2010 AMC 12B 真题

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1.

Makayla 在 99 小时工作日中参加了两场会议。第一场会议用了 4545 分钟,第二场会议用时是第一场的两倍。她工作日的百分之多少用于参加会议?

Makayla attended two meetings during her 99-hour work day. The first meeting took 4545 minutes and the second meeting took twice as long. What percent of her work day was spent attending meetings?

1515

2020

2525

3030

3535

答案:C
知识点:百分数单位换算
难度评级:800
小提示:

把工作日换算成分钟:99 小时是 540540 分钟

Convert the work day to minutes: 99 hours is 540540 minutes

大提示:

两场会议合计用时 45+24545+2\cdot45 分钟

The two meetings together last 45+24545+2\cdot45 minutes

解答:

两场会议用了 45+90=13545+90=135 分钟,而工作日共有 960=5409\cdot60=540 分钟。

用于开会的时间占全天的比例是 135540=14=25% \frac{135}{540}=\frac14=25\%\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The two meetings lasted 45+90=13545+90=135 minutes, and the work day is 960=5409\cdot60=540 minutes.

The fraction of the day spent in meetings is 135540=14=25%. \frac{135}{540}=\frac14=25\%.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

如图形成一个大写字母 L。它的面积是多少?

A big L is formed as shown. What is its area?

2222

2424

2626

2828

3030

答案:A
知识点:面积分割矩形
难度评级:880
小提示:

把这个 L 形分成两个长方形

Split the L into two rectangles

大提示:

竖条是 2×82\times8,底部另加一个 2×32\times3 的部分,因为 52=35-2=3

The vertical bar is 2×8,2\times8, and the foot adds a 2×32\times3 piece since 52=35-2=3

解答:

这个区域可以分成一个 8×28\times2 的竖直长方形和一个 2×32\times3 的水平底部,其中底部的宽为 52=35-2=3

总面积为 82+32=16+6=22 8\cdot2+3\cdot2=16+6=22\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

The region splits into an 8×28\times2 vertical rectangle and a 2×32\times3 horizontal foot, whose width is 52=3.5-2=3.

The total area is 82+32=16+6=22. 8\cdot2+3\cdot2=16+6=22.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

一张学校话剧票的价格是 xx 美元,其中 xx 是整数。一组 99 年级学生买票共花 $48\$48,一组 1010 年级学生买票共花 $64\$64xx 可能有多少个取值?

A ticket to a school play costs xx dollars, where xx is a whole number. A group of 99th graders buys tickets costing a total of $48,\$48, and a group of 1010th graders buys tickets costing a total of $64.\$64. How many values for xx are possible?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:E
难度评级:1010
小提示:

xx 必须同时整除 48486464

xx must divide both 4848 and 6464

大提示:

数出 48486464 的公因数

Count the common divisors of 4848 and 6464

解答:

票价 xx 必须同时整除两个总价,所以 xx48486464 的公因数。

因为 gcd(48,64)=16\gcd(48,64)=16,公因数为 1,2,4,81, 2, 4, 81616。因此有 55 个可能的取值。

因此,正确答案是 E

The price xx must divide both totals, so xx is a common divisor of 4848 and 64.64.

Since gcd(48,64)=16,\gcd(48,64)=16, the common divisors are 1,2,4,8,1, 2, 4, 8, and 16.16. There are 55 possible values.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

某个有 3131 天的月份中,星期一和星期三的天数相同。这个月的第一天可能是七天中的多少种?

A month with 3131 days has the same number of Mondays and Wednesdays. How many of the seven days of the week could be the first day of this month?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:B
难度评级:1240
小提示:

31=47+331=4\cdot7+3,所以恰好有三个星期几会出现五次

31=47+3,31=4\cdot7+3, so exactly three weekdays occur five times

大提示:

这三个星期几是这个月的前三天;检查星期一和星期三何时次数相同

Those three days are the first three days of the month; check when Monday and Wednesday match

解答:

因为 31=47+331=4\cdot7+3,这个月的前三天各出现五次,其余四天各出现四次。

星期一和星期三次数相同,恰好发生在它们都属于出现五次的一组,或都属于出现四次的一组时。

如果第一天是星期一,出现五次的是星期一、星期二、星期三。若第一天是星期四或星期五,出现五次的三天都不包含星期一和星期三。其他起始日都会只包含星期一和星期三中的一个。

所以第一天可以是星期一、星期四或星期五,共 33 种可能。

因此,正确答案是 B

Since 31=47+3,31=4\cdot7+3, the first three days of the month each occur five times, and the other four days occur four times.

Mondays and Wednesdays are equal in number exactly when both fall in the five-time group or both fall in the four-time group.

If the first day is Monday, the five-time days are Mon, Tue, Wed (both appear five times). If the first day is Thursday or Friday, the five-time days miss both Monday and Wednesday (both appear four times). Every other starting day includes exactly one of Monday or Wednesday.

So the first day can be Monday, Thursday, or Friday, giving 33 possibilities.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

幸运的 Larry 的老师让他把数代入表达式 a(b(c(d+e)))a-(b-(c-(d+e))) 中的 aabbccddee,并求出表达式的值。Larry 忽略了括号,但加减运算本身没有出错,而且碰巧得到了正确结果。他代入 aabbccdd 的数依次是 11223344。他代入 ee 的数是多少?

Lucky Larry’s teacher asked him to substitute numbers for a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, and ee in the expression a(b(c(d+e)))a-(b-(c-(d+e))) and evaluate the result. Larry ignored the parentheses but added and subtracted correctly and obtained the correct result by coincidence. The numbers Larry substituted for a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd were 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and 4,4, respectively. What number did Larry substitute for e?e?

5-5

3-3

00

33

55

答案:D
难度评级:1100
小提示:

把正确表达式展开为 ab+cdea-b+c-d-e

Expand the correct expression to ab+cdea-b+c-d-e

大提示:

Larry 实际算的是 abcd+ea-b-c-d+e;令这两个结果相等

Larry instead computed abcd+e;a-b-c-d+e; set the two equal

解答:

正确的值是 a(b(c(d+e)))=a-(b-(c-(d+e)))= ab+cdea-b+c-d-e。代入 a,b,c,d=1,2,3,4a, b, c, d=1, 2, 3, 4 得到 12+34e=2e1-2+3-4-e=-2-e

Larry 去掉括号后算的是 1234+e=8+e1-2-3-4+e=-8+e

2e=8+e-2-e=-8+e,得 2e=62e=6,所以 e=3e=3

因此,正确答案是 D

The correct value is a(b(c(d+e)))=a-(b-(c-(d+e)))= ab+cde.a-b+c-d-e. With a,b,c,d=1,2,3,4,a, b, c, d=1, 2, 3, 4, this equals 12+34e=2e.1-2+3-4-e=-2-e.

Larry dropped the parentheses and computed 1234+e=8+e.1-2-3-4+e=-8+e.

Setting 2e=8+e-2-e=-8+e gives 2e=6,2e=6, so e=3.e=3.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

学年开始时,Wells 老师数学班中 50%50\% 的学生对问题“你喜欢数学吗?”回答“喜欢”,50%50\% 回答“不喜欢”。学年结束时,70%70\% 回答“喜欢”,30%30\% 回答“不喜欢”。共有 x%x\% 的学生在学年开始和结束时给出了不同回答。xx 的最大可能值与最小可能值相差多少?

At the beginning of the school year, 50%50\% of all students in Mr. Wells’ math class answered “Yes” to the question “Do you love math”, and 50%50\% answered “No.” At the end of the school year, 70%70\% answered “Yes” and 30%30\% answered “No.” Altogether, x%x\% of the students gave a different answer at the beginning and end of the school year. What is the difference between the maximum and the minimum possible values of x?x?

00

2020

4040

6060

8080

答案:D
难度评级:1410
小提示:

假设有 100100 名学生;回答“喜欢”的人数从 5050 增加到 7070

Assume 100100 students; the “Yes” count rises from 5050 to 7070

大提示:

至少有 2020 人必须改变回答,而最终只有 3030 人回答“不喜欢”,这会限制最多有多少人改变回答

At least 2020 must switch, and only 3030 end with “No,” bounding how many can switch

解答:

假设有 100100 名学生。回答“喜欢”的人数从 5050 增加到 7070,所以至少有 7050=2070-50=20 名学生从“不喜欢”改为“喜欢”;因此 x20x\ge20

因为结束时只有 3030 名学生回答“不喜欢”,原来回答“喜欢”的五十人中至少有 5030=2050-30=20 人仍回答“喜欢”,所以最多有 8080 名学生改变回答;因此 x80x\le80

两个极端都可以实现,所以差为 8020=6080-20=60

因此,正确答案是 D

Assume 100100 students. The number of “Yes” answers rises from 5050 to 70,70, so at least 7050=2070-50=20 students switched from “No” to “Yes”; thus x20.x\ge20.

Since only 3030 students answer “No” at the end, at least 5030=2050-30=20 of the original “Yes” students still answer “Yes,” so at most 8080 students switched; thus x80.x\le80.

Both extremes are achievable, so the difference is 8020=60.80-20=60.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

如果不下雨,Shelby 骑滑板车的速度是每小时 3030 英里;如果下雨,速度是每小时 2020 英里。今天她早上在晴天中骑行,晚上在雨中骑行,总共 4040 分钟骑了 1616 英里。她在雨中骑了多少分钟?

Shelby drives her scooter at a speed of 3030 miles per hour if it is not raining, and 2020 miles per hour if it is raining. Today she drove in the sun in the morning and in the rain in the evening, for a total of 1616 miles in 4040 minutes. How many minutes did she drive in the rain?

1818

2121

2424

2727

3030

答案:C
难度评级:1240
小提示:

tt 为雨中骑行的分钟数;把两个速度都换算成英里每分钟

Let tt be the minutes in the rain; convert each speed to miles per minute

大提示:

雨中距离 20t6020\cdot\dfrac{t}{60} 加晴天距离 3040t6030\cdot\dfrac{40-t}{60} 等于 1616

Rain distance 20t6020\cdot\dfrac{t}{60} plus sun distance 3040t6030\cdot\dfrac{40-t}{60} equals 1616

解答:

tt 为雨中骑行的分钟数。她在雨中骑了 20t6020\cdot\frac{t}{60} 英里, 在晴天中骑了 3040t6030\cdot\frac{40-t}{60} 英里。

令总距离为 1616,得到 20t+30(40t)60=16 \frac{20t+30(40-t)}{60}=16\text{,} 所以 120010t=9601200-10t=960t=24t=24

因此,正确答案是 C

Let tt be the number of minutes driven in the rain. She covers 20t6020\cdot\frac{t}{60} miles in the rain and 3040t6030\cdot\frac{40-t}{60} miles in the sun.

Setting the total to 1616 gives 20t+30(40t)60=16, \frac{20t+30(40-t)}{60}=16, so 120010t=9601200-10t=960 and t=24.t=24.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

Euclid 市的每所高中都派出一支由 33 名学生组成的队伍参加数学竞赛。每名参赛者的分数都不同。Andrea 的分数是所有学生中的中位数,并且她是自己队中分数最高的。Andrea 的队友 Beth 和 Carla 分别排第 3737 名和第 6464 名。这个城市有多少所高中?

Every high school in the city of Euclid sent a team of 33 students to a math contest. Each participant in the contest received a different score. Andrea’s score was the median among all students, and hers was the highest score on her team. Andrea’s teammates Beth and Carla placed 3737th and 6464th, respectively. How many schools are in the city?

2222

2323

2424

2525

2626

答案:B
难度评级:1490
小提示:

若有 nn 所学校,则共有 3n3n 名学生,中位数的位置是 3n+12\dfrac{3n+1}{2}

With nn schools there are 3n3n students, and the median sits at position 3n+12\dfrac{3n+1}{2}

大提示:

3n643n\ge64,且 Andrea 排在 Beth 的第 3737 名之前,所以 3n+12<37\dfrac{3n+1}{2}\lt37

3n64,3n\ge64, and Andrea placed ahead of Beth’s 3737th, so 3n+12<37\dfrac{3n+1}{2}\lt37

解答:

若有 nn 所学校,则共有 3n3n 名学生。Carla 排第 6464 名,所以 3n643n\ge64n22n\ge22

分数都不同,且 Andrea 是中位数,所以 3n3n 是奇数,从而 nn 是奇数且 n23n\ge23

Andrea 的名次是 3n+12\dfrac{3n+1}{2},且她高于 Beth(第 3737 名),所以 3n+12<37\dfrac{3n+1}{2}\lt37,得 3n<733n\lt73n24n\le24。唯一的奇数取值是 n=23n=23

因此,正确答案是 B

With nn schools there are 3n3n students. Carla placed 6464th, so 3n643n\ge64 and n22.n\ge22.

The scores are distinct and Andrea is the median, so 3n3n is odd, forcing nn odd and n23.n\ge23.

Andrea’s position is 3n+12,\dfrac{3n+1}{2}, and she beat Beth (3737th), so 3n+12<37,\dfrac{3n+1}{2}\lt37, giving 3n<733n\lt73 and n24.n\le24. The only odd value is n=23.n=23.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

9.

nn 是满足以下条件的最小正整数:nn 可被 2020 整除,n2n^2 是完全立方数,且 n3n^3 是完全平方数。nn 有多少位数字?

Let nn be the smallest positive integer such that nn is divisible by 20,20, n2n^2 is a perfect cube, and n3n^3 is a perfect square. What is the number of digits of n?n?

33

44

55

66

77

答案:E
难度评级:1520
小提示:

写成 n=2a5bn=2^a\cdot5^b;任何额外的质因数只会使 nn 更大

Write n=2a5b;n=2^a\cdot5^b; any extra prime factor only makes nn larger

大提示:

n2n^2 是立方数迫使 aabb 都是 33 的倍数;n3n^3 是平方数迫使 aabb 都是 22 的倍数

n2n^2 a cube forces aa and bb to be multiples of 3;3; n3n^3 a square forces aa and bb to be multiples of 22

解答:

为了最小,nn 只使用 2020 的质因数,所以 n=2a5bn=2^a\cdot5^b,其中 a2a\ge2b1b\ge1

因为 n2=22a52bn^2=2^{2a}5^{2b} 是完全立方数,aabb 都是 33 的倍数。因为 n3=23a53bn^3=2^{3a}5^{3b} 是完全平方数,aabb 都是 22 的倍数。因此 aabb 都是 66 的倍数。

最小选择是 a=b=6a=b=6,所以 n=2656=106=1,000,000n=2^6\cdot5^6=10^6=1{,}000{,}000,它有 77 位数字。

因此,正确答案是 E

To be smallest, nn uses only the primes of 20,20, so n=2a5bn=2^a\cdot5^b with a2a\ge2 and b1.b\ge1.

Since n2=22a52bn^2=2^{2a}5^{2b} is a perfect cube, aa and bb are multiples of 3.3. Since n3=23a53bn^3=2^{3a}5^{3b} is a perfect square, aa and bb are multiples of 2.2. Hence aa and bb are multiples of 6.6.

The smallest choice is a=b=6,a=b=6, so n=2656=106=1,000,000,n=2^6\cdot5^6=10^6=1{,}000{,}000, which has 77 digits.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

112233\ldots98989999xx 的平均数是 100x100x。求 xx

The average of the numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 98,98, 99,99, and xx is 100x.100x. What is x?x?

49101\dfrac{49}{101}

50101\dfrac{50}{101}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

51101\dfrac{51}{101}

5099\dfrac{50}{99}

答案:B
难度评级:1410
小提示:

1+2++991+2+\cdots+99 等于 49504950

The sum 1+2++991+2+\cdots+99 equals 49504950

大提示:

4950+x100=100x\dfrac{4950+x}{100}=100x

4950+x100=100x\dfrac{4950+x}{100}=100x

解答:

119999 的和是 991002=4950\dfrac{99\cdot100}{2}=4950

由平均数的条件可得 4950+x100=100x \frac{4950+x}{100}=100x\text{,} 所以 4950+x=10000x4950+x=10000x9999x=49509999x=4950

因此 x=49509999=50101x=\dfrac{4950}{9999}=\dfrac{50}{101}

因此,正确答案是 B

The numbers 11 through 9999 sum to 991002=4950.\dfrac{99\cdot100}{2}=4950.

The average condition is 4950+x100=100x, \frac{4950+x}{100}=100x, so 4950+x=10000x4950+x=10000x and 9999x=4950.9999x=4950.

Thus x=49509999=50101.x=\dfrac{4950}{9999}=\dfrac{50}{101}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

1000100010,00010{,}000 之间的回文数中随机选一个。它能被 77 整除的概率是多少?

A palindrome between 10001000 and 10,00010{,}000 is chosen at random. What is the probability that it is divisible by 7?7?

110\dfrac{1}{10}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

17\dfrac{1}{7}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

答案:E
难度评级:1500
小提示:

四位回文数 abba\overline{abba} 等于 1001a+110b1001a+110b

A four-digit palindrome abba\overline{abba} equals 1001a+110b1001a+110b

大提示:

1001=711131001=7\cdot11\cdot13 可被 77 整除,但 110110 不能

1001=711131001=7\cdot11\cdot13 is divisible by 7,7, but 110110 is not

解答:

四位回文数形如 abba=1001a+110b\overline{abba}=1001a+110b,其中 1a91\le a\le90b90\le b\le9

因为 1001=711131001=7\cdot11\cdot13 可被 77 整除,而 110110 不能,所以该数能被 77 整除当且仅当 bb77 的倍数,即 b=0b=0b=7b=7

对每个 aa,这是 bb1010 个选择中的 22 个,概率为 210=15\dfrac{2}{10}=\dfrac15

因此,正确答案是 E

A four-digit palindrome has the form abba=1001a+110b\overline{abba}=1001a+110b with 1a91\le a\le9 and 0b9.0\le b\le9.

Since 1001=711131001=7\cdot11\cdot13 is divisible by 77 and 110110 is not, the number is divisible by 77 exactly when bb is divisible by 7,7, that is b=0b=0 or b=7.b=7.

For each a,a, that is 22 of the 1010 choices of b,b, a probability of 210=15.\dfrac{2}{10}=\dfrac15.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

xx 取何值时,log2x+log2x+log4(x2)+log8(x3)+log16(x4)=40 \begin{aligned} &\log_{\sqrt2}\sqrt{x}+\log_2 x \\ &\quad {}+\log_4\left(x^2\right)+\log_8\left(x^3\right) \\ &\quad {}+\log_{16}\left(x^4\right)=40 \end{aligned}\text{?}

For what value of xx does log2x+log2x+log4(x2)+log8(x3)+log16(x4)=40? \begin{aligned} &\log_{\sqrt2}\sqrt{x}+\log_2 x \\ &\quad {}+\log_4\left(x^2\right)+\log_8\left(x^3\right) \\ &\quad {}+\log_{16}\left(x^4\right)=40? \end{aligned}

88

1616

3232

256256

10241024

答案:D
知识点:对数
难度评级:1500
小提示:

把每一项都换成以 22 为底;设 L=log2xL=\log_2 x

Convert every term to base 2;2; let L=log2xL=\log_2 x

大提示:

五项中的每一项都化简为 LL

Each of the five terms simplifies to LL

解答:

L=log2xL=\log_2 x。把每一项都换成以 22 为底:

log2x=L212=L\log_{\sqrt2}\sqrt{x}=\dfrac{\frac{L}{2}}{\frac{1}{2}}=Llog2x=L\log_2 x=Llog4x2=2L2=L\log_4 x^2=\dfrac{2L}{2}=Llog8x3=3L3=L\log_8 x^3=\dfrac{3L}{3}=L,且 log16x4=4L4=L\log_{16}x^4=\dfrac{4L}{4}=L

方程变为 5L=405L=40,所以 L=8L=8x=28=256x=2^8=256

因此,正确答案是 D

Let L=log2x.L=\log_2 x. Converting each term to base 2:2:

log2x=L212=L,\log_{\sqrt2}\sqrt{x}=\dfrac{\frac{L}{2}}{\frac{1}{2}}=L, log2x=L,\log_2 x=L, log4x2=2L2=L,\log_4 x^2=\dfrac{2L}{2}=L, log8x3=3L3=L,\log_8 x^3=\dfrac{3L}{3}=L, and log16x4=4L4=L.\log_{16}x^4=\dfrac{4L}{4}=L.

The equation becomes 5L=40,5L=40, so L=8L=8 and x=28=256.x=2^8=256.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,cos(2AB)+sin(A+B)=2\cos(2A-B)+\sin(A+B)=2,且 AB=4AB=4。求 BCBC

In ABC,\triangle ABC, cos(2AB)+sin(A+B)=2\cos(2A-B)+\sin(A+B)=2 and AB=4.AB=4. What is BC?BC?

2\sqrt{2}

3\sqrt{3}

22

222\sqrt{2}

232\sqrt{3}

答案:C
难度评级:1560
小提示:

一个余弦和一个正弦都至多为 11,所以两者都必须等于 11

Both a cosine and a sine are at most 1,1, so each must equal 11

大提示:

2AB=02A-B=0^\circA+B=90A+B=90^\circ,以确定三角形

Solve 2AB=02A-B=0^\circ and A+B=90A+B=90^\circ to identify the triangle

解答:

一个余弦值加一个正弦值等于 22,只能是两者都等于 11。因此 cos(2AB)=1\cos(2A-B)=1sin(A+B)=1\sin(A+B)=1,得 2AB=02A-B=0^\circA+B=90A+B=90^\circ

解得 A=30A=30^\circB=60B=60^\circ,所以 ABC\triangle ABC 是直角在 CC30-60-9030\text{-}60\text{-}90 直角三角形。

斜边 AB=4AB=4BCBC3030^\circ 角所对的边,等于斜边的一半,所以 BC=2BC=2

因此,正确答案是 C

A cosine plus a sine equals 22 only when each equals 1.1. So cos(2AB)=1\cos(2A-B)=1 and sin(A+B)=1,\sin(A+B)=1, giving 2AB=02A-B=0^\circ and A+B=90.A+B=90^\circ.

Solving, A=30A=30^\circ and B=60,B=60^\circ, so ABC\triangle ABC is a 30-60-9030\text{-}60\text{-}90 right triangle with the right angle at C.C.

With hypotenuse AB=4,AB=4, the side BCBC opposite the 3030^\circ angle is half the hypotenuse, so BC=2.BC=2.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

14.

aabbccddee 为正整数,且 a+b+c+d+e=2010a+b+c+d+e=2010。令 MMa+ba+bb+cb+cc+dc+dd+ed+e 中的最大值。MM 的最小可能值是多少?

Let a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, and ee be positive integers with a+b+c+d+e=2010,a+b+c+d+e=2010, and let MM be the largest of the sums a+b,a+b, b+c,b+c, c+d,c+d, and d+e.d+e. What is the smallest possible value of M?M?

670670

671671

802802

803803

804804

答案:B
难度评级:1670
小提示:

(a+b)+c+(d+e)=2010(a+b)+c+(d+e)=2010,且 a+ba+bccd+ed+e 都至多为 MM

(a+b)+c+(d+e)=2010,(a+b)+c+(d+e)=2010, and each of a+b,a+b, c,c, and d+ed+e is at most MM

大提示:

这迫使 3M20103M\ge2010;排除 M=670M=670,再构造达到界的例子

This forces 3M2010;3M\ge2010; rule out M=670,M=670, then build an example reaching the bound

解答:

a+ba+bd+ed+e,和 cc 都至多为 MM(注意 cc+dMc\le c+d\le M)。相加得 2010=(a+b)+c+(d+e)2010=(a+b)+c+(d+e) 3M\le3M,所以 M670M\ge670

如果 M=670M=670c=670c=670,但此时 b+c671>Mb+c\ge671\gt M,矛盾。因此 M671M\ge671

(a,b,c,d,e)=(a,b,c,d,e)= (669,1,670,1,669)(669,1,670,1,669),可达到 671671,其相邻两项和为 670,671,671,670670,671,671,670

因此,正确答案是 B

Each of a+b,a+b, d+e,d+e, and cc is at most MM (note cc+dMc\le c+d\le M). Adding, 2010=(a+b)+c+(d+e)2010=(a+b)+c+(d+e) 3M,\le3M, so M670.M\ge670.

If M=670,M=670, then c=670,c=670, but then b+c671>M,b+c\ge671\gt M, a contradiction. Hence M671.M\ge671.

The value 671671 is reached by (a,b,c,d,e)=(a,b,c,d,e)= (669,1,670,1,669),(669,1,670,1,669), whose consecutive-pair sums are 670,671,671,670.670,671,671,670.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

15.

有多少个有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 满足:三个分量都是小于 2020 的非负整数,并且集合 {ix,(1+i)y,z}\{i^x, (1+i)^y, z\} 中恰好有两个不同的元素?其中 i=1i=\sqrt{-1}

For how many ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) of nonnegative integers less than 2020 are there exactly two distinct elements in the set {ix,(1+i)y,z},\{i^x, (1+i)^y, z\}, where i=1?i=\sqrt{-1}?

149149

205205

215215

225225

235235

答案:D
难度评级:2070
小提示:

ix=1|i^x|=1 恒成立,而 (1+i)y(1+i)^y 的模为 2y22^{\frac{y}{2}}

ix=1|i^x|=1 always, while (1+i)y(1+i)^y has magnitude 2y22^{\frac{y}{2}}

大提示:

按三个数中哪两个相等、第三个不同分成三种情况

Split into three cases by which two of the three entries coincide, keeping the third distinct

解答:

我们需要 ixi^x(1+i)y(1+i)^yzz 中恰好有两个相等,第三个不同。三种情况对应三种可能的相等配对。

情况 ix=(1+i)yi^x=(1+i)^y 因为 ix=1|i^x|=1,而当 y1y\ge1(1+i)y=2y2>1|(1+i)^y|=2^{\frac{y}{2}}\gt1,所以必须有 y=0y=0。此时 (1+i)0=1(1+i)^0=1,且 ix=1i^x=1,即 x{0,4,8,12,16}x\in\{0,4,8,12,16\}。此时 zz 可以取除 11 以外的任意一个值,共有 1919 种选择,得到 519=955\cdot19=95 个三元组。

情况 ix=zi^x=z ixi^x 中唯一的非负整数值是 11(当 xx44 的倍数时),所以 z=1z=1,且 (1+i)y1(1+i)^y\ne1,即 y1y\ge1。这给出 519=955\cdot19=95 个三元组。

情况 (1+i)y=z(1+i)^y=z 因为 (1+i)2=2i(1+i)^2=2i,所以 (1+i)y(1+i)^y 只有在 y=0y=0(值为 11)或 y=8y=8(值为 1616)时才是小于 2020 的非负整数。如果 y=0, z=1y=0,\ z=1,则需要 ix1i^x\ne1,所以 xx 不是 44 的倍数(1515 个值)。如果 y=8, z=16y=8,\ z=16,则 ixi^x 不可能等于 1616,所以 xx 可任取(2020 个值)。这一情况给出 15+20=3515+20=35 个三元组。

总数为 95+95+35=22595+95+35=225

因此,正确答案是 D

We need exactly two of ix,i^x, (1+i)y,(1+i)^y, zz equal, with the third different. The three cases are the three possible equal pairs.

Case ix=(1+i)y:i^x=(1+i)^y: since ix=1|i^x|=1 but (1+i)y=2y2>1|(1+i)^y|=2^{\frac{y}{2}}\gt1 for y1,y\ge1, we need y=0,y=0, so (1+i)0=1(1+i)^0=1 and ix=1,i^x=1, i.e. x{0,4,8,12,16}.x\in\{0,4,8,12,16\}. Then zz is any of the 1919 values other than 1.1. This gives 519=955\cdot19=95 triples.

Case ix=z:i^x=z: the only nonnegative-integer value of ixi^x is 11 (with xx a multiple of 44), so z=1z=1 and (1+i)y1,(1+i)^y\ne1, meaning y1.y\ge1. This gives 519=955\cdot19=95 triples.

Case (1+i)y=z:(1+i)^y=z: since (1+i)2=2i,(1+i)^2=2i, the power (1+i)y(1+i)^y is a nonnegative integer below 2020 only for y=0y=0 (value 11) or y=8y=8 (value 1616). If y=0, z=1,y=0,\ z=1, we need ix1,i^x\ne1, so xx is not a multiple of 44 (1515 values). If y=8, z=16,y=8,\ z=16, then ixi^x is never 16,16, so xx is free (2020 values). This gives 15+20=3515+20=35 triples.

Altogether 95+95+35=225.95+95+35=225.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

从集合 {1,2,3,,2010}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2010\} 中有放回地随机且独立选取正整数 aabbccabc+ab+aabc+ab+a 能被 33 整除的概率是多少?

Positive integers a,a, b,b, and cc are randomly and independently selected with replacement from the set {1,2,3,,2010}.\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2010\}. What is the probability that abc+ab+aabc+ab+a is divisible by 3?3?

13\dfrac{1}{3}

2981\dfrac{29}{81}

3181\dfrac{31}{81}

1127\dfrac{11}{27}

1327\dfrac{13}{27}

答案:E
难度评级:1810
小提示:

分解 abc+ab+a=a(bc+b+1)abc+ab+a=a(bc+b+1);每个模 33 余数等可能出现

Factor abc+ab+a=a(bc+b+1);abc+ab+a=a(bc+b+1); each residue mod 33 is equally likely

大提示:

如果 aa33 的倍数则成立;否则需要 bc+b+1bc+b+133 的倍数

If aa is divisible by 33 it works; otherwise require bc+b+1bc+b+1 to be divisible by 33

解答:

分解 abc+ab+a=a(bc+b+1)abc+ab+a=a(bc+b+1)。因为 2010201033 的倍数,a,b,ca, b, c 在模 33 下各个余数等可能。

如果 aa33 的倍数(概率为 13\tfrac13),乘积能被 33 整除。

如果 aa 不是 33 的倍数(概率为 23\tfrac23),需要 bc+b+1bc+b+133 的倍数。检查余数可知,这恰好在 (b,c)(1,1)(b,c)\equiv(1,1)(2,0)(mod3)(2,0)\pmod3 时成立,概率为 1313+1313=29\tfrac13\cdot\tfrac13+\tfrac13\cdot\tfrac13=\tfrac29

总概率是 13+2329=13+427=1327 \frac13+\frac23\cdot\frac29=\frac13+\frac{4}{27}=\frac{13}{27}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Factor abc+ab+a=a(bc+b+1).abc+ab+a=a(bc+b+1). Since 20102010 is a multiple of 3,3, each of a,b,ca, b, c is uniform modulo 3.3.

If aa is divisible by 33 (probability 13\tfrac13), the product is divisible by 3.3.

If aa is not divisible by 33 (probability 23\tfrac23), we need bc+b+1bc+b+1 to be divisible by 3.3. Checking residues, this holds exactly when (b,c)(1,1)(b,c)\equiv(1,1) or (2,0)(mod3),(2,0)\pmod3, a probability of 1313+1313=29.\tfrac13\cdot\tfrac13+\tfrac13\cdot\tfrac13=\tfrac29.

The total probability is 13+2329=13+427=1327. \frac13+\frac23\cdot\frac29=\frac13+\frac{4}{27}=\frac{13}{27}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

17.

一个 3×33\times3 数组中的项包含数字 1199,各一次,并且每一行和每一列中的项都按递增顺序排列。这样的数组有多少个?

The entries in a 3×33\times3 array include all the digits from 11 through 9,9, arranged so that the entries in every row and column are in increasing order. How many such arrays are there?

1818

2424

3636

4242

6060

答案:D
难度评级:1980
小提示:

左上角项被迫为 11,右下角项被迫为 99

The top-left entry is forced to be 11 and the bottom-right to be 99

大提示:

按中心项分类;中心项必须是 4,54, 5,或 66

Split into cases by the center entry, which must be 4,5,4, 5, or 66

解答:

记第 ii 行第 jj 列的项为 aija_{ij}。题设条件迫使 a11=1a_{11}=1a33=9a_{33}=9,且 a22{4,5,6}a_{22}\in\{4,5,6\}

如果 a22=4a_{22}=4{a12,a21}={2,3}\{a_{12},a_{21}\}=\{2,3\}{5,6,7,8}\{5,6,7,8\} 被分成互补的两对,填入最后一行和最后一列剩下的位置:分法有 (42)=6\binom42=6 种,再乘 {2,3}\{2,3\}22 种顺序,得到 1212 个数组。由对称性,a22=6a_{22}=6 也给出 1212 个。

如果 a22=5a_{22}=5{a12,a13,a23}\{a_{12},a_{13},a_{23}\}{a21,a31,a32}\{a_{21},a_{31},a_{32}\}{2,3,4,6,7,8}\{2,3,4,6,7,8\} 的互补子集,并受递增顺序限制;第一组可以是任意三元子集,只要它不是 {2,3,4}\{2,3,4\}{6,7,8}\{6,7,8\},因此有 (63)2=18\binom63-2=18 个数组。

总共有 12+12+18=4212+12+18=42

因此,正确答案是 D

Write aija_{ij} for the entry in row i,i, column j.j. The conditions force a11=1,a_{11}=1, a33=9,a_{33}=9, and a22{4,5,6}.a_{22}\in\{4,5,6\}.

If a22=4,a_{22}=4, then {a12,a21}={2,3}\{a_{12},a_{21}\}=\{2,3\} and {5,6,7,8}\{5,6,7,8\} split as complementary pairs filling the rest of the last row and column: (42)=6\binom42=6 splits times 22 orders for {2,3}\{2,3\} gives 1212 arrays. By symmetry a22=6a_{22}=6 also gives 12.12.

If a22=5,a_{22}=5, then {a12,a13,a23}\{a_{12},a_{13},a_{23}\} and {a21,a31,a32}\{a_{21},a_{31},a_{32}\} are complementary subsets of {2,3,4,6,7,8}\{2,3,4,6,7,8\} subject to the ordering constraints. The first set can be any three-element subset except {2,3,4}\{2,3,4\} or {6,7,8},\{6,7,8\}, giving (63)2=18\binom63-2=18 arrays.

Altogether 12+12+18=42.12+12+18=42.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

一只青蛙跳 33 次,每次恰好跳 11 米。每次跳跃的方向都是独立随机选择的。青蛙最终位置离起点不超过 11 米的概率是多少?

A frog makes 33 jumps, each exactly 11 meter long. The directions of the jumps are chosen independently and at random. What is the probability that the frog’s final position is no more than 11 meter from its starting position?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:C
难度评级:2030
小提示:

把中间一跳固定在一条线段上;起点和终点由两个独立角度决定

Anchor the middle jump on a fixed segment; the start and end depend on two independent angles

大提示:

把条件化为这两个角度平面中的一个区域,再比较面积

Reduce the condition to a region in the plane of those two angles, then compare areas

解答:

这是一个连续的几何概率问题。把第二跳固定为从 P=(0,0)P=(0,0)Q=(1,0)Q=(1,0),令 α,β\alpha,\beta 为第一跳和第三跳的方向,则起点为 A=(cosα,sinα)A=(\cos\alpha,\sin\alpha),终点为 B=(1+cosβ,sinβ)B=(1+\cos\beta,\sin\beta)

0απ0\le\alpha\le\pi0β2π0\le\beta\le2\pi,条件 AB1AB\le1 恰好等价于 αβπ\alpha\le\beta\le\pi

在面积为 2π22\pi^2αβ\alpha\beta-矩形中,有利区域是面积 π22\tfrac{\pi^2}{2} 的三角形,所以概率为 π222π2=14\dfrac{\frac{\pi^2}{2}}{2\pi^2}=\dfrac14

因此,正确答案是 C

This is a continuous (geometric) probability. Anchor the second jump from P=(0,0)P=(0,0) to Q=(1,0),Q=(1,0), and let α,β\alpha,\beta be the directions of the first and third jumps, so the start is A=(cosα,sinα)A=(\cos\alpha,\sin\alpha) and the end is B=(1+cosβ,sinβ).B=(1+\cos\beta,\sin\beta).

Taking 0απ0\le\alpha\le\pi and 0β2π,0\le\beta\le2\pi, the requirement AB1AB\le1 holds exactly when αβπ.\alpha\le\beta\le\pi.

In the αβ\alpha\beta-rectangle of area 2π2,2\pi^2, the favorable region is a triangle of area π22,\tfrac{\pi^2}{2}, so the probability is π222π2=14.\dfrac{\frac{\pi^2}{2}}{2\pi^2}=\dfrac14.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

Raiders 队和 Wildcats 队的一场高中篮球赛在第一节结束时打平。Raiders 队四节的得分构成递增等比数列,Wildcats 队四节的得分构成递增等差数列。第四节结束时,Raiders 队以一分获胜。两队得分都不超过 100100 分。上半场两队总共得了多少分?

A high school basketball game between the Raiders and the Wildcats was tied at the end of the first quarter. The number of points scored by the Raiders in each of the four quarters formed an increasing geometric sequence, and the number of points scored by the Wildcats in each of the four quarters formed an increasing arithmetic sequence. At the end of the fourth quarter, the Raiders had won by one point. Neither team scored more than 100100 points. What was the total number of points scored by the two teams in the first half?

3030

3131

3232

3333

3434

答案:E
难度评级:2180
小提示:

设 Raiders 得分为 a,ar,ar2,ar3a, ar, ar^2, ar^3,Wildcats 得分为 a,a+d,a+2d,a+3da, a+d, a+2d, a+3d,第一节同为 aa

Let the Raiders score a,ar,ar2,ar3a, ar, ar^2, ar^3 and the Wildcats a,a+d,a+2d,a+3d,a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, tied at aa

大提示:

总分相差 11,且两队的总分都低于 100100,这迫使各项取值较小

The totals differ by 11 and both stay under 100,100, which forces small values

解答:

设 Raiders 四节的得分依次为 a,ar,ar2,ar3a, ar, ar^2, ar^3(递增等比数列,r>1r\gt1),Wildcats 的得分依次为 a,a+d,a+2d,a+3da, a+d, a+2d, a+3d(递增等差数列),两队第一节都得 aa

r=mnr=\frac{m}{n} 写成最简分数,其中 m>nm\gt n。因为 ar3ar^3 是整数,所以 aan3n^3 的倍数;令 a=An3a=A n^3。Raiders 的总分为 R=A(n3+mn2+m2n+m3) R=A(n^3+mn^2+m^2n+m^3)\text{。}由于 m3<R100m^3\lt R\le100,可知 m4m\le4。数对 (4,3)(4,3) 已使括号内的和达到 175175,所以互质数对 (m,n)(m,n) 只可能是 (2,1),(3,1),(3,2),(4,1)(2,1),(3,1),(3,2),(4,1)

相应的 RA\frac{R}{A} 分别为 15,40,65,8515,40,65,85。对于 (4,1)(4,1)(3,2)(3,2),上界迫使 A=1A=1,但由 R1=4a+6dR-1=4a+6d 得到的 dd 不是整数。对于 (3,1)(3,1),会得到 36A1=6d36A-1=6d,这在模 66 意义下不可能。

(m,n)=(2,1)(m,n)=(2,1) 时,R=15AR=15Aa=Aa=A,所以 11A1=6d11A-1=6d。因而 A5(mod6)A\equiv5\pmod6,再由 R100R\le100A=5A=5。此时 d=9d=9,Raiders 的得分是 5,10,20,405,10,20,40,Wildcats 的得分是 5,14,23,325,14,23,32。Raiders 以 75757474 获胜。

上半场总分为 (5+10)+(5+14)=34(5+10)+(5+14)=34

因此,正确答案是 E

Let the Raiders score a,ar,ar2,ar3a, ar, ar^2, ar^3 (increasing geometric, r>1r\gt1) and the Wildcats a,a+d,a+2d,a+3da, a+d, a+2d, a+3d (increasing arithmetic), tied in the first quarter at a.a.

Write r=mnr=\frac{m}{n} in lowest terms, with m>n.m\gt n. Since ar3ar^3 is an integer, aa is divisible by n3;n^3; put a=An3.a=A n^3. The Raiders’ total is R=A(n3+mn2+m2n+m3). R=A(n^3+mn^2+m^2n+m^3). Since m3<R100,m^3\lt R\le100, we have m4.m\le4. The pair (4,3)(4,3) already makes the parenthesized sum 175,175, so the only possible coprime pairs (m,n)(m,n) are (2,1),(3,1),(3,2),(4,1).(2,1),(3,1),(3,2),(4,1).

The corresponding base values of RA\frac{R}{A} are 15,40,65,85.15,40,65,85. For (4,1)(4,1) and (3,2),(3,2), the bound forces A=1,A=1, but R1=4a+6dR-1=4a+6d gives a nonintegral d.d. For (3,1),(3,1), it would give 36A1=6d,36A-1=6d, which is impossible modulo 6.6.

For (m,n)=(2,1),(m,n)=(2,1), we have R=15AR=15A and a=A,a=A, so 11A1=6d.11A-1=6d. Thus A5(mod6),A\equiv5\pmod6, and R100R\le100 forces A=5.A=5. Then d=9,d=9, giving Raiders scores 5,10,20,405,10,20,40 and Wildcats scores 5,14,23,32.5,14,23,32. The Raiders win 7575 to 74.74.

The first-half total is (5+10)+(5+14)=34.(5+10)+(5+14)=34.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

某等比数列 (an)(a_n) 满足 a1=sinxa_1=\sin xa2=cosxa_2=\cos x,且 a3=tanxa_3=\tan x,其中 xx 为某个实数。对哪个 nnan=1+cosxa_n=1+\cos x

A geometric sequence (an)(a_n) has a1=sinx,a_1=\sin x, a2=cosx,a_2=\cos x, and a3=tanxa_3=\tan x for some real number x.x. For what value of nn does an=1+cosx?a_n=1+\cos x?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:E
难度评级:2240
小提示:

公比为 r=cosxsinx=cotxr=\dfrac{\cos x}{\sin x}=\cot x;计算 a4=a3ra_4=a_3\cdot r

The common ratio is r=cosxsinx=cotx;r=\dfrac{\cos x}{\sin x}=\cot x; compute a4=a3ra_4=a_3\cdot r

大提示:

证明 a4=1a_4=11+cosx=r41+\cos x=r^4,再把 1+cosx1+\cos x 写成 a4r4a_4\cdot r^4

Show a4=1a_4=1 and 1+cosx=r4,1+\cos x=r^4, then write 1+cosx1+\cos x as a4r4a_4\cdot r^4

解答:

公比为 r=a2a1=cotxr=\dfrac{a_2}{a_1}=\cot x。因此 a4=a3r=tanxcotx=1a_4=a_3\cdot r=\tan x\cot x=1

a3=a1r2a_3=a_1r^2,得 tanx=sinxcot2x=cos2xsinx\tan x=\sin x\cot^2 x=\dfrac{\cos^2 x}{\sin x},所以 sin2x=cos3x\sin^2 x=\cos^3 x,即 (cos2x)(1+cosx)=1(\cos^2 x)(1+\cos x)=1

因此 1+cosx=1cos2x1+\cos x=\dfrac{1}{\cos^2 x}。又 r2=cos2xsin2x=cos2xcos3x=1cosxr^2=\dfrac{\cos^2 x}{\sin^2 x}=\dfrac{\cos^2 x}{\cos^3 x}=\dfrac{1}{\cos x},所以 r4=1cos2x=1+cosxr^4=\dfrac{1}{\cos^2 x}=1+\cos x

所以 1+cosx=a4r4=a81+\cos x=a_4\cdot r^4=a_8,因此 n=8n=8

因此,正确答案是 E

The common ratio is r=a2a1=cotx.r=\dfrac{a_2}{a_1}=\cot x. Then a4=a3r=tanxcotx=1.a_4=a_3\cdot r=\tan x\cot x=1.

From a3=a1r2,a_3=a_1r^2, we get tanx=sinxcot2x=cos2xsinx,\tan x=\sin x\cot^2 x=\dfrac{\cos^2 x}{\sin x}, so sin2x=cos3x,\sin^2 x=\cos^3 x, i.e. (cos2x)(1+cosx)=1.(\cos^2 x)(1+\cos x)=1.

Hence 1+cosx=1cos2x.1+\cos x=\dfrac{1}{\cos^2 x}. Also r2=cos2xsin2x=cos2xcos3x=1cosx,r^2=\dfrac{\cos^2 x}{\sin^2 x}=\dfrac{\cos^2 x}{\cos^3 x}=\dfrac{1}{\cos x}, so r4=1cos2x=1+cosx.r^4=\dfrac{1}{\cos^2 x}=1+\cos x.

Therefore 1+cosx=a4r4=a8,1+\cos x=a_4\cdot r^4=a_8, so n=8.n=8.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

21.

a>0a\gt0,且 P(x)P(x) 是一个整系数多项式,满足 P(1)=P(3)=P(5)=P(7)=a \begin{aligned} &P(1)=P(3)=P(5) \\ &\quad {}=P(7)=a\text{,} \end{aligned} 以及 P(2)=P(4)=P(6)=P(8)=a \begin{aligned} &P(2)=P(4)=P(6) \\ &\quad {}=P(8)=-a\text{。} \end{aligned} aa 的最小可能值。

Let a>0,a\gt0, and let P(x)P(x) be a polynomial with integer coefficients such that P(1)=P(3)=P(5)=P(7)=a, \begin{aligned} &P(1)=P(3)=P(5) \\ &\quad {}=P(7)=a, \end{aligned} and P(2)=P(4)=P(6)=P(8)=a. \begin{aligned} &P(2)=P(4)=P(6) \\ &\quad {}=P(8)=-a. \end{aligned} What is the smallest possible value of a?a?

105105

315315

945945

7!7!

8!8!

答案:B
难度评级:2300
小提示:

对某个整系数多项式 QQP(x)a=(x1)(x3)P(x)-a=(x-1)(x-3) (x5)(x7)Q(x)\cdot(x-5)(x-7)Q(x)

P(x)a=(x1)(x3)P(x)-a=(x-1)(x-3) (x5)(x7)Q(x)\cdot(x-5)(x-7)Q(x) for some integer polynomial QQ

大提示:

x=2,4,6,8x=2,4,6,8 处代入,迫使 2a2alcm(15,9,105)\operatorname{lcm}(15,9,105) 的倍数

Evaluate at x=2,4,6,8x=2,4,6,8 to force 2a2a to be divisible by lcm(15,9,105)\operatorname{lcm}(15,9,105)

解答:

因为 1,3,5,71, 3, 5, 7P(x)aP(x)-a 的根,可写作 P(x)a=(x1)(x3)P(x)-a=(x-1)(x-3) (x5)(x7)Q(x)\cdot(x-5)(x-7)Q(x),其中 QQ 的系数都是整数。

x=2,4,6,8x=2, 4, 6, 8 处代入(此时 P=aP=-a)得到 2a=15Q(2)=9Q(4)=15Q(6)=105Q(8) \begin{aligned} -2a &=-15\,Q(2) \\ &=9\,Q(4) \\ &=-15\,Q(6) \\ &=105\,Q(8) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 15,915, 9105105 都整除 2a2a,所以 lcm(15,9,105)=315\operatorname{lcm}(15,9,105)=315 整除 2a2a。因为 315315 是奇数,aa315315 的倍数,所以 a315a\ge315

为了达到这个下界,取 F(x)=(x1)(x3)(x5)(x7),Q(x)=42+(x2)(x6)(608x),P(x)=315+F(x)Q(x) \begin{aligned} F(x)&=(x-1)(x-3) \\ &\quad\cdot(x-5)(x-7), \\ Q(x)&=42+(x-2)(x-6) \\ &\quad\cdot(60-8x), \\ P(x)&=315+F(x)Q(x) \end{aligned}\text{。} 这个整系数多项式在 1,3,5,71,3,5,7 处的取值都是 315315。在 2,42,4 处,数对 (F(x),Q(x))(F(x),Q(x)) 分别为 (15,42),(9,70)(-15,42),(9,-70);在 6,86,8 处则分别为 (15,42),(105,6)(-15,42),(105,-6)。因此每次都有 F(x)Q(x)=630F(x)Q(x)=-630,从而 P(x)=315P(x)=-315。所以这个下界确实可以达到。

因此,正确答案是 B

Since 1,3,5,71, 3, 5, 7 are roots of P(x)a,P(x)-a, write P(x)a=(x1)(x3)P(x)-a=(x-1)(x-3) (x5)(x7)Q(x)\cdot(x-5)(x-7)Q(x) with QQ having integer coefficients.

Evaluating at x=2,4,6,8x=2, 4, 6, 8 (where P=aP=-a) gives 2a=15Q(2)=9Q(4)=15Q(6)=105Q(8). \begin{aligned} -2a &=-15\,Q(2) \\ &=9\,Q(4) \\ &=-15\,Q(6) \\ &=105\,Q(8). \end{aligned}

So 15,9,15, 9, and 105105 all divide 2a,2a, hence lcm(15,9,105)=315\operatorname{lcm}(15,9,105)=315 divides 2a.2a. Since 315315 is odd, aa is divisible by 315,315, so a315.a\ge315.

To attain the bound, let F(x)=(x1)(x3)(x5)(x7),Q(x)=42+(x2)(x6)(608x),P(x)=315+F(x)Q(x). \begin{aligned} F(x)&=(x-1)(x-3) \\ &\quad\cdot(x-5)(x-7), \\ Q(x)&=42+(x-2)(x-6) \\ &\quad\cdot(60-8x), \\ P(x)&=315+F(x)Q(x). \end{aligned} This integer polynomial equals 315315 at 1,3,5,7.1,3,5,7. At 2,4,2,4, the pairs (F(x),Q(x))(F(x),Q(x)) are (15,42),(9,70),(-15,42),(9,-70), and at 6,86,8 they are (15,42),(105,6).(-15,42),(105,-6). Thus F(x)Q(x)=630F(x)Q(x)=-630 each time and P(x)=315.P(x)=-315. Hence the bound is attainable.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

ABCDABCD 是圆内接四边形。ABCDABCD 的边长是互不相同且小于 1515 的整数,并且 BCCD=ABDABC\cdot CD=AB\cdot DABDBD 的最大可能值是多少?

Let ABCDABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral. The side lengths of ABCDABCD are distinct integers less than 1515 such that BCCD=ABDA.BC\cdot CD=AB\cdot DA. What is the largest possible value of BD?BD?

3252\sqrt{\dfrac{325}{2}}

185\sqrt{185}

3892\sqrt{\dfrac{389}{2}}

4252\sqrt{\dfrac{425}{2}}

5332\sqrt{\dfrac{533}{2}}

答案:D
难度评级:2420
小提示:

a=ABa=ABb=BCb=BCc=CDc=CDd=DAd=DAbc=ad=kbc=ad=k;比较面积可得 (ab+cd)AC=2kBD(ab+cd)\cdot AC=2k\cdot BD

Let a=AB,a=AB, b=BC,b=BC, c=CD,c=CD, d=DAd=DA with bc=ad=k;bc=ad=k; comparing areas gives (ab+cd)AC=2kBD(ab+cd)\cdot AC=2k\cdot BD

大提示:

由托勒密定理 ACBD=ac+bdAC\cdot BD=ac+bd,消去 ACACBD2=12(a2+b2+c2+d2)BD^2=\tfrac12(a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2)

With Ptolemy’s ACBD=ac+bd,AC\cdot BD=ac+bd, eliminate ACAC to get BD2=12(a2+b2+c2+d2)BD^2=\tfrac12(a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2)

解答:

a=ABa=ABb=BCb=BCc=CDc=CDd=DAd=DA,并令 k=bc=adk=bc=ad。用外接圆半径表示各三角形的面积,再利用 [ABC]+[CDA]=[ABC]+[CDA]= [BCD]+[ABD][BCD]+[ABD],可得 (ab+cd)AC=2kBD(ab+cd)\cdot AC=2k\cdot BD

托勒密定理给出 ACBD=ac+bdAC\cdot BD=ac+bd。消去 ACAC,得 BD2=(ac+bd)(ab+cd)2k=12(a2+b2+c2+d2) \begin{aligned} BD^2 &=\frac{(ac+bd)(ab+cd)}{2k} \\ &=\frac12\left(a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

四条边是小于 1515 的互异整数,并满足 bc=adbc=ad,所以 11111313 都不能出现(它们都是质数,需要等式另一侧有相应因子)。

如果最大边至多为 1212,因为不能使用 1111,四边平方和至多为 122+102+92+82=38912^2+10^2+9^2+8^2=389

现在设最大边为 1414,其余三边记为 s1>s2>s3s_1\gt s_2\gt s_3。乘积条件必须把 1414s3s_3 配对,所以 14s3=s1s214s_3=s_1s_2。因而 s1,s2s_1,s_2 中一个等于 77。若 s1=7s_1=7,平方和小于 142+72+62+52=30614^2+7^2+6^2+5^2=306。若 s2=7s_2=7,则 s1=2s3s_1=2s_3,最大的可能是 (s1,s2,s3)=(12,7,6)(s_1,s_2,s_3)=(12,7,6)。因此 2BD2=142+122+72+62=425 \begin{aligned} 2BD^2 &=14^2+12^2+7^2+6^2 \\ &=425 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 BD4252BD\le\sqrt{\dfrac{425}{2}}。边依次为 (a,b,c,d)=(14,12,7,6)(a,b,c,d)=(14,12,7,6) 的圆内接四边形达到等号,此时 bc=ad=84bc=ad=84

因此,正确答案是 D

Let a=AB,a=AB, b=BC,b=BC, c=CD,c=CD, d=DAd=DA and k=bc=ad.k=bc=ad. Writing each triangle’s area in terms of the circumradius and using [ABC]+[CDA]=[ABC]+[CDA]= [BCD]+[ABD][BCD]+[ABD] gives (ab+cd)AC=2kBD.(ab+cd)\cdot AC=2k\cdot BD.

Ptolemy’s theorem gives ACBD=ac+bd.AC\cdot BD=ac+bd. Eliminating AC,AC, BD2=(ac+bd)(ab+cd)2k=12(a2+b2+c2+d2). \begin{aligned} BD^2 &=\frac{(ac+bd)(ab+cd)}{2k} \\ &=\frac12\left(a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2\right). \end{aligned}

The sides are distinct integers below 1515 with bc=ad,bc=ad, so neither 1111 nor 1313 can appear (each is prime and would need a matching factor on the other side).

If the largest side is at most 12,12, the four squares sum to at most 122+102+92+82=389,12^2+10^2+9^2+8^2=389, because 1111 is unavailable.

Now suppose the largest side is 14,14, and write the others as s1>s2>s3.s_1\gt s_2\gt s_3. The product condition must pair 1414 with s3,s_3, so 14s3=s1s2.14s_3=s_1s_2. Hence one of s1,s2s_1,s_2 equals 7.7. If s1=7,s_1=7, the sum of squares is less than 142+72+62+52=306.14^2+7^2+6^2+5^2=306. If s2=7,s_2=7, then s1=2s3,s_1=2s_3, so the largest possibility is (s1,s2,s3)=(12,7,6).(s_1,s_2,s_3)=(12,7,6). Thus 2BD2=142+122+72+62=425, \begin{aligned} 2BD^2 &=14^2+12^2+7^2+6^2 \\ &=425, \end{aligned} so BD4252.BD\le\sqrt{\dfrac{425}{2}}. Equality is attained by the cyclic quadrilateral with side order (a,b,c,d)=(14,12,7,6),(a,b,c,d)=(14,12,7,6), for which bc=ad=84.bc=ad=84.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

首一二次多项式 P(x)P(x)Q(x)Q(x) 满足:P(Q(x))P(Q(x))x=23x=-2321-2117-1715-15 处为零,且 Q(P(x))Q(P(x))x=59x=-5957-5751-5149-49 处为零。P(x)P(x)Q(x)Q(x) 的最小值之和是多少?

Monic quadratic polynomials P(x)P(x) and Q(x)Q(x) have the property that P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) has zeros at x=23,x=-23, 21,-21, 17,-17, and 15,-15, and Q(P(x))Q(P(x)) has zeros at x=59,x=-59, 57,-57, 51,-51, and 49.-49. What is the sum of the minimum values of P(x)P(x) and Q(x)?Q(x)?

100-100

82-82

73-73

64-64

00

答案:A
难度评级:2420
小提示:

写成 P(x)=(xh1)2k12P(x)=(x-h_1)^2-k_1^2Q(x)=(xh2)2k22Q(x)=(x-h_2)^2-k_2^2P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) 的零点关于 x=h2x=h_2 对称

Write P(x)=(xh1)2k12P(x)=(x-h_1)^2-k_1^2 and Q(x)=(xh2)2k22;Q(x)=(x-h_2)^2-k_2^2; the zeros of P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) are symmetric about x=h2x=h_2

大提示:

最小值为 k12-k_1^2k22-k_2^2;根据给定零点的间距求 k1,k2k_1,k_2

The minimum values are k12-k_1^2 and k22;-k_2^2; find k1,k2k_1,k_2 from the spacings of the given zeros

解答:

如果 PP 只有一个实根,那么 P(Q(x))=0P(Q(x))=0 至多有两个实数解,而不是四个。因此 PP 有两个不同的实根;同理,QQ 也有两个不同的实根。写成 P(x)=(xh1)2k12P(x)=(x-h_1)^2-k_1^2Q(x)=(xh2)2k22Q(x)=(x-h_2)^2-k_2^2,其中 k1,k2>0k_1,k_2\gt0,最小值分别为 k12-k_1^2k22-k_2^2

方程 P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) 的零点满足 Q(x)=h1±k1Q(x)=h_1\pm k_1;四个解关于 h2h_2 对称,所以 h2h_2 是平均数 232117154=19\tfrac{-23-21-17-15}{4}=-19。于是 Q(15)Q(17)Q(-15)-Q(-17) =(16k22)(4k22)=(16-k_2^2)-(4-k_2^2) =12=12,而这个差等于 2k12k_1,所以 k1=6k_1=6

对称地,h1=595751494=54h_1=\tfrac{-59-57-51-49}{4}=-54,且 P(49)P(51)P(-49)-P(-51) =(25k12)(9k12)=(25-k_1^2)-(9-k_1^2) =16=2k2=16=2k_2,所以 k2=8k_2=8

两个最小值之和为 k12k22=3664=100-k_1^2-k_2^2=-36-64=-100

因此,正确答案是 A

If PP had only one real root, then P(Q(x))=0P(Q(x))=0 would have at most two real solutions, not four. Thus PP has two distinct real roots, and the same argument applies to Q.Q. Write P(x)=(xh1)2k12P(x)=(x-h_1)^2-k_1^2 and Q(x)=(xh2)2k22,Q(x)=(x-h_2)^2-k_2^2, with k1,k2>0k_1,k_2\gt0 and minimum values k12-k_1^2 and k22.-k_2^2.

The zeros of P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) occur where Q(x)=h1±k1;Q(x)=h_1\pm k_1; their four solutions are symmetric about h2,h_2, so h2h_2 is the average 232117154=19.\tfrac{-23-21-17-15}{4}=-19. Then Q(15)Q(17)Q(-15)-Q(-17) =(16k22)(4k22)=(16-k_2^2)-(4-k_2^2) =12,=12, and this difference equals 2k1,2k_1, so k1=6.k_1=6.

Symmetrically, h1=595751494=54,h_1=\tfrac{-59-57-51-49}{4}=-54, and P(49)P(51)P(-49)-P(-51) =(25k12)(9k12)=(25-k_1^2)-(9-k_1^2) =16=2k2,=16=2k_2, so k2=8.k_2=8.

The sum of the minimum values is k12k22=3664=100.-k_1^2-k_2^2=-36-64=-100.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

满足 1x2009+1x2010+1x20111 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{x-2009}+\frac{1}{x-2010} \\ &\quad {}+\frac{1}{x-2011}\ge1 \end{aligned} 的实数 xx 构成若干形如 a<xba\lt x\le b 的区间之并。这些区间的长度之和是多少?

The set of real numbers xx for which 1x2009+1x2010+1x20111 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{x-2009}+\frac{1}{x-2010} \\ &\quad {}+\frac{1}{x-2011}\ge1 \end{aligned} is the union of intervals of the form a<xb.a\lt x\le b. What is the sum of the lengths of these intervals?

1003335\dfrac{1003}{335}

1004335\dfrac{1004}{335}

33

403134\dfrac{403}{134}

20267\dfrac{202}{67}

答案:C
难度评级:2320
小提示:

左边在每个竖直渐近线之间的区间上递减,所以每个解区间都结束于方程 =1=1 的一个根

The left side is decreasing on each interval between its vertical asymptotes, so each solution interval ends at a root of the equation =1=1

大提示:

三个右端点是一个三次方程的根;用韦达定理求它们的和

The three right endpoints are the roots of a cubic; sum them with Vieta

解答:

f(x)f(x) 为不等式的左边。在相邻的竖直渐近线 2009,2010,20112009, 2010, 2011 之间的每个区间上,函数 ff 都递减;而且对所有 x<2009x\lt2009,都有 f<1f\lt1

(2009,2010)(2009,2010)(2010,2011)(2010,2011)(2011,)(2011,\infty) 上,解都是从左侧的渐近线开始,直到某个满足 f(xi)=1f(x_i)=1xix_i 为止。因此解集由三个区间组成,左端点为 2009,2010,20112009, 2010, 2011,右端点为 x1,x2,x3x_1, x_2, x_3

总长度是 (x12009)(x_1-2009) +(x22010)+(x_2-2010) +(x32011)+(x_3-2011) =x1+x2+x36030=x_1+x_2+x_3-6030

f(x)=1f(x)=1 中清除分母,得到 x3(2009+2010+2011+3)x2+=0 \begin{aligned} &x^3 \\ &\quad \small{}-(2009+2010+2011+3)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+\cdots=0\text{,} \end{aligned} 它的三个根是 x1,x2,x3x_1, x_2, x_3。由韦达定理,x1+x2+x3=6033x_1+x_2+x_3=6033,所以长度之和为 60336030=36033-6030=3

因此,正确答案是 C

Let f(x)f(x) be the left-hand side. On each interval between consecutive asymptotes 2009,2010,2011,2009, 2010, 2011, the function ff is decreasing, and f<1f\lt1 for all x<2009.x\lt2009.

On each of (2009,2010),(2009,2010), (2010,2011),(2010,2011), and (2011,),(2011,\infty), the solution is the part from the left asymptote up to a value xix_i where f(xi)=1.f(x_i)=1. So the solution set consists of three intervals with left endpoints 2009,2010,20112009, 2010, 2011 and right endpoints x1,x2,x3.x_1, x_2, x_3.

The total length is (x12009)(x_1-2009) +(x22010)+(x_2-2010) +(x32011)+(x_3-2011) =x1+x2+x36030.=x_1+x_2+x_3-6030.

Clearing denominators in f(x)=1f(x)=1 gives x3(2009+2010+2011+3)x2+=0, \begin{aligned} &x^3 \\ &\quad \small{}-(2009+2010+2011+3)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+\cdots=0, \end{aligned} whose roots are x1,x2,x3.x_1, x_2, x_3. By Vieta, x1+x2+x3=6033,x_1+x_2+x_3=6033, so the sum of lengths is 60336030=3.6033-6030=3.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

对每个整数 n2n\ge2,令 pow(n)\operatorname{pow}(n) 为整除 nn 的最大质数的最大幂。例如,pow(144)=pow(2432)=32\operatorname{pow}(144)=\operatorname{pow}(2^4\cdot3^2)=3^2。求最大的整数 mm,使得 2010m2010^m 整除 n=25300pow(n)\prod_{n=2}^{5300}\operatorname{pow}(n)\text{?}

For every integer n2,n\ge2, let pow(n)\operatorname{pow}(n) be the largest power of the largest prime that divides n.n. For example, pow(144)=pow(2432)=32.\operatorname{pow}(144)=\operatorname{pow}(2^4\cdot3^2)=3^2. What is the largest integer mm such that 2010m2010^m divides n=25300pow(n)?\prod_{n=2}^{5300}\operatorname{pow}(n)?

7474

7575

7676

7777

7878

答案:D
难度评级:2640
小提示:

2010=235672010=2\cdot3\cdot5\cdot67;求乘积中每个质数的指数并取最小值

2010=23567;2010=2\cdot3\cdot5\cdot67; find the exponent of each prime in the product and take the minimum

大提示:

pow(n)\operatorname{pow}(n) 只有在 ppnn 的最大质因数时才会贡献质数 pp

pow(n)\operatorname{pow}(n) contributes a prime pp only when pp is the largest prime factor of nn

解答:

因为 2010=235672010=2\cdot3\cdot5\cdot67,将乘积写成 2A3B5C67D2^A3^B5^C67^D 乘以一个与这四个质数都互质的因子;于是 m=min(A,B,C,D)m=\min(A,B,C,D)

质数 22 只有当 n=2kn=2^k 时,pow(n)\operatorname{pow}(n) 才是 22 的幂。因为 212=4096<5300<2132^{12}=4096\lt5300\lt2^{13},所以 k=1,,12k=1,\ldots,12 贡献 A=1+2++12=78A=1+2+\cdots+12=78

质数 67676767 是最大质因数时,pow(n)=67\operatorname{pow}(n)=67,即 n=67jn=67j,其中 1j791\le j\le79,且 jj 的每个质因数都至多为 6767;排除 j=67,71,73,79j=67, 71, 73, 79 后剩下 7575 个值。唯一满足 pow(n)=672\operatorname{pow}(n)=67^2nnn=672<5300n=67^2\lt5300,再贡献 22。所以 D=75+2=77D=75+2=77

质数 33 对于 n=2a3bn=2^a3^b,当 b=1,2,3,4b=1,2,3,4 时,允许的指数 aa 的个数分别为 11,10,8,711,10,8,7,仅这些项就贡献 B11+210+38+47=83 \begin{aligned} B&\ge11+2\cdot10 \\ &\quad+3\cdot8+4\cdot7=83 \end{aligned}\text{。}

质数 55 写成 n=2a3c5bn=2^a3^c5^b。当 b=1b=1 时,对 c=0,,6c=0,\ldots,6 的计数总和为 11+9+7+6+4+3+1=4111+9+7+6+4+3+1=41。当 b=2b=2 时,计数总和为 8+7+5+3+2=258+7+5+3+2=25,每个贡献两个因数 55。因此 C41+225=91C\ge41+2\cdot25=91

所以 m=min(78,B,C,77)=77m=\min(78,B,C,77)=77

因此,正确答案是 D

Since 2010=23567,2010=2\cdot3\cdot5\cdot67, write the product as 2A3B5C67D2^A3^B5^C67^D times a factor coprime to all four primes; then m=min(A,B,C,D).m=\min(A,B,C,D).

Prime 2:2: pow(n)\operatorname{pow}(n) is a power of 22 only when n=2k.n=2^k. Since 212=4096<5300<213,2^{12}=4096\lt5300\lt2^{13}, the values k=1,,12k=1,\ldots,12 contribute A=1+2++12=78.A=1+2+\cdots+12=78.

Prime 67:67: pow(n)=67\operatorname{pow}(n)=67 when 6767 is the largest prime factor, i.e. n=67jn=67j with 1j791\le j\le79 and every prime factor of jj at most 67;67; excluding j=67,71,73,79j=67, 71, 73, 79 leaves 7575 values. The one nn with pow(n)=672\operatorname{pow}(n)=67^2 is n=672<5300,n=67^2\lt5300, adding 2.2. So D=75+2=77.D=75+2=77.

Prime 3:3: For n=2a3bn=2^a3^b with b=1,2,3,4,b=1,2,3,4, the numbers of allowable exponents aa are 11,10,8,7,11,10,8,7, respectively. These terms alone contribute B11+210+38+47=83. \begin{aligned} B&\ge11+2\cdot10 \\ &\quad+3\cdot8+4\cdot7=83. \end{aligned}

Prime 5:5: Write n=2a3c5b.n=2^a3^c5^b. For b=1,b=1, the counts over c=0,,6c=0,\ldots,6 total 11+9+7+6+4+3+1=41.11+9+7+6+4+3+1=41. For b=2,b=2, the counts total 8+7+5+3+2=25,8+7+5+3+2=25, each contributing two factors of 5.5. Hence C41+225=91.C\ge41+2\cdot25=91.

Therefore m=min(78,B,C,77)=77.m=\min(78,B,C,77)=77.

Thus, the correct answer is D.