正方形。一个正方形的边长与下一个内层正方形的边长之比为 kk,其中 0<k<10 \lt k \lt 1。正方形之间的区域如图所示交替涂色(图不一定按比例绘制)。

图中阴影部分的面积是原正方形面积的 64%64\%kk 是多少?

In the figure below, the outside square contains infinitely many squares, each of them with the same center and sides parallel to the outside square. The ratio of the side length of a square to the side length of the next inner square is k,k, where 0<k<1.0 \lt k \lt 1. The spaces between squares are alternately shaded, as shown in the figure (which is not necessarily drawn to scale).

The area of the shaded portion of the figure is 64%64\% of the area of the original square. What is k?k?

35\dfrac{3}{5}

1625\dfrac{16}{25}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

答案:D
难度评级:1270
小提示:

设外层正方形面积为 11;这些正方形的面积为 1,k2,k4,1, k^2, k^4, \ldots

Take the outer square to have area 11; the squares have areas 1,k2,k4,1, k^2, k^4, \ldots

大提示:

阴影环带构成一个等比级数,其和为 11+k2\dfrac{1}{1+k^2}

The shaded rings form a geometric series that sums to 11+k2\dfrac{1}{1+k^2}

解答:

设外层正方形面积为 11。嵌套正方形的面积为 1,k2,k4,1, k^2, k^4, \ldots,因此第 nn 个正方形与第 (n+1)(n+1) 个正方形之间的环带面积为 k2n(1k2)k^{2n}(1-k^2)

阴影环带是交替的那些,即 n=0,2,4,n = 0, 2, 4, \ldots,总面积为 j=0k4j(1k2)=1k21k4=11+k2 \begin{aligned} \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} k^{4j}(1-k^2) &= \frac{1-k^2}{1-k^4} \\ &= \frac{1}{1+k^2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

11+k2=1625\dfrac{1}{1+k^2} = \dfrac{16}{25},得 1+k2=25161 + k^2 = \dfrac{25}{16},所以 k2=916k^2 = \dfrac{9}{16}k=34k = \dfrac{3}{4}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the outer square have area 1.1. The nested squares have areas 1,k2,k4,,1, k^2, k^4, \ldots, so the ring between the nnth and (n+1)(n+1)th squares has area k2n(1k2).k^{2n}(1-k^2).

The shaded rings are the alternate ones n=0,2,4,,n = 0, 2, 4, \ldots, with total area j=0k4j(1k2)=1k21k4=11+k2. \begin{aligned} \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} k^{4j}(1-k^2) &= \frac{1-k^2}{1-k^4} \\ &= \frac{1}{1+k^2}. \end{aligned}

Setting 11+k2=1625\dfrac{1}{1+k^2} = \dfrac{16}{25} gives 1+k2=2516,1 + k^2 = \dfrac{25}{16}, so k2=916k^2 = \dfrac{9}{16} and k=34.k = \dfrac{3}{4}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

六把椅子围着一张圆桌摆放。两名学生和两名老师随机选择其中四把椅子坐下。两名学生坐在相邻两把椅子上,并且两名老师也坐在相邻两把椅子上的概率是多少?

Six chairs are arranged around a round table. Two students and two teachers randomly select four of the chairs to sit in. What is the probability that the two students will sit in two adjacent chairs and the two teachers will also sit in two adjacent chairs?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

29\dfrac{2}{9}

313\dfrac{3}{13}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

答案:B
难度评级:1350
小提示:

数一数把一对椅子给学生、另一对椅子给老师的方法数

Count the ways to give the students one pair of chairs and the teachers another pair

大提示:

共有 66 对相邻椅子;固定学生的一对后,数留给老师的相邻椅子对

There are 66 adjacent pairs; after fixing the students’ pair, count the adjacent pairs left for the teachers

解答:

给学生选择 22 把椅子、给老师选择 22 把椅子,共有 (62)(42)=156=90\binom{6}{2}\binom{4}{2} = 15 \cdot 6 = 90 种等可能结果。

圆桌周围有 66 对相邻椅子。学生可以得到任意一对相邻椅子;在剩下的 44 把椅子中,老师正好有 33 对相邻椅子可选。因此有 63=186 \cdot 3 = 18 种有利结果。

所求概率为 1890=15\dfrac{18}{90} = \dfrac{1}{5}

因此,正确答案是 B

Choosing 22 chairs for the students and 22 for the teachers gives (62)(42)=156=90\binom{6}{2}\binom{4}{2} = 15 \cdot 6 = 90 equally likely outcomes.

A round table has 66 adjacent pairs of chairs. Give the students any adjacent pair; among the remaining 44 chairs there are exactly 33 adjacent pairs for the teachers. That is 63=186 \cdot 3 = 18 favorable outcomes.

The probability is 1890=15.\dfrac{18}{90} = \dfrac{1}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

在某个外星世界中,生物的最大奔跑速度 vv 取决于它的脚趾数 nn 和眼睛数 mm。这种关系可以表示为 v=knambv = k n^a m^b 厘米每小时,其中 kkaa,和 bb 是整数常数。在所有生物都有 55 个脚趾的群体中,logv=4+2logm\log v = 4 + 2\log m;在所有生物都有 2525 只眼睛的群体中,logv=4+4logn\log v = 4 + 4\log n,其中对数均以 1010 为底。k+a+bk + a + b 是多少?

In a certain alien world, the maximum running speed vv of an organism is dependent on its number of toes nn and number of eyes m.m. The relationship can be expressed as v=knambv = k n^a m^b centimeters per hour, where k,k, a,a, and bb are integer constants. In a population where all organisms have 55 toes, logv=4+2logm;\log v = 4 + 2\log m; and in a population where all organisms have 2525 eyes, logv=4+4logn,\log v = 4 + 4\log n, where the logarithms are base 10.10. What is k+a+b?k + a + b?

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

答案:C
知识点:对数方程组
难度评级:1380
小提示:

取对数:logv=logk+alogn+blogm\log v = \log k + a\log n + b\log m

Take logs: logv=logk+alogn+blogm\log v = \log k + a\log n + b\log m

大提示:

n=5n = 5b=2b = 2logk+alog5=4\log k + a\log 5 = 4;令 m=25m = 25a=4a = 4

Setting n=5n = 5 gives b=2b = 2 and logk+alog5=4\log k + a\log 5 = 4; setting m=25m = 25 gives a=4a = 4

解答:

取对数,logv=logk+alogn+blogm\log v = \log k + a\log n + b\log m

n=5n = 5 时,式子变为 logv=(logk+alog5)\log v = (\log k + a\log 5) +blogm+ b\log m,与 4+2logm4 + 2\log m 对应,所以 b=2b = 2,且 logk+alog5=4\log k + a\log 5 = 4

m=25m = 25 时,式子变为 logv=(logk+blog25)\log v = (\log k + b\log 25) +alogn+ a\log n,与 4+4logn4 + 4\log n 对应,所以 a=4a = 4,且 logk+2log25=4\log k + 2\log 25 = 4

因此 logk=4log625\log k = 4 - \log 625 =log10000625= \log\dfrac{10000}{625} =log16= \log 16,所以 k=16k = 16。于是 k+a+b=16+4+2=22k + a + b = 16 + 4 + 2 = 22

因此,正确答案是 C

Taking logarithms, logv=logk+alogn+blogm.\log v = \log k + a\log n + b\log m.

With n=5,n = 5, this reads logv=(logk+alog5)\log v = (\log k + a\log 5) +blogm,+ b\log m, matching 4+2logm,4 + 2\log m, so b=2b = 2 and logk+alog5=4.\log k + a\log 5 = 4.

With m=25,m = 25, it reads logv=(logk+blog25)\log v = (\log k + b\log 25) +alogn,+ a\log n, matching 4+4logn,4 + 4\log n, so a=4a = 4 and logk+2log25=4.\log k + 2\log 25 = 4.

Then logk=4log625\log k = 4 - \log 625 =log10000625= \log\dfrac{10000}{625} =log16,= \log 16, so k=16.k = 16. Hence k+a+b=16+4+2=22.k + a + b = 16 + 4 + 2 = 22.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

五边形 ABCDEABCDE 内接于一个圆,且 BEC=CED=30\angle BEC = \angle CED = 30^\circ。令 ACACBDBD 交于点 FF,并且 AB=9AB = 9AD=24AD = 24BFBF 是多少?

Pentagon ABCDEABCDE is inscribed in a circle, and BEC=CED=30.\angle BEC = \angle CED = 30^\circ. Let ACAC and BDBD intersect at point F,F, and suppose that AB=9AB = 9 and AD=24.AD = 24. What is BF?BF?

5711\dfrac{57}{11}

5911\dfrac{59}{11}

6011\dfrac{60}{11}

6111\dfrac{61}{11}

6311\dfrac{63}{11}

答案:E
难度评级:1440
小提示:

BAC\angle BACCAD\angle CAD 都对着 3030^\circ 的弧,所以 ACAC 平分 BAD\angle BAD

BAC\angle BAC and CAD\angle CAD both subtend 3030^\circ arcs, so ACAC bisects BAD\angle BAD

大提示:

ABD\triangle ABD 中用余弦定理求 BDBD,再用角平分线定理

Find BDBD with the Law of Cosines in ABD,\triangle ABD, then use the Angle Bisector Theorem

解答:

圆周角 BEC=30\angle BEC = 30^\circ 对着弧 BC=60BC = 60^\circ,所以同样对着弧 BCBCBAC\angle BAC 等于 3030^\circ。同理,CAD=30\angle CAD = 30^\circ

因此 ACAC 平分 BAD=60\angle BAD = 60^\circ。在 ABD\triangle ABD 中, BD2=92+2422(9)(24)cos60=657216=441 \begin{aligned} BD^2 &= 9^2 + 24^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2(9)(24)\cos 60^\circ \\ &= 657 - 216 = 441\text{,} \end{aligned} 所以 BD=21BD = 21

因为 AFAF(沿着 ACAC)平分 BAD\angle BAD, 由角平分线定理, BFFD=ABAD=924=38\dfrac{BF}{FD} = \dfrac{AB}{AD} = \dfrac{9}{24} = \dfrac{3}{8}。因此 BF=31121=6311BF = \dfrac{3}{11}\cdot 21 = \dfrac{63}{11}

因此,正确答案是 E

The inscribed angle BEC=30\angle BEC = 30^\circ subtends arc BC=60,BC = 60^\circ, so BAC,\angle BAC, which also subtends arc BC,BC, equals 30.30^\circ. Likewise CAD=30.\angle CAD = 30^\circ.

Thus ACAC bisects BAD=60.\angle BAD = 60^\circ. In ABD,\triangle ABD, BD2=92+2422(9)(24)cos60=657216=441, \begin{aligned} BD^2 &= 9^2 + 24^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2(9)(24)\cos 60^\circ \\ &= 657 - 216 = 441, \end{aligned} so BD=21.BD = 21.

Since AFAF (along ACAC) bisects BAD,\angle BAD, the Angle Bisector Theorem gives BFFD=ABAD=924=38.\dfrac{BF}{FD} = \dfrac{AB}{AD} = \dfrac{9}{24} = \dfrac{3}{8}. Hence BF=31121=6311.BF = \dfrac{3}{11}\cdot 21 = \dfrac{63}{11}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

9.

ww 为复数 2+i2 + i,其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。哪个实数 rr 具有这样的性质:rrww,和 w2w^2 在复平面中是三个共线点?

Let ww be the complex number 2+i,2 + i, where i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. What real number rr has the property that r,r, w,w, and w2w^2 are three collinear points in the complex plane?

34\dfrac{3}{4}

11

75\dfrac{7}{5}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

答案:E
知识点:复数斜率
难度评级:1500
小提示:

计算 w2w^2,并把 w=(2,1)w = (2,1)w2w^2 看作平面上的点

Compute w2w^2 and treat w=(2,1)w = (2,1) and w2w^2 as points in the plane

大提示:

求过 www2w^2 的直线与实轴的交点

Find where the line through ww and w2w^2 meets the real axis

解答:

计算得 w2=(2+i)2=3+4iw^2 = (2+i)^2 = 3 + 4i,所以这些点是 (2,1)(2,1)(3,4)(3,4)

过它们的直线斜率为 4132=3\dfrac{4-1}{3-2} = 3,因而方程为 y=3x5y = 3x - 5。令 y=0y = 0 得到 x=53x = \dfrac{5}{3}

所以 r=53r = \dfrac{5}{3}

因此,正确答案是 E

Compute w2=(2+i)2=3+4i,w^2 = (2+i)^2 = 3 + 4i, so the points are (2,1)(2,1) and (3,4).(3,4).

The line through them has slope 4132=3,\dfrac{4-1}{3-2} = 3, giving y=3x5.y = 3x - 5. Setting y=0y = 0 yields x=53.x = \dfrac{5}{3}.

So r=53.r = \dfrac{5}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

如下图所示,优弧 ADAD 和劣弧 BCBC 有同一个圆心 OO。并且 AAOOBB 之间,DDOOCC 之间。优弧 ADAD、劣弧 BCBC,以及两条线段 ABABCDCD 的长度都为 2π2\pi

OOAA 的距离是多少?

In the figure shown below, major arc ADAD and minor arc BCBC have the same center, O.O. Also, AA lies between OO and B,B, and DD lies between OO and C.C. Major arc AD,AD, minor arc BC,BC, and each of the two segments ABAB and CDCD have length 2π.2\pi.

What is the distance from OO to A?A?

11

1π+1+π21 - \pi + \sqrt{1 + \pi^2}

12π\dfrac{1}{2}\pi

121+π2\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{1 + \pi^2}

22

答案:B
知识点:二次方程
难度评级:1530
小提示:

OA=R1OA = R_1OB=R2OB = R_2AOD=α\angle AOD = \alpha;弧长给出 R2α=2πR_2\alpha = 2\piR1(2πα)=2πR_1(2\pi - \alpha) = 2\pi

Let OA=R1,OA = R_1, OB=R2,OB = R_2, and AOD=α\angle AOD = \alpha; the arcs give R2α=2πR_2\alpha = 2\pi and R1(2πα)=2πR_1(2\pi - \alpha) = 2\pi

大提示:

线段给出 R2R1=2πR_2 - R_1 = 2\pi;消去半径可得 α22(1+π)α+2π=0\alpha^2 - 2(1+\pi)\alpha + 2\pi = 0

The segments give R2R1=2πR_2 - R_1 = 2\pi; eliminating the radii yields α22(1+π)α+2π=0\alpha^2 - 2(1+\pi)\alpha + 2\pi = 0

解答:

R1=OA=ODR_1 = OA = ODR2=OB=OCR_2 = OB = OC,并设 α=AOD=BOC\alpha = \angle AOD = \angle BOC(两条射线重合)。劣弧 BCBC 的长度为 R2α=2πR_2\alpha = 2\pi,而优弧 ADAD 是其反向的大弧,所以 R1(2πα)=2πR_1(2\pi - \alpha) = 2\pi

每条线段 AB=CD=R2R1=2πAB = CD = R_2 - R_1 = 2\pi

由前两个方程,R2=2παR_2 = \dfrac{2\pi}{\alpha}R1=2π2παR_1 = \dfrac{2\pi}{2\pi - \alpha}。代入 R2R1=2πR_2 - R_1 = 2\pi 并两边除以 2π2\pi,得到 1α12πα=1\frac{1}{\alpha} - \frac{1}{2\pi - \alpha} = 1\text{,} 它可化简为 α22(1+π)α+2π=0\alpha^2 - 2(1+\pi)\alpha + 2\pi = 0

较大的根大于 2π2\pi,不可能是这段劣弧的圆心角,所以 α=(1+π)1+π2\alpha = (1+\pi) - \sqrt{1+\pi^2}。于是 R1=2π2πα=2ππ1+1+π2=1π+1+π2 \begin{aligned} R_1 &= \frac{2\pi}{2\pi - \alpha} \\ &= \frac{2\pi}{\pi - 1 + \sqrt{1+\pi^2}} \\ &= 1 - \pi + \sqrt{1+\pi^2} \end{aligned}\text{,} 其中最后一步作了有理化(分母乘以 1+π2(π1)\sqrt{1+\pi^2} - (\pi-1) 等于 2π2\pi)。

因此,正确答案是 B

Let R1=OA=ODR_1 = OA = OD and R2=OB=OC,R_2 = OB = OC, and let α=AOD=BOC\alpha = \angle AOD = \angle BOC (the rays coincide). The minor arc BCBC has length R2α=2π,R_2\alpha = 2\pi, and the major arc ADAD is the reflex arc, so R1(2πα)=2π.R_1(2\pi - \alpha) = 2\pi.

Each segment AB=CD=R2R1=2π.AB = CD = R_2 - R_1 = 2\pi.

From the first two equations, R2=2παR_2 = \dfrac{2\pi}{\alpha} and R1=2π2πα.R_1 = \dfrac{2\pi}{2\pi - \alpha}. Substituting into R2R1=2πR_2 - R_1 = 2\pi and dividing by 2π2\pi gives 1α12πα=1,\frac{1}{\alpha} - \frac{1}{2\pi - \alpha} = 1, which simplifies to α22(1+π)α+2π=0.\alpha^2 - 2(1+\pi)\alpha + 2\pi = 0.

The larger root is greater than 2π,2\pi, so it cannot be an angle of this minor arc. Thus α=(1+π)1+π2.\alpha = (1+\pi) - \sqrt{1+\pi^2}. Then R1=2π2πα=2ππ1+1+π2=1π+1+π2, \begin{aligned} R_1 &= \frac{2\pi}{2\pi - \alpha} \\ &= \frac{2\pi}{\pi - 1 + \sqrt{1+\pi^2}} \\ &= 1 - \pi + \sqrt{1+\pi^2}, \end{aligned} after rationalizing (the denominator times 1+π2(π1)\sqrt{1+\pi^2} - (\pi-1) equals 2π2\pi).

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

三角形的垂心是三条(必要时延长的)高的共点交点。顶点为 A(2,31)A(2, 31)B(8,27)B(8, 27)C(18,27)C(18, 27) 的三角形,其垂心坐标之和是多少?

The orthocenter of a triangle is the concurrent intersection of the three (possibly extended) altitudes. What is the sum of the coordinates of the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are A(2,31),A(2, 31), B(8,27),B(8, 27), and C(18,27)?C(18, 27)?

55

1717

10+417+21310 + 4\sqrt{17} + 2\sqrt{13}

1133\dfrac{113}{3}

5454

答案:A
难度评级:1570
小提示:

BBCC 同在直线 y=27y = 27 上,所以从 AA 作的高是竖直直线 x=2x = 2

BB and CC share y=27,y = 27, so the altitude from AA is the vertical line x=2x = 2

大提示:

BB 作的高垂直于 ACAC;将它与 x=2x = 2 相交

The altitude from BB is perpendicular to ACAC; intersect it with x=2x = 2

解答:

由于 BBCC 都在直线 y=27y = 27 上,边 BCBC 是水平的,所以从 AA 作的高是竖直直线 x=2x = 2

ACAC 的斜率为 2731182=14\dfrac{27 - 31}{18 - 2} = -\dfrac{1}{4},所以从 BB 作的高斜率为 44y27=4(x8)y - 27 = 4(x - 8)\text{。}

x=2x = 2 时,y=27+4(28)=3y = 27 + 4(2 - 8) = 3。垂心为 (2,3)(2, 3),坐标和为 55

因此,正确答案是 A

Since BB and CC both have y=27,y = 27, side BCBC is horizontal and the altitude from AA is the vertical line x=2.x = 2.

Side ACAC has slope 2731182=14,\dfrac{27 - 31}{18 - 2} = -\dfrac{1}{4}, so the altitude from BB has slope 44: y27=4(x8).y - 27 = 4(x - 8).

At x=2,x = 2, y=27+4(28)=3.y = 27 + 4(2 - 8) = 3. The orthocenter is (2,3),(2, 3), with coordinate sum 5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

12.

一组数的调和平均数定义为这些数的倒数的算术平均数的倒数。例如,444455 的调和平均数为 113(14+14+15)=307\frac{1}{\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5}\right)} = \frac{30}{7}\text{。} 求下面这个 40504050 次多项式所有实根的调和平均数:k=12025(kx24x3)=(x24x3)(2x24x3)(3x24x3)(2025x24x3) \begin{aligned} &\small \prod_{k=1}^{2025}(kx^2 - 4x - 3) \\ &= (x^2 - 4x - 3) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (2x^2 - 4x - 3) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (3x^2 - 4x - 3)\cdots \\ &\quad (2025x^2 - 4x - 3) \end{aligned}\text{?}

The harmonic mean of a collection of numbers is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the numbers in the collection. For example, the harmonic mean of 4,4, 4,4, and 55 is 113(14+14+15)=307.\frac{1}{\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5}\right)} = \frac{30}{7}. What is the harmonic mean of all the real roots of the 40504050th degree polynomial k=12025(kx24x3)=(x24x3)(2x24x3)(3x24x3)(2025x24x3)? \begin{aligned} &\small \prod_{k=1}^{2025}(kx^2 - 4x - 3) \\ &= (x^2 - 4x - 3) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (2x^2 - 4x - 3) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (3x^2 - 4x - 3)\cdots \\ &\quad (2025x^2 - 4x - 3)? \end{aligned}

53-\dfrac{5}{3}

32-\dfrac{3}{2}

65-\dfrac{6}{5}

56-\dfrac{5}{6}

23-\dfrac{2}{3}

答案:B
难度评级:1630
小提示:

调和平均数是 N1r\dfrac{N}{\sum \frac{1}{r}},其中 NN 是根的个数

The harmonic mean is N1r,\dfrac{N}{\sum \frac{1}{r}}, where NN is the number of roots

大提示:

kx24x3kx^2 - 4x - 3,两个根的倒数和为 4k3k=43\dfrac{\frac{4}{k}}{-\frac{3}{k}} = -\dfrac{4}{3},与 kk 无关

For kx24x3,kx^2 - 4x - 3, the two roots have reciprocal-sum 4k3k=43,\dfrac{\frac{4}{k}}{-\frac{3}{k}} = -\dfrac{4}{3}, the same for every kk

解答:

每个因式 kx24x3kx^2 - 4x - 3 的判别式为 16+12k>016 + 12k \gt 0,所以它有两个实根;总共有 40504050 个根。

kx24x3kx^2 - 4x - 3 的根,倒数之和为 =4k3k=43\dfrac{\text{和}}{\text{积}} = \dfrac{\frac{4}{k}}{-\frac{3}{k}} = -\dfrac{4}{3},与 kk 无关。

对全部 20252025 个因式求和,1r=2025(43)=2700\displaystyle\sum \frac{1}{r} = 2025\left(-\frac{4}{3}\right) = -2700。调和平均数为 40502700=32\frac{4050}{-2700} = -\frac{3}{2}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Each factor kx24x3kx^2 - 4x - 3 has discriminant 16+12k>0,16 + 12k \gt 0, so it has two real roots; there are 40504050 roots in all.

For the roots of kx24x3,kx^2 - 4x - 3, the sum of reciprocals is sumproduct=4k3k=43,\dfrac{\text{sum}}{\text{product}} = \dfrac{\frac{4}{k}}{-\frac{3}{k}} = -\dfrac{4}{3}, independent of k.k.

Summing over all 20252025 factors, 1r=2025(43)=2700.\displaystyle\sum \frac{1}{r} = 2025\left(-\frac{4}{3}\right) = -2700. The harmonic mean is 40502700=32.\frac{4050}{-2700} = -\frac{3}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

C={1,2,3,,13}C = \{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 13\}。令 NN 为最大的整数,使得存在一个有 NN 个元素的 CC 的子集,并且该子集不含五个连续整数。现在从 CC 中随机不放回地选出 NN 个整数。所选元素不包含五个连续整数的概率是多少?

Let C={1,2,3,,13}.C = \{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 13\}. Let NN be the greatest integer such that there exists a subset of CC with NN elements that does not contain five consecutive integers. Suppose NN integers are chosen at random from CC without replacement. What is the probability that the chosen elements do not include five consecutive integers?

3130\dfrac{3}{130}

3143\dfrac{3}{143}

5143\dfrac{5}{143}

126\dfrac{1}{26}

578\dfrac{5}{78}

答案:D
难度评级:1660
小提示:

去掉两个合适的元素就能打断每一段五连整数,所以 N=11N = 11

Removing two well-placed elements breaks every run of five, so N=11N = 11

大提示:

1111 个等价于去掉 22 个;数一数哪两个被去掉的元素能碰到每一段五个连续整数

Choosing 1111 means removing 22; count removals whose two elements hit every block of five consecutive integers

解答:

要避免五个连续整数,只需去掉两个元素(例如 551010),而去掉一个元素不可能同时击中两个不相交的区块 {1,,5}\{1,\ldots,5\}{9,,13}\{9,\ldots,13\}。因此 N=11N = 11

1313 个元素中选 1111 个,等价于去掉 22 个,共有 (132)=78\binom{13}{2} = 78 种。所选集合不含五个连续整数,当且仅当两个被去掉的元素合起来与每个窗口 {t,t+1,t+2,t+3,t+4}\{t, t+1, t+2, t+3, t+4\} 相交,其中 t=1,,9t = 1, \ldots, 9

这迫使一个被去掉的元素在 {1,,5}\{1,\ldots,5\} 中,另一个在 {9,,13}\{9,\ldots,13\} 中,并且两者相距不超过 55。有效的去法为 {4,9}\{4,9\}{5,9}\{5,9\}{5,10}\{5,10\},共 33 种。

概率为 378=126\dfrac{3}{78} = \dfrac{1}{26}

因此,正确答案是 D

To avoid five consecutive integers, it suffices to remove two elements (for example 55 and 1010), and no single removal can hit both disjoint blocks {1,,5}\{1,\ldots,5\} and {9,,13}.\{9,\ldots,13\}. Thus N=11.N = 11.

Choosing 1111 of 1313 elements is the same as removing 2,2, which can be done in (132)=78\binom{13}{2} = 78 ways. The chosen set avoids five consecutive integers exactly when the two removed elements together intersect every window {t,t+1,t+2,t+3,t+4}\{t, t+1, t+2, t+3, t+4\} for t=1,,9.t = 1, \ldots, 9.

This forces one removed element in {1,,5},\{1,\ldots,5\}, the other in {9,,13},\{9,\ldots,13\}, and the two within 55 of each other. The valid removals are {4,9},\{4,9\}, {5,9},\{5,9\}, and {5,10},\{5,10\}, giving 33 of them.

The probability is 378=126.\dfrac{3}{78} = \dfrac{1}{26}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

FFGGHH 共线,且 GGFFHH 之间。以 GGHH 为焦点的椭圆与以 FFGG 为焦点的椭圆内切,如下图所示。

这两个椭圆的离心率相同,均为 ee,且它们的面积之比为 20252025。(回忆:椭圆的离心率为 e=cae = \dfrac{c}{a},其中 cc 是从中心到焦点的距离,2a2a 是长轴长度。)ee 是多少?

Points F,F, G,G, and HH are collinear with GG between FF and H.H. The ellipse with foci at GG and HH is internally tangent to the ellipse with foci at FF and G,G, as shown below.

The two ellipses have the same eccentricity e,e, and the ratio of their areas is 2025.2025. (Recall that the eccentricity of an ellipse is e=ca,e = \dfrac{c}{a}, where cc is the distance from the center to a focus, and 2a2a is the length of the major axis.) What is e?e?

35\dfrac{3}{5}

1625\dfrac{16}{25}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

2223\dfrac{22}{23}

4445\dfrac{44}{45}

答案:D
知识点:椭圆面积比
难度评级:1730
小提示:

离心率相同使面积与 a2a^2 成正比,所以 a1a2=2025=45\dfrac{a_1}{a_2} = \sqrt{2025} = 45

Equal eccentricity makes area proportional to a2,a^2, so a1a2=2025=45\dfrac{a_1}{a_2} = \sqrt{2025} = 45

大提示:

两个椭圆共用焦点 GG;令它们的右顶点重合,得到 a1(1e)=a2(1+e)a_1(1 - e) = a_2(1 + e)

The ellipses share focus GG; equate their right vertices to get a1(1e)=a2(1+e)a_1(1 - e) = a_2(1 + e)

解答:

离心率相同,则 b=a1e2b = a\sqrt{1 - e^2},所以面积 πaba2\pi a b \propto a^2。面积之比为 20252025,因此 a1a2=2025=45\dfrac{a_1}{a_2} = \sqrt{2025} = 45,其中 a1,a2a_1, a_2 是两个半长轴。

两个椭圆共用焦点 GG。在大椭圆中,GG 是右焦点,所以右顶点位于 GG 右侧 a1c1a_1 - c_1 处。在小椭圆中,GG 是左焦点,所以右顶点位于 GG 右侧 a2+c2a_2 + c_2 处。内切使这两个点重合:a1c1=a2+c2a_1 - c_1 = a_2 + c_2\text{。}

利用 c=eac = ea,得 a1(1e)=a2(1+e)a_1(1 - e) = a_2(1 + e),所以 45(1e)=1+e45(1 - e) = 1 + e,从而 46e=4446e = 44e=2223e = \dfrac{22}{23}

因此,正确答案是 D

With the same eccentricity, b=a1e2,b = a\sqrt{1 - e^2}, so the area πaba2.\pi a b \propto a^2. The area ratio 20252025 gives a1a2=2025=45,\dfrac{a_1}{a_2} = \sqrt{2025} = 45, where a1,a2a_1, a_2 are the semi-major axes.

Both ellipses share focus G.G. On the large ellipse GG is the right focus, so its right vertex lies a1c1a_1 - c_1 to the right of G.G. On the small ellipse GG is the left focus, so its right vertex lies a2+c2a_2 + c_2 to the right of G.G. Internal tangency makes these coincide: a1c1=a2+c2.a_1 - c_1 = a_2 + c_2.

Using c=ea,c = ea, a1(1e)=a2(1+e),a_1(1 - e) = a_2(1 + e), so 45(1e)=1+e,45(1 - e) = 1 + e, giving 46e=4446e = 44 and e=2223.e = \dfrac{22}{23}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

如果一个数集满足:只要 xxyy 是该集合中的元素(不要求互不相同),x+yx + y 就不是该集合中的元素,则称这个数集为无和集。例如,{1,4,6}\{1, 4, 6\} 和空集是无和集,但 {2,4,5}\{2, 4, 5\} 不是。从 {1,2,3,,20}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 20\} 中取出的无和子集最多可以有多少个元素?

A set of numbers is called sum-free if whenever xx and yy are (not necessarily distinct) elements of the set, x+yx + y is not an element of the set. For example, {1,4,6}\{1, 4, 6\} and the empty set are sum-free, but {2,4,5}\{2, 4, 5\} is not. What is the greatest possible number of elements in a sum-free subset of {1,2,3,,20}?\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 20\}?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

答案:C
知识点:子集极端原理
难度评级:1800
小提示:

集合 {11,12,,20}\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\} 是无和集

The set {11,12,,20}\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\} is sum-free

大提示:

a1<<aka_1 \lt \cdots \lt a_k 都在 SS 中,则差 akaia_k - a_i 都不在 SS 中,从而迫使 2k1202k - 1 \le 20

If a1<<aka_1 \lt \cdots \lt a_k are in S,S, the differences akaia_k - a_i are not in S,S, forcing 2k1202k - 1 \le 20

解答:

集合 {11,12,,20}\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\}1010 个元素,并且是无和集,因为其中任意两个元素之和至少为 22>2022 \gt 20

为了证明上界,设 a1<a2<<aka_1 \lt a_2 \lt \cdots \lt a_k 是一个无和子集。对每个 i<ki \lt k,差 akaia_k - a_i 不能在 SS 中,因为若在,则 (akai)+ai=akS(a_k - a_i) + a_i = a_k \in S,违反无和性。

k1k - 1 个差互不相同,属于 {1,,19}\{1, \ldots, 19\},并且与 SSkk 个元素不相交。所以 k+(k1)20k + (k - 1) \le 20,得到 k10k \le 10

因此,正确答案是 C

The set {11,12,,20}\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\} has 1010 elements and is sum-free, since any two elements sum to at least 22>20.22 \gt 20.

For the upper bound, let a1<a2<<aka_1 \lt a_2 \lt \cdots \lt a_k be a sum-free subset. Each difference akaia_k - a_i for i<ki \lt k cannot lie in S,S, because (akai)+ai=akS(a_k - a_i) + a_i = a_k \in S would violate sum-freeness.

These k1k - 1 differences are distinct, lie in {1,,19},\{1, \ldots, 19\}, and are disjoint from the kk elements of S.S. So k+(k1)20,k + (k - 1) \le 20, giving k10.k \le 10.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 的边长为 AB=80AB = 80BC=45BC = 45,和 AC=75AC = 75B\angle B 的角平分线与到边 ABAB 的高相交于点 PPBPBP 是多少?

Triangle ABC\triangle ABC has side lengths AB=80,AB = 80, BC=45,BC = 45, and AC=75.AC = 75. The bisector of B\angle B and the altitude to side ABAB intersect at point P.P. What is BP?BP?

1818

1919

2020

2121

2222

答案:D
难度评级:1840
小提示:

cosB=802+45275228045=718\cos B = \dfrac{80^2 + 45^2 - 75^2}{2 \cdot 80 \cdot 45} = \dfrac{7}{18}

cosB=802+45275228045=718\cos B = \dfrac{80^2 + 45^2 - 75^2}{2 \cdot 80 \cdot 45} = \dfrac{7}{18}

大提示:

高的垂足在边 ABAB 上,距 BBBCcosB=17.5BC\cos B = 17.5,且 BPcosB2=17.5BP\cos\tfrac{B}{2} = 17.5

The altitude’s foot is BCcosB=17.5BC\cos B = 17.5 from BB along AB,AB, and BPcosB2=17.5BP\cos\tfrac{B}{2} = 17.5

解答:

由余弦定理,cosB=802+45275228045=28007200=718 \begin{aligned} \cos B &= \frac{80^2 + 45^2 - 75^2}{2 \cdot 80 \cdot 45} \\ &= \frac{2800}{7200} = \frac{7}{18} \end{aligned}\text{。}

ABAB 的高是从 CC 作出的,其垂足在边 ABAB 上,距 BB 的距离为 BCcosB=45718=17.5BC\cos B = 45 \cdot \dfrac{7}{18} = 17.5

沿着从 BB 出发的角平分线,平行于 ABAB 的分量是 BPcosB2BP\cos\dfrac{B}{2},它必须到达高的垂足:BPcosB2=17.5BP\cos\dfrac{B}{2} = 17.5

因为 cosB2=1+7182\cos\dfrac{B}{2} = \sqrt{\dfrac{1 + \frac{7}{18}}{2}} =2536= \sqrt{\dfrac{25}{36}} =56= \dfrac{5}{6},所以 BP=17.556=21BP = \dfrac{17.5}{\frac{5}{6}} = 21

因此,正确答案是 D

By the Law of Cosines, cosB=802+45275228045=28007200=718. \begin{aligned} \cos B &= \frac{80^2 + 45^2 - 75^2}{2 \cdot 80 \cdot 45} \\ &= \frac{2800}{7200} = \frac{7}{18}. \end{aligned}

The altitude to ABAB is drawn from C,C, and its foot is at distance BCcosB=45718=17.5BC\cos B = 45 \cdot \dfrac{7}{18} = 17.5 from BB along AB.AB.

Along the bisector from B,B, the component parallel to ABAB is BPcosB2,BP\cos\dfrac{B}{2}, which must reach the altitude’s foot: BPcosB2=17.5.BP\cos\dfrac{B}{2} = 17.5.

Since cosB2=1+7182\cos\dfrac{B}{2} = \sqrt{\dfrac{1 + \frac{7}{18}}{2}} =2536= \sqrt{\dfrac{25}{36}} =56,= \dfrac{5}{6}, we get BP=17.556=21.BP = \dfrac{17.5}{\frac{5}{6}} = 21.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

多项式 (z+i)(z+2i)(z+3i)+10(z + i)(z + 2i)(z + 3i) + 10 在复平面中有三个根,其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。这些根所形成的三角形面积是多少?

The polynomial (z+i)(z+2i)(z+3i)+10(z + i)(z + 2i)(z + 3i) + 10 has three roots in the complex plane, where i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. What is the area of the triangle formed by these roots?

66

88

1010

1212

1414

答案:A
难度评级:1930
小提示:

平移到重心:令 z=u2iz = u - 2i,使根以原点为中心

Shift by the centroid: let z=u2iz = u - 2i to center the roots at the origin

大提示:

多项式变为 u3+u+10u^3 + u + 10 =(u+2)(u22u+5)= (u + 2)(u^2 - 2u + 5)

The polynomial becomes u3+u+10u^3 + u + 10 =(u+2)(u22u+5)= (u + 2)(u^2 - 2u + 5)

解答:

根的和为 6i-6i,所以重心为 2i-2i。代入 z=u2iz = u - 2i,得 (ui)(u)(u+i)+10=u(u2+1)+10=u3+u+10 \begin{gathered} (u - i)(u)(u + i) + 10 \\ = u(u^2 + 1) + 10 \\ = u^3 + u + 10 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因为 u=2u = -2 是一个根,u3+u+10u^3 + u + 10 =(u+2)(u22u+5)= (u + 2)(u^2 - 2u + 5),所以根为 u=2u = -2u=1±2iu = 1 \pm 2i

这些点是 (2,0)(-2, 0)(1,2)(1, 2)(1,2)(1, -2)(1,2)(1, 2)(1,2)(1, -2) 之间的底边长为 44,到 (2,0)(-2, 0) 的水平距离为 33,所以面积为 12(4)(3)=6\dfrac{1}{2}(4)(3) = 6。平移不改变面积。

因此,正确答案是 A

The sum of the roots is 6i,-6i, so the centroid is 2i.-2i. Substituting z=u2i,z = u - 2i, (ui)(u)(u+i)+10=u(u2+1)+10=u3+u+10. \begin{gathered} (u - i)(u)(u + i) + 10 \\ = u(u^2 + 1) + 10 \\ = u^3 + u + 10. \end{gathered}

Since u=2u = -2 is a root, u3+u+10u^3 + u + 10 =(u+2)(u22u+5),= (u + 2)(u^2 - 2u + 5), giving roots u=2u = -2 and u=1±2i.u = 1 \pm 2i.

These are the points (2,0),(-2, 0), (1,2),(1, 2), (1,2).(1, -2). The base between (1,2)(1, 2) and (1,2)(1, -2) has length 4,4, at horizontal distance 33 from (2,0),(-2, 0), so the area is 12(4)(3)=6.\dfrac{1}{2}(4)(3) = 6. Translation does not change the area.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

18.

有多少个有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x, y, z),其中三个分量是互不相同且不超过 88 的非负整数,并满足 xy>zxy \gt zzx>yzx \gt yyz>xyz \gt x

How many ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) of distinct nonnegative integers less than or equal to 88 satisfy xy>z,xy \gt z, zx>y,zx \gt y, and yz>x?yz \gt x?

3636

8484

186186

336336

486486

答案:C
难度评级:2000
小提示:

x,y,zx, y, z 中没有一个能为 00,因为那样某个乘积等于 00,不可能大于一个非负值

None of x,y,zx, y, z can be 0,0, since then some product equals 00 and cannot exceed a nonnegative value

大提示:

对互异的 a<b<ca \lt b \lt c,唯一真正限制条件是 ab>cab \gt c;数这样的 33-元素子集,再乘以 66

For distinct a<b<c,a \lt b \lt c, the only binding condition is ab>cab \gt c; count such 33-subsets, then multiply by 66

解答:

如果某个变量为 00,例如 z=0z = 0,那么 zx=0>yzx = 0 \gt y 不可能成立。因此 x,y,z{1,,8}x, y, z \in \{1, \ldots, 8\} 是互不相同的正整数。

条件是对称的。对互异的数值 a<b<ca \lt b \lt cac>bac \gt bbc>abc \gt a 自动成立,所以唯一真正的限制是 ab>cab \gt c。只要它成立,所有 66 种排列都可行。

对每个可能的最小值 aa,满足 ab>cab\gt c 的数对 a<b<c8a\lt b\lt c\le8 的个数为 a123456个数01110631 \begin{array}{c|rrrrrr} a&1&2&3&4&5&6\\ \hline \text{个数}&0&11&10&6&3&1 \end{array}\text{。} 对固定的 a,ba,b,这个个数来自在 b+1b+1min(8,ab1)\min(8,ab-1) 之间选取 cc。因此共有 3131 个无序三元组,而且每个三元组的全部 66 种排序都可行。答案为 631=1866\cdot31=186

因此,正确答案是 C

If any variable is 0,0, say z=0,z = 0, then zx=0>yzx = 0 \gt y is impossible. So x,y,z{1,,8}x, y, z \in \{1, \ldots, 8\} are distinct positive integers.

The conditions are symmetric. For distinct values a<b<c,a \lt b \lt c, we have ac>bac \gt b and bc>abc \gt a automatically, so the only real constraint is ab>c.ab \gt c. When it holds, all 66 orderings work.

For each possible smallest value a,a, the numbers of pairs a<b<c8a\lt b\lt c\le8 satisfying ab>cab\gt c are a123456count01110631. \begin{array}{c|rrrrrr} a&1&2&3&4&5&6\\ \hline \text{count}&0&11&10&6&3&1. \end{array} For fixed a,b,a,b, this count comes from choosing cc between b+1b+1 and min(8,ab1).\min(8,ab-1). Thus there are 3131 unordered triples, and all 66 orderings of each work. The answer is 631=186.6\cdot31=186.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

aabb,和 cc 是多项式 x3+kx+1x^3 + kx + 1 的根。求下面这个和:

a3b2+a2b3+b3c2+b2c3+c3a2+c2a3 \begin{aligned} &a^3b^2 + a^2b^3 + b^3c^2 \\ &\quad {}+ b^2c^3 + c^3a^2 + c^2a^3 \end{aligned}\text{?}

Let a,a, b,b, and cc be the roots of the polynomial x3+kx+1.x^3 + kx + 1. What is the sum

a3b2+a2b3+b3c2+b2c3+c3a2+c2a3? \begin{aligned} &a^3b^2 + a^2b^3 + b^3c^2 \\ &\quad {}+ b^2c^3 + c^3a^2 + c^2a^3? \end{aligned}

k-k

k+1-k + 1

11

k1k - 1

kk

答案:E
难度评级:2020
小提示:

由韦达定理,a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0ab+bc+ca=kab + bc + ca = k,且 abc=1abc = -1

By Vieta, a+b+c=0,a + b + c = 0, ab+bc+ca=k,ab + bc + ca = k, and abc=1abc = -1

大提示:

分组为 a2b2(a+b)+b2c2(b+c)a^2b^2(a + b) + b^2c^2(b + c) +c2a2(c+a)+ c^2a^2(c + a),再用 a+b=ca + b = -c

Group as a2b2(a+b)+b2c2(b+c)a^2b^2(a + b) + b^2c^2(b + c) +c2a2(c+a)+ c^2a^2(c + a) and replace a+b=ca + b = -c

解答:

由韦达定理,a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0ab+bc+ca=kab + bc + ca = k, 且 abc=1abc = -1

将原和分组为 a2b2(a+b)+b2c2(b+c)+c2a2(c+a) \begin{aligned} &a^2b^2(a + b) + b^2c^2(b + c) \\ &\quad {}+ c^2a^2(c + a)\text{。} \end{aligned} 因为 a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0,所以 a+b=ca + b = -cb+c=ab + c = -ac+a=bc + a = -b

因此原和等于 a2b2cab2c2a2bc2=abc(ab+bc+ca)=(1)(k)=k \begin{gathered} -a^2b^2 c - ab^2c^2 - a^2bc^2 \\ = -abc(ab + bc + ca) \\ = -(-1)(k) = k\text{。} \end{gathered}

因此,正确答案是 E

By Vieta’s formulas, a+b+c=0,a + b + c = 0, ab+bc+ca=k,ab + bc + ca = k, and abc=1.abc = -1.

Group the sum as a2b2(a+b)+b2c2(b+c)+c2a2(c+a). \begin{aligned} &a^2b^2(a + b) + b^2c^2(b + c) \\ &\quad {}+ c^2a^2(c + a). \end{aligned} Since a+b+c=0,a + b + c = 0, we have a+b=c,a + b = -c, b+c=a,b + c = -a, c+a=b.c + a = -b.

So the sum equals a2b2cab2c2a2bc2=abc(ab+bc+ca)=(1)(k)=k. \begin{gathered} -a^2b^2 c - ab^2c^2 - a^2bc^2 \\ = -abc(ab + bc + ca) \\ = -(-1)(k) = k. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

下图所示五面体的底面是一个 13×813 \times 8 的矩形,它的侧面包括两个底边长为 88、两腰长为 1313 的等腰三角形,以及两个底边长分别为 771313、非平行边长为 1313 的等腰梯形。

这个五面体的体积是多少?

The base of the pentahedron shown below is a 13×813 \times 8 rectangle, and its lateral faces are two isosceles triangles with base of length 88 and congruent sides of length 13,13, and two isosceles trapezoids with bases of lengths 77 and 1313 and nonparallel sides of length 13.13.

What is the volume of the pentahedron?

416416

520520

528528

676676

832832

答案:C
难度评级:2110
小提示:

将长为 77 的棱放在高度 hh 处;斜边给出 32+42+h2=13\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2 + h^2} = 13,所以 h=12h = 12

Place the ridge of length 77 at height hh; a slant edge gives 32+42+h2=13,\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2 + h^2} = 13, so h=12h = 12

大提示:

高度 zz 处的截面是一个 (13z2)×(82z3)\left(13 - \tfrac{z}{2}\right) \times \left(8 - \tfrac{2z}{3}\right) 的矩形

The cross-section at height zz is a (13z2)×(82z3)\left(13 - \tfrac{z}{2}\right) \times \left(8 - \tfrac{2z}{3}\right) rectangle

解答:

顶部是一条长为 77 的棱,居中位于底面上方某个高度 hh。它的两个端点分别在 13×813 \times 8 底面的 (3,4)(3, 4)(10,4)(10, 4) 上方。从端点到一个底面顶点的斜边长为 32+42+h2=13\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2 + h^2} = 13,所以 h=12h = 12

在高度 zz 处,水平截面是一个矩形,尺寸为 (13z2)\left(13 - \dfrac{z}{2}\right)(82z3)\left(8 - \dfrac{2z}{3}\right)。当 z=0z = 0 时面积为 104104;当 z=6z = 6 时面积为 104=4010 \cdot 4 = 40;当 z=12z = 12 时顶棱面积为 00

由棱台公式,V=126(104+440+0)=2(264)=528 \begin{aligned} V &= \frac{12}{6}\left(104 + 4 \cdot 40 + 0\right) \\ &= 2(264) = 528 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The top is a ridge of length 7,7, centered above the base at some height h.h. Its endpoints sit above (3,4)(3, 4) and (10,4)(10, 4) of the 13×813 \times 8 base. A slant edge to a base corner has length 32+42+h2=13,\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2 + h^2} = 13, so h=12.h = 12.

At height z,z, the horizontal cross-section is a rectangle measuring (13z2)\left(13 - \dfrac{z}{2}\right) by (82z3).\left(8 - \dfrac{2z}{3}\right). At z=0z = 0 its area is 104104; at z=6z = 6 it is 104=4010 \cdot 4 = 40; at z=12z = 12 the ridge has area 0.0.

By the prismatoid formula, V=126(104+440+0)=2(264)=528. \begin{aligned} V &= \frac{12}{6}\left(104 + 4 \cdot 40 + 0\right) \\ &= 2(264) = 528. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

存在唯一一个由非负整数组成的有序三元组 (a,k,m)(a, k, m),使得

4a+4a+k+4a+2k++4a+mk2a+2a+k+2a+2k++2a+mk=964 \begin{aligned} &\small \frac{4^a + 4^{a+k} + 4^{a+2k} + \cdots + 4^{a+mk}}{2^a + 2^{a+k} + 2^{a+2k} + \cdots + 2^{a+mk}} \\ &= 964 \end{aligned}\text{。}

a+k+ma + k + m 是多少?

There is a unique ordered triple (a,k,m)(a, k, m) of nonnegative integers such that

4a+4a+k+4a+2k++4a+mk2a+2a+k+2a+2k++2a+mk=964. \begin{aligned} &\small \frac{4^a + 4^{a+k} + 4^{a+2k} + \cdots + 4^{a+mk}}{2^a + 2^{a+k} + 2^{a+2k} + \cdots + 2^{a+mk}} \\ &= 964. \end{aligned}

What is a+k+m?a + k + m?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

答案:A
难度评级:2130
小提示:

分别求两个等比级数的和,并使用 4N1=(2N1)(2N+1)4^N - 1 = (2^N - 1)(2^N + 1)

Sum both geometric series and use 4N1=(2N1)(2N+1)4^N - 1 = (2^N - 1)(2^N + 1)

大提示:

剩下的分数是奇数除以奇数,所以比较 22 的幂次与 964=22241964=2^2\cdot241,可知必有 a=2a=2

The remaining fraction is odd over odd, so comparing powers of 22 with 964=22241964=2^2\cdot241 forces a=2a=2

解答:

如果 k=0k=0m=0m=0,原比值就是 2a2^a,不可能等于 964964。所以 k,m>0k,m\gt0

对等比级数求和,分子为 4a4k(m+1)14k14^a\dfrac{4^{k(m+1)} - 1}{4^k - 1},分母为 2a2k(m+1)12k12^a\dfrac{2^{k(m+1)} - 1}{2^k - 1}。利用 4N1=(2N1)(2N+1)4^N - 1 = (2^N - 1)(2^N + 1),比值化简为 2a2k(m+1)+12k+1=9642^a \cdot \frac{2^{k(m+1)} + 1}{2^k + 1} = 964\text{。}

左边的分数是奇数除以奇数,所以它的 22 的指数为 00。因为 964=22241964=2^2\cdot241,必须有 a=2a=2,并且 2k(m+1)+1=241(2k+1) 2^{k(m+1)}+1=241(2^k+1)\text{。}将此式模 2k2^k 化简,得到 2402402k2^k 的倍数,所以 k4k\le4。当 k=1,2,3k=1,2,3 时,所需的 22 的幂将分别为 722,1204,2168722,1204,2168,而它们都不是 22 的幂。然而当 k=4k=4 时,241(24+1)=4097=212+1241(2^4+1)=4097=2^{12}+1,所以 k(m+1)=12k(m+1)=12m=2m=2。这也证明了解的唯一性。

于是 a+k+m=2+4+2=8a + k + m = 2 + 4 + 2 = 8

因此,正确答案是 A

If k=0k=0 or m=0,m=0, the original ratio is just 2a,2^a, which cannot equal 964.964. Hence k,m>0.k,m\gt0.

Summing the geometric series, the numerator is 4a4k(m+1)14k14^a\dfrac{4^{k(m+1)} - 1}{4^k - 1} and the denominator is 2a2k(m+1)12k1.2^a\dfrac{2^{k(m+1)} - 1}{2^k - 1}. Using 4N1=(2N1)(2N+1),4^N - 1 = (2^N - 1)(2^N + 1), the ratio simplifies to 2a2k(m+1)+12k+1=964.2^a \cdot \frac{2^{k(m+1)} + 1}{2^k + 1} = 964.

The fraction on the left is odd over odd, so its power of 22 is 0.0. Since 964=22241,964=2^2\cdot241, we must have a=2,a=2, and 2k(m+1)+1=241(2k+1). 2^{k(m+1)}+1=241(2^k+1). Reducing this equation modulo 2k2^k shows that 240240 is divisible by 2k,2^k, so k4.k\le4. For k=1,2,3,k=1,2,3, the required powers of 22 would be 722,1204,2168,722,1204,2168, none of which is a power of 2.2. For k=4,k=4, however, 241(24+1)=4097=212+1,241(2^4+1)=4097=2^{12}+1, so k(m+1)=12k(m+1)=12 and m=2.m=2. This also proves uniqueness.

Then a+k+m=2+4+2=8.a + k + m = 2 + 4 + 2 = 8.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

0011 之间独立均匀随机地选出三个实数。这三个数中最大的那个数大于另外两个数各自的 22 倍的概率是多少?(换句话说,如果所选的数为 abca \ge b \ge c,则 a>2ba \gt 2b。)

Three real numbers are chosen independently and uniformly at random between 00 and 1.1. What is the probability that the greatest of these three numbers is greater than 22 times each of the other two numbers? (In other words, if the chosen numbers are abc,a \ge b \ge c, then a>2b.a \gt 2b.)

112\dfrac{1}{12}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

18\dfrac{1}{8}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

答案:E
难度评级:2270
小提示:

对顺序统计量 x1x2x3x_1 \ge x_2 \ge x_3,在区域 x1>x2>x3x_1 \gt x_2 \gt x_3 上联合密度为 66

With order statistics x1x2x3,x_1 \ge x_2 \ge x_3, the joint density is 66 on the region x1>x2>x3x_1 \gt x_2 \gt x_3

大提示:

x3(0,x2)x_3 \in (0, x_2)x1(2x2,1)x_1 \in (2x_2, 1),和 x2(0,12)x_2 \in (0, \tfrac{1}{2}) 上积分

Integrate over x3(0,x2),x_3 \in (0, x_2), x1(2x2,1),x_1 \in (2x_2, 1), and x2(0,12)x_2 \in (0, \tfrac{1}{2})

解答:

将数按大小排列为 x1>x2>x3x_1 \gt x_2 \gt x_3;顺序统计量在这个区域上的联合密度为 66。所求事件为 x1>2x2x_1 \gt 2x_2

x3x_300x2x_2 积分,会贡献因子 x2x_2。于是 P=6012x22x21dx1dx2=6012x2(12x2)dx2 \begin{aligned} P &= 6\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}} x_2\int_{2x_2}^{1} dx_1\, dx_2 \\ &= 6\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}} x_2(1 - 2x_2)\, dx_2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

这等于 6(18112)=6124=146\left(\dfrac{1}{8} - \dfrac{1}{12}\right) = 6 \cdot \dfrac{1}{24} = \dfrac{1}{4}

因此,正确答案是 E

Order the values as x1>x2>x3x_1 \gt x_2 \gt x_3; the joint density of the order statistics is 66 on this region. The event is x1>2x2.x_1 \gt 2x_2.

Integrating x3x_3 from 00 to x2x_2 contributes a factor of x2.x_2. Then P=6012x22x21dx1dx2=6012x2(12x2)dx2. \begin{aligned} P &= 6\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}} x_2\int_{2x_2}^{1} dx_1\, dx_2 \\ &= 6\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}} x_2(1 - 2x_2)\, dx_2. \end{aligned}

This equals 6(18112)=6124=14.6\left(\dfrac{1}{8} - \dfrac{1}{12}\right) = 6 \cdot \dfrac{1}{24} = \dfrac{1}{4}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

23.

若一个正整数不重复使用任何数字,没有数字 00,并且没有任何数字同时与两个更大的数字相邻,则称它为公平数。例如,1961962323,和 1246312463 是公平数,但 15461546320320,和 3432134321 不是。共有多少个公平正整数?

Call a positive integer fair if no digit is used more than once, it has no 00s, and no digit is adjacent to two greater digits. For example, 196,196, 23,23, and 1246312463 are fair, but 1546,1546, 320,320, and 3432134321 are not fair. How many fair positive integers are there?

511511

25842584

98419841

1771117711

1968219682

答案:C
难度评级:2340
小提示:

公平数没有任何内部数字小于它的两个相邻数字

A fair number has no interior digit smaller than both of its neighbors

大提示:

对选定的数字集合,从大到小构造有效排列,每个新数字放在任一端:nn 个数字有 2n12^{n-1}

Build a valid arrangement of a chosen digit set by placing digits largest-to-smallest, each at either end: 2n12^{n-1} ways for nn digits

解答:

数字互不相同,并且来自 {1,,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\},条件“没有数字同时与两个更大的数字相邻”等价于没有内部数字小于它的两个相邻数字。

对固定的 nn 个数字,从大到小插入来构造排列;每个新的较小数字必须放在当前排列的两个端点之一,因此有 2n12^{n-1} 个有效排列。

对所有非空数字子集求和,n=19(9n)2n1=12n=19(9n)2n=3912=196822=9841 \begin{gathered} \sum_{n=1}^{9}\binom{9}{n}2^{n-1} \\ = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1}^{9}\binom{9}{n}2^{n} \\ = \frac{3^9 - 1}{2} = \frac{19682}{2} = 9841 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The digits are distinct and drawn from {1,,9},\{1, \ldots, 9\}, and “no digit adjacent to two greater digits” means no interior digit is smaller than both neighbors.

For a fixed set of nn digits, build the arrangement by inserting digits from largest to smallest; each new (smaller) digit must go to one of the two ends, giving 2n12^{n-1} valid arrangements.

Summing over all nonempty digit subsets, n=19(9n)2n1=12n=19(9n)2n=3912=196822=9841. \begin{gathered} \sum_{n=1}^{9}\binom{9}{n}2^{n-1} \\ = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1}^{9}\binom{9}{n}2^{n} \\ = \frac{3^9 - 1}{2} = \frac{19682}{2} = 9841. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

一个半径为 rr 的圆被 1212 个半径为 11 的圆围住,这些圆与中央圆外切,并且相邻的圆彼此相切,如图所示。那么 rr 可以写成 a+b+c\sqrt{a} + \sqrt{b} + c,其中 aabb,和 cc 是整数。a+b+ca + b + c 是多少?

A circle of radius rr is surrounded by 1212 circles of radius 1,1, externally tangent to the central circle and sequentially tangent to each other, as shown. Then rr can be written as a+b+c,\sqrt{a} + \sqrt{b} + c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

33

55

77

99

1111

答案:C
难度评级:2410
小提示:

1212 个外圆圆心形成一个外接圆半径为 r+1r + 1 的正 1212 边形,相邻圆心距离为 22

The 1212 outer centers form a regular 1212-gon of circumradius r+1,r + 1, with adjacent centers 22 apart

大提示:

所以 2(r+1)sin15=22(r + 1)\sin 15^\circ = 2,且 1sin15=6+2\dfrac{1}{\sin 15^\circ} = \sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}

So 2(r+1)sin15=2,2(r + 1)\sin 15^\circ = 2, and 1sin15=6+2\dfrac{1}{\sin 15^\circ} = \sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}

解答:

1212 个外圆的圆心位于半径为 r+1r + 1 的圆上,形成一个正 1212 边形。相邻圆心距离为 22(两个圆半径都为 11),它们之间的圆心角为 3030^\circ

因此 2(r+1)sin15=22(r + 1)\sin 15^\circ = 2,所以 r+1=1sin15r + 1 = \dfrac{1}{\sin 15^\circ}。由于 sin15=624\sin 15^\circ = \dfrac{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}{4}r+1=462=6+2r + 1 = \frac{4}{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}} = \sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}\text{。}

于是 r=6+21r = \sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2} - 1,所以 a+b+c=6+21=7a + b + c = 6 + 2 - 1 = 7

因此,正确答案是 C

The centers of the 1212 outer circles lie on a circle of radius r+1,r + 1, forming a regular 1212-gon. Adjacent centers are 22 apart (both circles have radius 11), and the central angle between them is 30.30^\circ.

Thus 2(r+1)sin15=2,2(r + 1)\sin 15^\circ = 2, so r+1=1sin15.r + 1 = \dfrac{1}{\sin 15^\circ}. Since sin15=624,\sin 15^\circ = \dfrac{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}{4}, r+1=462=6+2.r + 1 = \frac{4}{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}} = \sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}.

Then r=6+21,r = \sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2} - 1, so a+b+c=6+21=7.a + b + c = 6 + 2 - 1 = 7.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

多项式 P(x)P(x)Q(x)Q(x) 都是 33 次,首项系数都是 11,并且它们的根都属于 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\}。函数 f(x)=P(x)Q(x)f(x) = \dfrac{P(x)}{Q(x)} 具有如下性质:存在实数 a<b<c<da \lt b \lt c \lt d,使得所有满足 f(x)0f(x) \le 0 的实数 xx 的集合由闭区间 [a,b][a, b] 与开区间 (c,d)(c, d) 组成。可能有多少个函数 f(x)f(x)

Polynomials P(x)P(x) and Q(x)Q(x) each have degree 33 and leading coefficient 1,1, and their roots are all elements of {1,2,3,4,5}.\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\}. The function f(x)=P(x)Q(x)f(x) = \dfrac{P(x)}{Q(x)} has the property that there exist real numbers a<b<c<da \lt b \lt c \lt d such that the set of all real numbers xx such that f(x)0f(x) \le 0 consists of the closed interval [a,b][a, b] together with the open interval (c,d).(c, d). How many functions f(x)f(x) are possible?

77

99

1111

1212

1313

答案:E
难度评级:2540
小提示:

闭区间的端点必须是 PP 的零点,开区间的端点必须是 QQ 的零点

The closed endpoints must be zeros of P,P, and the open endpoints must be zeros of QQ

大提示:

这四个端点因子固定后,分子和分母剩下的因子必须相消;要数的是不同的函数,而不是多项式对

After those four endpoint factors are fixed, the remaining numerator and denominator factors must cancel; count distinct functions, not polynomial pairs

解答:

本题已作废:按题面作答,正确答案不在选项中。下面给出计数。

对于 {f0}=[a,b](c,d)\{f \le 0\} = [a, b] \cup (c, d),闭区间端点 a,ba, b 必须是 PP 的零点,且在这些点 Q0Q\ne0,而 c,dc,d 必须是极点。因此符号的变化必须与下面这个函数一致: g(x)=(xa)(xb)(xc)(xd) g(x)=\frac{(x-a)(x-b)}{(x-c)(x-d)}\text{。} PP 中未使用的第三个因子必须与 QQ 中未使用的第三个因子相同;否则会多出零点、极点或符号变化。

如果这个公共因子是 a,b,c,da,b,c,d 之外的第五个值,它不能在任一区间内部形成空点。在五个数从小到大的排列中,它只能位于 aa 之前、bbcc 之间,或 dd 之后,因此给出 33 个函数。

另一种可能是公共因子等于 ccdd。对 a,b,c,da,b,c,d 的每一种选择(共 (54)=5\binom54=5 种),这两个多项式对化简为同一个公式 gg,且定义域相同(都排除 c,dc,d),所以只定义一个函数。这再给出 55 个函数,按题面字面理解总数为 3+5=83+5=8

如果在后五种情形中把两个多项式对分别计数,就会得到 3+25=133+2\cdot5=13,即临时答案 (E),但这没有回答题目所问的函数个数。因此印刷的选项都不正确。

This problem was voided: as written, its answer is not among the choices. Here is the count.

For {f0}=[a,b](c,d),\{f \le 0\} = [a, b] \cup (c, d), the endpoints a,ba, b of the closed interval must be zeros of PP at which Q0,Q\ne0, while c,dc,d must be poles. The required sign pattern is therefore that of g(x)=(xa)(xb)(xc)(xd). g(x)=\frac{(x-a)(x-b)}{(x-c)(x-d)}. The unused third factor of PP must match the unused third factor of Q;Q; otherwise there would be an extra zero, pole, or sign change.

If the common factor is the fifth value not among a,b,c,d,a,b,c,d, it cannot make a hole inside either interval. In the ordered list of five values it may therefore occur before a,a, between bb and c,c, or after d,d, giving 33 functions.

Alternatively, the common factor can equal cc or d.d. For each of the (54)=5\binom54=5 choices of a,b,c,d,a,b,c,d, these two polynomial pairs simplify to the same formula gg and have the same domain (both omit c,dc,d), so they define only one function. This gives 55 more functions, for a literal total of 3+5=8.3+5=8.

Counting the two polynomial pairs separately in each of the last five cases gives 3+25=13,3+2\cdot5=13, the provisional answer (E), but that does not answer the stated question about functions. Thus none of the printed choices is correct.