2018 AMC 10A 第 11 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

11.

掷出 77 个公平的标准 66 面骰子,朝上点数之和为 1010 的概率可写成 n67\dfrac{n}{6^{7}}\text{,} 其中 nn 是正整数。求 nn

When 77 fair standard 66-sided dice are thrown, the probability that the sum of the numbers on the top faces is 1010 can be written as n67,\dfrac{n}{6^{7}}, where nn is a positive integer. What is n?n?

4242

4949

5656

6363

8484

答案:E
知识点:骰子(概率)隔板法
难度评级:1420
小提示:

列出七次掷骰所得点数之和为 1010 的无序形式。

List the unordered ways seven positive die rolls can sum to 1010

大提示:

分别计算每种形式的排列数。

Count the orderings for each listed pattern

解答:

用隔板法求 nn:这等价于把 1010 个球放入 77 个盒子,并要求每个盒子至少有一个球。

这类问题的公式为 (n1k1) \binom{n - 1}{k - 1}\text{,} 其中 nn 是球数,kk 是盒子数。

七个正点数之和为 1010 时,任何一个骰子的点数都不会超过 44,所以每个面最大为 66 这一上限不会带来额外限制。因此所求答案为 (96)=(93)=84 \binom{9}{6} = \binom{9}{3} = 84\text{。}

因此正确答案是 E

We can use stars and bars to find n.n. It is the same as finding the number of ways to put 1010 balls into 77 boxes, where each box has at least one ball.

The formula for such a scenario is (n1k1), \binom{n - 1}{k - 1}, where nn is the number of balls and kk is the number of boxes.

No die can exceed 44 in a sum of 1010 from seven positive rolls, so the upper bound of 66 creates no additional restriction. The desired answer is therefore (96)=(93)=84. \binom{9}{6} = \binom{9}{3} = 84.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

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