2018 AMC 10A 真题

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1.

求下式的值:(((2+1)1+1)1+1)1+1\left(\left((2+1)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1\text{?}

What is the value of (((2+1)1+1)1+1)1+1?\left(\left((2+1)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1?

58\dfrac{5}{8}

117\dfrac{11}{7}

85\dfrac{8}{5}

1811\dfrac{18}{11}

158\dfrac{15}{8}

答案:B
知识点:分数运算顺序
难度评级:560
小提示:

从最内层的倒数开始,由内向外计算。

Work from the innermost reciprocal outward

大提示:

每取一次倒数,先化简,再加下一个 11

After each reciprocal step, simplify before adding the next 11

解答:

由内向外逐步化简:(((2+1)1+1)1+1)1+1=((13+1)1+1)1+1=(34+1)1+1=47+1=117 \begin{aligned} &\left(\left((2+1)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1 \\ &=\left(\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+1\right)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1 \\ &=\left(\dfrac{3}{4}+1\right)^{-1}+1 \\ &=\dfrac{4}{7} + 1 \\ &=\dfrac{11}{7} \end{aligned}

因此正确答案是 B

We can simplify this as follows. (((2+1)1+1)1+1)1+1=((13+1)1+1)1+1=(34+1)1+1=47+1=117 \begin{aligned} &\left(\left((2+1)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1 \\ &=\left(\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+1\right)^{-1}+1\right)^{-1}+1 \\ &=\left(\dfrac{3}{4}+1\right)^{-1}+1 \\ &=\dfrac{4}{7} + 1 \\ &=\dfrac{11}{7} \end{aligned}

Thus, B is the correct answer.

2.

Liliane 的汽水比 Jacqueline 多 50%50\%,Alice 的汽水比 Jacqueline 多 25%25\%。Liliane 和 Alice 的汽水量有什么关系?

Liliane has 50%50\% more soda than Jacqueline, and Alice has 25%25\% more soda than Jacqueline. What is the relationship between the amounts of soda that Liliane and Alice have?

Liliane 的汽水比 Alice 多 20%20\%

Liliane has 20%20\% more soda than Alice.

Liliane 的汽水比 Alice 多 25%25\%

Liliane has 25%25\% more soda than Alice.

Liliane 的汽水比 Alice 多 45%45\%

Liliane has 45%45\% more soda than Alice.

Liliane 的汽水比 Alice 多 75%75\%

Liliane has 75%75\% more soda than Alice.

Liliane 的汽水比 Alice 多 100%100\%

Liliane has 100%100\% more soda than Alice.

答案:A
难度评级:770
小提示:

以 Jacqueline 的汽水量为基准设未知数。

Use Jacqueline’s amount as the base variable

大提示:

直接比较 Liliane 与 Alice 的汽水量。

Compare Liliane’s amount directly to Alice’s amount

解答:

设 Jacqueline 有 xx 加仑汽水,则 Alice 有 1.25x1.25x 加仑,Liliane 有 1.5x1.5x 加仑。

两人的汽水量之比为 1.5x1.25x=1.2\dfrac{1.5x}{1.25x}=1.2,所以 Liliane 的汽水比 Alice 多 20%20\%

因此正确答案是 A

Let xx be the number of gallons of soda that Jacqueline has. Then Alice has 1.25x1.25x gallons, and Liliane has 1.5x1.5x gallons.

Therefore, the relationship can be found by dividing the amount of soda that each has to yield 1.5x1.25x=1.2,\dfrac{1.5x}{1.25x}=1.2, which means Liliane has 20%20\% more soda than Alice.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

3.

一单位血液经过 10!=1098110! = 10 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 \cdots 1 秒后过期。Yasin 在一月 11 日中午捐献了一单位血液。这单位血液会在哪一天过期?

A unit of blood expires after 10!=1098110! = 10 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 \cdots 1 seconds. Yasin donates a unit of blood at noon on January 1.1. On what day does his unit of blood expire?

一月 22

January 22

一月 1212

January 1212

一月 2222

January 2222

二月 1111

February 1111

二月 1212

February 1212

答案:E
难度评级:960
小提示:

10!10! 秒换算成天数。

Convert 10!10! seconds into days

大提示:

一天有 60602460\cdot60\cdot24 秒。

Use 60602460\cdot60\cdot24 seconds per day

解答:

10!10! 依次除以 606060602424,即可求出血液经过多少天后过期。

第一次约去 661010,第二次约去 3,43, 455,最后一次约去 88,并把 99 化为 33

剩下 2,72, 733,乘积为 4242。一月有 3131 天,所以到二月 11 日时还剩 4231=1142 - 31 = 11 天。

从二月 11 日再过 1111 天,血液将在二月 1212 日过期。

因此正确答案是 E

We can divide 10!10! by 60,60, 60,60, and 2424 to get the number of days that it takes for a unit of blood to expire.

The first division cancels a 66 and 10.10. The second division cancels 3,4,3, 4, and 5.5. The final division cancels 88 and turns the 99 into a 3.3.

This leaves 2,7,2, 7, and a 3,3, which multiply to 42.42. There are 3131 days in January, so by February 1,1, the blood only has 4231=1142 - 31 = 11 days left.

1111 days from February 11 would make the blood expire on February 12.12.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

4.

一天有 66 节课。若任意两门数学课都不能安排在相邻课时,那么一名学生安排 33 门数学课,包括代数、几何和数论,共有多少种排法?

(其余 33 节课所上的课程无需考虑。)

How many ways can a student schedule 33 mathematics courses — algebra, geometry, and number theory — in a 66-period day if no two mathematics courses can be taken in consecutive periods?

(What courses the student takes during the other 33 periods is of no concern here.)

33

66

1212

1818

2424

答案:E
难度评级:1220
小提示:

先选出三个互不相邻的课时。

First choose the three nonconsecutive periods

大提示:

选定课时后,再排列三门不同的课程。

After the periods are chosen, arrange the three named courses

解答:

33 门数学课可以占据以下课时:(1,3,5)(1, 3, 5)\text{,}(1,3,6)(1, 3, 6)\text{,}(1,4,6) (1, 4, 6)\text{,}(2,4,6) (2, 4, 6)\text{。}

因此,选择数学课所在课时共有 44 种方法。

每种课时安排中,三门课有 3!3! 种顺序,所以总共有 64=246 \cdot 4 = 24 种课程表。

因此正确答案是 E

The 33 classes can occupy the following periods: (1,3,5),(1, 3, 5),(1,3,6),(1, 3, 6),(1,4,6), (1, 4, 6),(2,4,6). (2, 4, 6).

This means that there are 44 ways to choose which periods the mathematics courses occur.

For each configuration, there are 3!3! ways to determine the order of the courses, for a total of 64=246 \cdot 4 = 24 schedules.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

5.

Alice、Bob 和 Charlie 徒步时想知道最近的城镇有多远。Alice 说:“我们离城镇至少 66 英里。”Bob 回答:“我们离城镇至多 55 英里。”Charlie 接着说:“其实最近的城镇至多在 44 英里外。”结果三人的话都不正确。设到最近城镇的距离为 dd 英里。下列哪个区间是 dd 的所有可能取值?

Alice, Bob, and Charlie were on a hike and were wondering how far away the nearest town was. When Alice said, “We are at least 66 miles away,” Bob replied, “We are at most 55 miles away.” Charlie then remarked, “Actually the nearest town is at most 44 miles away.” It turned out that none of the three statements was true. Let dd be the distance in miles to the nearest town. Which of the following intervals is the set of all possible values of d?d?

(0,4)(0,4)

(4,5)(4,5)

(4,6)(4,6)

(5,6)(5,6)

(5,)(5,\infty)

答案:D
难度评级:900
小提示:

分别否定三个人的陈述。

Negate each person’s statement

大提示:

将所得三个关于 dd 的不等式取交集。

Intersect the three resulting inequalities for dd

解答:

Alice 的话不正确,说明 d<6d \lt 6。Bob 的话不正确,说明 d>5d \gt 5。Charlie 的话不正确,说明 d>4d \gt 4

合并这些条件可得 5<d5 \lt dd<6d \lt 6,因此 dd 位于区间 (5,6)(5, 6)

因此正确答案是 D

Alice’s statement tells us that d<6.d \lt 6. Bob’s statement tells us that d>5.d \gt 5. Charlie’s statement tells us that d>4.d \gt 4.

Combining all of these tells us that 5<d5 \lt d and d<6,d \lt 6, which means dd is in the interval (5,6).(5, 6).

Thus, D is the correct answer.

6.

Sangho 把一个视频上传到某网站,观看者可以投喜欢票或不喜欢票。每个视频的初始分数为 00,每收到一张喜欢票,分数增加 11;每收到一张不喜欢票,分数减少 11

某一时刻,Sangho 看到视频的分数为 9090,而且所有投票中有 65%65\% 是喜欢票。当时这个视频一共收到了多少票?

Sangho uploaded a video to a website where viewers can vote that they like or dislike a video. Each video begins with a score of 0,0, and the score increases by 11 for each like vote and decreases by 11 for each dislike vote.

At one point Sangho saw that his video had a score of 90,90, and that 65%65\% of the votes cast on his video were like votes. How many votes had been cast on Sangho’s video at that point?

200200

300300

400400

500500

600600

答案:B
难度评级:900
小提示:

设总票数为 NN

Let NN be the total number of votes

大提示:

分数等于喜欢票数减去不喜欢票数。

The score is likes minus dislikes

解答:

喜欢票占 65%65\%,所以不喜欢票占 35%35\%。因此视频分数等于总票数的 65%35%=30%65\% - 35\% = 30\%

已知分数为 9090,所以总票数为 90÷30%=30090 \div 30\% = 300

因此正确答案是 B

If 65%65\% of votes were like votes, then 35%35\% of votes are dislike votes. Then Sangho’s score is 65%35%=30%65\% - 35\% = 30\% the total number of votes.

We know that Sangho’s score is 90,90, so the total number of votes is 90÷30%=300.90 \div 30\% = 300.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

7.

有多少个整数 nn(不一定是正数)使下式为整数?4000(25)n4000 \cdot \left(\dfrac{2}{5}\right)^n

For how many (not necessarily positive) integer values of nn is the following value an integer? 4000(25)n4000 \cdot \left(\dfrac{2}{5}\right)^n

33

44

66

88

99

答案:E
难度评级:1070
小提示:

40004000 写成 25532^5\cdot5^3

Write 40004000 as 25532^5\cdot5^3

大提示:

2255 的指数都必须是非负数。

The exponents of 22 and 55 must both be nonnegative

解答:

原式可改写为 (2553)(25)n=25+n53n (2^5 \cdot 5^3) \cdot \left(\dfrac{2}{5}\right)^n = 2^{5 + n} \cdot 5^{3 - n}\text{。}

要使它成为整数,两个指数都必须非负,即 5+n0n53n0n3 \begin{aligned} 5 + n \geq 0 &\Rightarrow n \geq -5 \\ 3 - n \geq 0 &\Rightarrow n \leq 3 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 nn 共有 5+3+1=95 + 3 + 1 = 9 个取值。

因此正确答案是 E

We can rewrite the expression as (2553)(25)n=25+n53n. (2^5 \cdot 5^3) \cdot \left(\dfrac{2}{5}\right)^n = 2^{5 + n} \cdot 5^{3 - n}.

For this to be an integer, both exponents must be nonnegative. This means that 5+n0n53n0n3. \begin{aligned} 5 + n \geq 0 &\Rightarrow n \geq -5 \\ 3 - n \geq 0 &\Rightarrow n \leq 3. \end{aligned}

This gives us 5+3+1=95 + 3 + 1 = 9 values for n.n.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

8.

Joe 有 2323 枚硬币,分别是 55 分、1010 分和 2525 分硬币。他的 1010 分硬币比 55 分硬币多 33 枚,所有硬币总值为 320320 分。Joe 的 2525 分硬币比 55 分硬币多多少枚?

Joe has a collection of 2323 coins, consisting of 55-cent coins, 1010-cent coins, and 2525-cent coins. He has 33 more 1010-cent coins than 55-cent coins, and the total value of his collection is 320320 cents. How many more 2525-cent coins does Joe have than 55-cent coins?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
知识点:钱币方程组
难度评级:1220
小提示:

55 分硬币的枚数为 xx

Let the number of 55-cent coins be xx

大提示:

同时利用硬币总数和总价值列方程。

Use both the total number of coins and total value equations

解答:

设 Joe 有 xx55 分硬币,则他有 x+3x + 31010 分硬币。

因此,他有 23x(x+3)=202x 23 - x - (x + 3) = 20 - 2x 2525 分硬币。

这些硬币的总价值为 5x+10(x+3)+25(202x) 5x + 10(x + 3) + 25(20 - 2x) =53035x= 530 - 35x\text{。}

由总价值可得 53035x=320x=6 530 - 35x = 320 \Rightarrow x = 6\text{。}

所以 Joe 有 2026=820 - 2 \cdot 6 = 82525 分硬币;他的 2525 分硬币比 55 分硬币多 86=28 - 6 = 2 枚。

因此正确答案是 C

Let xx be the number of 55-cent coins that Joe has. Then the number of 1010-cent coins he has is x+3.x + 3.

Therefore, Joe has 23x(x+3)=202x 23 - x - (x + 3) = 20 - 2x 2525-cent coins.

The total value of all these coins is 5x+10(x+3)+25(202x) 5x + 10(x + 3) + 25(20 - 2x) =53035x.= 530 - 35x.

We know that 53035x=320x=6. 530 - 35x = 320 \Rightarrow x = 6.

This means that Joe has 2026=820 - 2 \cdot 6 = 8 2525-cent coins. Therefore, he has 86=28 - 6 = 2 more 2525-cent coins than 55-cent coins.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

9.

下图中的所有三角形都与等腰三角形 ABCABC 相似,其中 AB=ACAB=AC77 个最小三角形的面积均为 11,而 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 4040。梯形 DBCEDBCE 的面积是多少?

All of the triangles in the diagram below are similar to isosceles triangle ABC,ABC, in which AB=AC.AB=AC. Each of the 77 smallest triangles has area 1,1, and ABC\triangle ABC has area 40.40. What is the area of trapezoid DBCE?DBCE?

1616

1818

2020

2222

2424

答案:E
知识点:相似面积比
难度评级:1420
小提示:

相似三角形的面积比等于对应边长比的平方。

Area scales as the square of side length for similar triangles

大提示:

先求上方三角形的面积,再从 4040 中减去。

Find the area of the top triangle and subtract from 4040

解答:

由相似三角形可知,小三角形的边长是大三角形对应边长的 140\sqrt{\frac{1}{40}} 倍。

因此,ADE\triangle ADE 的边长是大三角形对应边长的 41404\sqrt{\frac{1}{40}} 倍。

两者的面积比为 (4140)2=16140=25 \left(4\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{40}}\right)^2 = 16 \cdot \dfrac{1}{40} = \dfrac{2}{5}\text{。}

所以 ADE\triangle ADE 的面积为 2540=16\frac{2}{5} \cdot 40 = 16,梯形的面积为 4016=2440 - 16 = 24

因此正确答案是 E

We know that the side length of the smaller triangles is 140\sqrt{\frac{1}{40}} times the length of the larger triangle from similar triangles.

Then the side length of ADE\triangle ADE is 41404\sqrt{\frac{1}{40}} times the length of the side length of the larger triangle.

This makes the ratio of the areas (4140)2=16140=25. \left(4\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{40}}\right)^2 = 16 \cdot \dfrac{1}{40} = \dfrac{2}{5}.

Therefore, the area of ADE\triangle ADE is 2540=16.\frac{2}{5} \cdot 40 = 16. The area of the trapezoid is then 4016=24.40 - 16 = 24.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

10.

设实数 xx 满足49x225x2=3\sqrt{49-x^2}-\sqrt{25-x^2}=3\text{。}求下式的值:49x2+25x2\sqrt{49-x^2}+\sqrt{25-x^2}\text{?}

Suppose that real number xx satisfies 49x225x2=3.\sqrt{49-x^2}-\sqrt{25-x^2}=3. What is the value of 49x2+25x2?\sqrt{49-x^2}+\sqrt{25-x^2}?

88

33+3\sqrt{33}+3

99

210+42\sqrt{10}+4

1212

答案:A
难度评级:1310
小提示:

把两个根式组成的差与和看作一对共轭式。

Treat the two radicals as conjugate-like quantities

大提示:

将已知的差乘以所求的和。

Multiply the given difference by the desired sum

解答:

题中给出的差与所求的和互为共轭式,将两式相乘即可消去根号。

乘积为 49x225+x2=24 49 - x^2 - 25 + x^2 = 24\text{。}

所以两式的乘积是 2424,所求的和为 24÷3=824 \div 3 = 8

因此正确答案是 A

Note that the left hand side of the equation and the desired expression are conjugates. Multiplying them would remove the square roots.

Multiplying them yields 49x225+x2=24. 49 - x^2 - 25 + x^2 = 24.

This means that the product of the values of the expressions is equal to 24.24. The desired value is therefore 24÷3=8.24 \div 3 = 8.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

11.

掷出 77 个公平的标准 66 面骰子,朝上点数之和为 1010 的概率可写成 n67\dfrac{n}{6^{7}}\text{,} 其中 nn 是正整数。求 nn

When 77 fair standard 66-sided dice are thrown, the probability that the sum of the numbers on the top faces is 1010 can be written as n67,\dfrac{n}{6^{7}}, where nn is a positive integer. What is n?n?

4242

4949

5656

6363

8484

答案:E
难度评级:1420
小提示:

列出七次掷骰所得点数之和为 1010 的无序形式。

List the unordered ways seven positive die rolls can sum to 1010

大提示:

分别计算每种形式的排列数。

Count the orderings for each listed pattern

解答:

用隔板法求 nn:这等价于把 1010 个球放入 77 个盒子,并要求每个盒子至少有一个球。

这类问题的公式为 (n1k1) \binom{n - 1}{k - 1}\text{,} 其中 nn 是球数,kk 是盒子数。

七个正点数之和为 1010 时,任何一个骰子的点数都不会超过 44,所以每个面最大为 66 这一上限不会带来额外限制。因此所求答案为 (96)=(93)=84 \binom{9}{6} = \binom{9}{3} = 84\text{。}

因此正确答案是 E

We can use stars and bars to find n.n. It is the same as finding the number of ways to put 1010 balls into 77 boxes, where each box has at least one ball.

The formula for such a scenario is (n1k1), \binom{n - 1}{k - 1}, where nn is the number of balls and kk is the number of boxes.

No die can exceed 44 in a sum of 1010 from seven positive rolls, so the upper bound of 66 creates no additional restriction. The desired answer is therefore (96)=(93)=84. \binom{9}{6} = \binom{9}{3} = 84.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

12.

有多少个实数有序对 (x,y)(x,y) 满足下列方程组?{ x+3y=3 xy=1\begin{cases} ~x+3y&=3 \\ ~\big||x|-|y|\big|&=1 \end{cases}

How many ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y)(x,y) satisfy the following system of equations? { x+3y=3 xy=1\begin{cases} ~x+3y&=3 \\ ~\big||x|-|y|\big|&=1 \end{cases}

11

22

33

44

88

答案:C
难度评级:1370
小提示:

把绝对值方程拆成四种线性情形。

Replace the absolute-value equation by four linear cases

大提示:

不同情形可能得到同一个解,因此要数互不相同的有序对。

Distinct solutions can repeat across cases, so count unique ordered pairs

解答:

第二个方程等价于 xy=1|x|-|y|=1xy=1|x|-|y|=-1,因此只需检查四种线性关系 x=y±1x=y\pm1x=y±1x=-y\pm1

分别与 x+3y=3x+3y=3 联立,得到 (x,y)=(32,12)(x,y)=\left(\dfrac32,\dfrac12\right)(0,1)(0,1)、再次得到 (0,1)(0,1),以及 (3,2)(-3,2)

其中有三个互不相同的有序对,而且都满足原绝对值方程。因此正确答案是 C

The second equation says xy=1|x|-|y|=1 or xy=1|x|-|y|=-1, so it is enough to check the four linear possibilities x=y±1x=y\pm1 and x=y±1x=-y\pm1.

Combining these with x+3y=3x+3y=3 gives (x,y)=(32,12)(x,y)=\left(\dfrac32,\dfrac12\right), (0,1)(0,1), (0,1)(0,1) again, and (3,2)(-3,2).

These are three distinct ordered pairs, and each satisfies the original absolute-value equation. Thus, C is the correct answer.

13.

如图所示,一张三角形纸片的三边长分别为 334455 英寸。将纸片折叠,使点 AA 落到点 BB 上。折痕长多少英寸?

A paper triangle with sides of lengths 3,3, 4,4, and 55 inches, as shown, is folded so that point AA falls on point B.B. What is the length in inches of the crease?

1+1221+\dfrac{1}{2} \sqrt{2}

3\sqrt{3}

74\dfrac{7}{4}

158\dfrac{15}{8}

22

答案:D
难度评级:1420
小提示:

折痕是 ABAB 的垂直平分线。

The crease is the perpendicular bisector of ABAB

大提示:

利用它与原来的 33-44-55 三角形之间的相似关系。

Use similarity with the original 33-44-55 triangle

解答:

折痕是 AB\overline{AB} 的垂直平分线。设折痕为 DE\overline{DE}

AAAA 相似判定,ADEACB\triangle ADE\sim\triangle ACB。因此 BCAC=DEAD\dfrac{BC}{AC}=\dfrac{DE}{AD}\text{。} 代入各边长得 34=DE52\dfrac34=\dfrac{DE}{\frac{5}{2}}\text{,} 所以 DE=158DE=\dfrac{15}{8}

因此正确答案是 D

The crease is the perpendicular bisector of AB.\overline{AB}. Let DE\overline{DE} be the crease.

By AAAA similarity, ADEACB.\triangle ADE\sim\triangle ACB. Therefore, BCAC=DEAD.\dfrac{BC}{AC}=\dfrac{DE}{AD}. Plugging in the side lengths gives 34=DE52,\dfrac34=\dfrac{DE}{\frac{5}{2}}, so DE=158.DE=\dfrac{15}{8}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

14.

求不超过下式的最大整数:3100+2100396+296\dfrac{3^{100}+2^{100}}{3^{96}+2^{96}}\text{?}

What is the greatest integer less than or equal to 3100+2100396+296?\dfrac{3^{100}+2^{100}}{3^{96}+2^{96}}?

8080

8181

9696

9797

625625

答案:A
难度评级:1540
小提示:

先将这个式子与 8181 比较。

Compare the expression to 8181 first

大提示:

再证明它仍然大于 8080

Then prove it is still greater than 8080

解答:

a=396a=3^{96}b=296b=2^{96}。原式为 81a+16ba+b=16+65aa+b\dfrac{81a+16b}{a+b}=16+\dfrac{65a}{a+b},所以小于 16+65=8116+65=81

要证明其最大整数为 8080,还要证明原式大于 8080。这等价于 81a+16b>80a+80b81a+16b>80a+80b,也就是 a>64ba>64b

因为 (32)2=94>2\left(\dfrac32\right)^2=\dfrac94>2,所以 ab=(32)96>248>64\dfrac{a}{b}=\left(\dfrac32\right)^{96}>2^{48}>64。于是原式大于 8080 且小于 8181。因此正确答案是 A

Let a=396a=3^{96} and b=296b=2^{96}. The expression is 81a+16ba+b=16+65aa+b\dfrac{81a+16b}{a+b}=16+\dfrac{65a}{a+b}, so it is less than 16+65=8116+65=81.

To show the floor is 8080, we also need the expression to be greater than 8080. This is equivalent to 81a+16b>80a+80b81a+16b>80a+80b, or a>64ba>64b.

Because (32)2=94>2,\left(\dfrac32\right)^2=\dfrac94>2, we have ab=(32)96>248>64.\dfrac{a}{b}=\left(\dfrac32\right)^{96}>2^{48}>64. Hence the expression is greater than 8080 and less than 81.81. Thus, A is the correct answer.

15.

两个半径为 55 的圆彼此外切,并且都内切于一个半径为 1313 的圆,切点分别为 AABB,如图所示。距离 ABAB 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm+n

Two circles of radius 55 are externally tangent to each other and are internally tangent to a circle of radius 1313 at points AA and B,B, as shown in the diagram. The distance ABAB can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

2121

2929

5858

6969

9393

答案:D
知识点:相切圆相似
难度评级:1820
小提示:

连接三个圆的圆心。

Join the three circle centers

大提示:

包含切点的三角形与圆心三角形相似。

The triangle through tangent points is similar to the triangle through centers

解答:

设大圆的圆心为 XX,两个小圆的圆心分别为 Y,ZY,Z。则 XY=XZ=135=8XY=XZ=13-5=8,且 YZ=10YZ=10

切点处的半径共线,因此 XAXAXYXY 共线,XBXBXZXZ 共线,于是 XABXYZ\triangle XAB\sim \triangle XYZ。所以 ABYZ=XAXY=138\dfrac{AB}{YZ}=\dfrac{XA}{XY}=\dfrac{13}{8}

因此 AB=10138=654AB=10\cdot\dfrac{13}{8}=\dfrac{65}{4},从而 m+n=65+4=69m+n=65+4=69。所以正确答案是 D

Let XX be the center of the large circle and let Y,ZY,Z be the centers of the two smaller circles. Then XY=XZ=135=8XY=XZ=13-5=8 and YZ=10YZ=10.

The radii to tangent points make XAXA collinear with XYXY and XBXB collinear with XZXZ, so XABXYZ\triangle XAB\sim \triangle XYZ. Thus ABYZ=XAXY=138\dfrac{AB}{YZ}=\dfrac{XA}{XY}=\dfrac{13}{8}.

Hence AB=10138=654AB=10\cdot\dfrac{13}{8}=\dfrac{65}{4}, so m+n=65+4=69m+n=65+4=69. Thus, D is the correct answer.

16.

直角三角形 ABCABC 的两条直角边长分别为 AB=20AB=20BC=21BC=21。从顶点 BB 向斜边 AC\overline{AC} 上一点作线段,把 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC} 也计算在内,共有多少条这样的线段长度是整数?

Right triangle ABCABC has leg lengths AB=20AB=20 and BC=21.BC=21. Including AB\overline{AB} and BC,\overline{BC}, how many line segments with integer length can be drawn from vertex BB to a point on hypotenuse AC?\overline{AC}?

55

88

1212

1313

1515

答案:D
难度评级:1540
小提示:

求从 BB 到斜边的高。

Find the altitude from BB to the hypotenuse

大提示:

高两侧会对称地出现整数长度的线段。

Integer-length segments occur in symmetric pairs around the altitude

解答:

PP 是从 BBAC\overline{AC} 所作高的垂足。由勾股定理得 AC=29AC=29。用两种方式计算面积,得到 29PB2=20212\dfrac{29\cdot PB}{2}=\dfrac{20\cdot21}{2}\text{,} 所以 PB=42029PB=\dfrac{420}{29},它介于 14141515 之间。

当端点从 AA 移到 PP 时,它到 BB 的距离从 2020 连续减小到 PBPB。因此长度分别为 15,16,17,18,19,2015,16,17,18,19,20 的线段各有一条。当端点从 PP 移到 CC 时,这个距离从 PBPB 连续增大到 2121,所以长度分别为 15,16,17,18,19,20,2115,16,17,18,19,20,21 的线段各有一条。这样共有 6+7=136+7=13 条不同的线段。

所以正确答案是 D

Let PP be the foot of the altitude from BB to AC.\overline{AC}. The Pythagorean Theorem gives AC=29.AC=29. Computing the area in two ways gives 29PB2=20212,\dfrac{29\cdot PB}{2}=\dfrac{20\cdot21}{2}, so PB=42029,PB=\dfrac{420}{29}, which lies between 1414 and 15.15.

As the endpoint moves from AA to P,P, its distance from BB decreases continuously from 2020 to PB.PB. Thus there is one segment of each integer length 15,16,17,18,19,20.15,16,17,18,19,20. As the endpoint moves from PP to C,C, the distance increases continuously from PBPB to 21,21, giving one segment of each integer length 15,16,17,18,19,20,21.15,16,17,18,19,20,21. These are 6+7=136+7=13 distinct segments.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

17.

SS 是从 {1,2,,12}\{1,2,\dots,12\} 中选出的 66 个整数所组成的集合,并满足:若 aabb 都属于 SS,且 a<ba < b,则 bb 不是 aa 的倍数。SS 中元素的最小可能值是多少?

Let SS be a set of 66 integers taken from {1,2,,12}\{1,2,\dots,12\} with the property that if aa and bb are elements of SS with a<b,a < b, then bb is not a multiple of a.a. What is the least possible value of an element in S?S?

22

33

44

55

77

答案:C
难度评级:1970
小提示:

把整数分成若干组,使每组至多能选一个数。

Group numbers so at most one from each group can be chosen

大提示:

尝试从整除链中强制选出六个数。

Try forcing six choices from the divisor chains

解答:

分情况讨论 SS 中的最小元素:

最小元素不可能是 11,因为这样集合中不能再放入任何其他数。

最小元素也不可能是 22,因为这时必须选入除 11 以外的所有奇数,而其中 3399 会违反条件。

若最小元素是 33,可以选 771111,再从 4488 中选一个,并从 551010 中选一个。

无论怎样选,最多只能得到 55 个元素,所以最小元素不能是 33

44 开始时,可以选入 6,7,96, 7, 91111,再从 551010 中选一个,便得到一个含 66 个元素的集合。

因此正确答案是 C

We proceed by casing on possible values for S:S:

11 cannot be the smallest element since that would mean that no other number can be in the set.

22 cannot be the smallest element since we would have to include every odd number except 1.1. This would make 33 and 99 violate the rule.

Let 33 be the smallest element. Then we can include 77 and 11.11. We can finally include either 44 or 88 and 55 or 10.10.

Either way, the maximum number of elements that we can include is 5,5, so 33 cannot be the smallest element.

Starting with 4,4, we can include 6,7,96, 7, 9 and 11.11. Finally, we can add either 55 or 10,10, creating a 66-element set.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

18.

有多少个非负整数可以写成a737+a636+a535a_7\cdot3^7+a_6\cdot3^6+a_5\cdot3^5+a434+a333+a232+a_4\cdot3^4+a_3\cdot3^3+a_2\cdot3^2+a131+a030+a_1\cdot3^1+a_0\cdot3^0\text{,}其中对 0i70\le i \le 7,都有 ai{1,0,1}a_i\in \{-1,0,1\}

How many nonnegative integers can be written in the form a737+a636+a535a_7\cdot3^7+a_6\cdot3^6+a_5\cdot3^5+a434+a333+a232+a_4\cdot3^4+a_3\cdot3^3+a_2\cdot3^2+a131+a030,+a_1\cdot3^1+a_0\cdot3^0, where ai{1,0,1}a_i\in \{-1,0,1\} for 0i7?0\le i \le 7?

512512

729729

10941094

32813281

59,04859{,}048

答案:D
难度评级:1770
小提示:

把这个表达式看成平衡三进制表示。

Think of the expression as balanced ternary

大提示:

正数与负数会关于 00 对称配对。

Positive and negative values pair off symmetrically around 00

解答:

每一组系数得到的和必为正数、负数或零。

由于对称性,正数与负数的数量相等:把所有 11 换成 1-1,同时把所有 1-1 换成 11 即可一一配对。

只有当所有系数都为 00 时,和才等于 00

系数的组合共有 38=65613^8 = 6561 种。因为 33 的每个幂都大于它前面各个幂之和,所以不同的系数组合给出不同的值。更具体地说,在两组系数最高的不同位上,差的绝对值至少为 3k3^k,而所有更低的位加起来最多只能抵消 2(1+3++3k1)=3k12(1+3+\cdots+3^{k-1})=3^k-1

因此,不同的非负整数共有 656112+1=3281 \dfrac{6561 - 1}{2} + 1 = 3281 个。

因此正确答案是 D

Note that every number formed by this sum is either positive, negative, or zero.

The number of positive numbers equals the number of negative numbers due to symmetry (flip the 11 s to 1-1 s and 1-1 s to 11 s).

The only way for the sum to be 00 is if all the coefficients are 0.0.

The total number of numbers is 38=6561.3^8 = 6561. Because each power of 33 is larger than the sum of all previous powers of three, each combination of coefficients yields a different value. More explicitly, at the highest place where two combinations differ, the difference has magnitude at least 3k,3^k, while all lower places together can cancel at most 2(1+3++3k1)=3k1.2(1+3+\cdots+3^{k-1})=3^k-1.

Therefore, there are 656112+1=3281 \dfrac{6561 - 1}{2} + 1 = 3281 distinct nonnegative integers.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

19.

从集合 {11,13,15,17,19}\{11,13,15,17,19\} 中随机选择一个数 mm,并从集合 {1999,2000,2001,,2018}\{1999,2000,2001,\ldots,2018\} 中随机选择一个数 nnmnm^n 的个位数字为 11 的概率是多少?

A number mm is randomly selected from the set {11,13,15,17,19},\{11,13,15,17,19\}, and a number nn is randomly selected from {1999,2000,2001,,2018}.\{1999,2000,2001,\ldots,2018\}. What is the probability that mnm^n has a units digit of 1?1?

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

310\dfrac{3}{10}

720\dfrac{7}{20}

25\dfrac{2}{5}

答案:E
难度评级:1540
小提示:

只需考虑个位数字的循环。

Only units-digit cycles matter

大提示:

分别统计个位为 1,3,5,7,91,3,5,7,9 的底数对应的成功次数。

Average the success counts for bases ending in 1,3,5,7,91,3,5,7,9

解答:

只需考虑 mm 的个位数字。在 2020 个连续的可能指数中,每个模 44 的余数出现 55 次,并且有 1010 个偶数指数。个位为 11 的底数对全部 2020 个指数都成功;个位为 3377 的底数在能被 44 整除的那 55 个指数上成功;个位为 55 的底数从不成功;个位为 99 的底数在 1010 个偶数指数上成功。

因此,在 520=1005\cdot20=100 个等可能数对中,有 20+5+0+5+10=4020+5+0+5+10=40 个符合条件,概率为 40100=25\dfrac{40}{100}=\dfrac25

所以正确答案是 E

Only the units digit of mm matters. Among the 2020 consecutive possible exponents, each residue modulo 44 occurs 55 times, and 1010 exponents are even. A base ending in 11 succeeds for all 2020 exponents; bases ending in 33 or 77 succeed for the 55 exponents divisible by 4;4; a base ending in 55 never succeeds; and a base ending in 99 succeeds for the 1010 even exponents.

Thus 20+5+0+5+10=4020+5+0+5+10=40 of the 520=1005\cdot20=100 equally likely pairs work, and the probability is 40100=25.\dfrac{40}{100}=\dfrac25.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

20.

一个扫描码由一个 7×77 \times 7 方格构成,其中一些小方格涂黑,其余小方格涂白。在这个由 4949 个小方格组成的网格中,两种颜色都必须至少出现一次。

如果把整个正方形绕中心逆时针旋转 9090^{\circ} 的任意整数倍,或关于连接两个对角顶点的直线、连接两条对边中点的直线反射后,扫描码的外观都不改变,就称它是对称的

一共有多少种可能的对称扫描码?

A scanning code consists of a 7×77 \times 7 grid of squares, with some of its squares colored black and the rest colored white. There must be at least one square of each color in this grid of 4949 squares.

A scanning code is called symmetric if its look does not change when the entire square is rotated by a multiple of 9090^{\circ} counterclockwise around its center, nor when it is reflected across a line joining opposite corners or a line joining midpoints of opposite sides.

What is the total number of possible symmetric scanning codes?

510510

10221022

81908190

81928192

65,53465{,}534

答案:B
难度评级:1970
小提示:

按照正方形的对称性把小方格分成若干轨道。

Classify grid squares by symmetry orbits

大提示:

每个轨道选择一种颜色,再排除两种纯色涂法。

Choose one color per orbit, excluding the two constant colorings

解答:

把行和列从 3-3 编号到 33,中心为 (0,0)(0,0)。旋转和反射可以改变坐标的符号,也可以交换两个坐标,所以 (x,y)(x,y) 所在的轨道由 (x,y)(|x|,|y|) 从小到大排序后得到的数对决定。这样的数对是满足 0uv30\le u\le v\le3(u,v)(u,v),共有 4+3+2+1=104+3+2+1=10 个。

每个轨道选定一个小方格的颜色后,该轨道内其余方格的颜色都由对称性确定。

因此,在考虑两种颜色都必须出现的条件之前,共有 2102^{10} 种对称涂法。

全黑和全白两种涂法不合要求,所以有效的对称扫描码共有 2102=10222^{10}-2=1022 种。因此正确答案是 B

Number rows and columns from 3-3 through 3,3, with the center at (0,0).(0,0). Rotations and reflections can change signs and exchange coordinates, so the orbit of (x,y)(x,y) is determined by the ordered pair obtained by sorting (x,y).(|x|,|y|). These pairs are (u,v)(u,v) with 0uv3,0\le u\le v\le3, of which there are 4+3+2+1=10.4+3+2+1=10.

Once one square in each orbit is colored, symmetry forces the colors of all other squares in that orbit.

There are therefore 2102^{10} symmetric colorings before the condition about using both colors. The all-black and all-white colorings are not allowed.

The total number of valid symmetric scanning codes is 2102=10222^{10}-2=1022. Thus, B is the correct answer.

21.

在实 xyxy 平面内,曲线 x2+y2=a2x^2+y^2=a^2y=x2ay=x^2-a 恰好相交于 33 个点时,下列哪一项描述了 aa 的取值范围?

Which of the following describes the set of values of aa for which the curves x2+y2=a2x^2+y^2=a^2 and y=x2ay=x^2-a in the real xyxy-plane intersect at exactly 33 points?

a=14a = \dfrac14

14<a<12\dfrac14 \lt a \lt \dfrac12

a>14a \gt \dfrac14

a=12a = \dfrac12

a>12a \gt \dfrac12

答案:E
难度评级:1820
小提示:

把抛物线方程代入圆的方程。

Substitute the parabola equation into the circle equation

大提示:

只有当 2a12a-1 为正数时,才会出现非零根。

The nonzero roots appear only when 2a12a-1 is positive

解答:

y=x2ay=x^2-a 代入 x2+y2=a2x^2+y^2=a^2,得到 x2+(x2a)2=a2x^2+(x^2-a)^2=a^2,所以 x2(x2(2a1))=0x^2(x^2-(2a-1))=0

因子 x2=0x^2=0 总会给出一个交点 (0,a)(0,-a)。另一个因子恰好在 2a1>02a-1>0 时给出两个额外的实交点。

因此,恰有三个交点的条件是 a>12a>\dfrac12。所以正确答案是 E

Substitute y=x2ay=x^2-a into x2+y2=a2x^2+y^2=a^2. This gives x2+(x2a)2=a2x^2+(x^2-a)^2=a^2, so x2(x2(2a1))=0x^2(x^2-(2a-1))=0.

The factor x2=0x^2=0 always gives the single point (0,a)(0,-a). The other factor gives two additional real points exactly when 2a1>02a-1>0.

There are exactly three intersection points when a>12a>\dfrac12. Thus, E is the correct answer.

22.

aabbccdd 是正整数,并满足 gcd(a,b)=24\gcd(a, b)=24\text{,}gcd(b,c)=36\gcd(b, c)=36\text{,}gcd(c,d)=54\gcd(c, d)=54\text{,} 以及 70<gcd(d,a)<10070 < \gcd(d, a) < 100\text{。} 下列哪一个数一定是 aa 的因数?

Let a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd be positive integers such that gcd(a,b)=24,\gcd(a, b)=24, gcd(b,c)=36,\gcd(b, c)=36, gcd(c,d)=54,\gcd(c, d)=54, and 70<gcd(d,a)<100.70 < \gcd(d, a) < 100. Which of the following must be a divisor of a?a?

55

77

1111

1313

1717

答案:D
难度评级:2010
小提示:

追踪各个最大公因数中必然含有的 2233 的幂。

Track the forced powers of 22 and 33 in the gcds

大提示:

gcd(d,a)\gcd(d,a) 的剩余因子必须在 12121717 之间。

The remaining factor of gcd(d,a)\gcd(d,a) must lie between 1212 and 1717

解答:

gcd(a,b)=24=233\gcd(a,b)=24=2^3\cdot3gcd(b,c)=36=2232\gcd(b,c)=36=2^2\cdot3^2 可知,aa 能被 2332^3\cdot3 整除,但不能被 323^2 整除。

gcd(b,c)=36\gcd(b,c)=36gcd(c,d)=54=233\gcd(c,d)=54=2\cdot3^3 可知,dd 能被 2332\cdot3^3 整除,但不能被 222^2 整除。因此 gcd(d,a)=23n\gcd(d,a)=2\cdot3\cdot n,其中 nn 不含因子 2233

70<6n<10070<6n<10012n1612\le n\le16。这个范围内不含因子 2233 的整数 nn 只有 1313,所以 1313 一定是 aa 的因数。因此正确答案是 D

From gcd(a,b)=24=233\gcd(a,b)=24=2^3\cdot3 and gcd(b,c)=36=2232\gcd(b,c)=36=2^2\cdot3^2, the number aa is divisible by 2332^3\cdot3 but not by 323^2.

From gcd(b,c)=36\gcd(b,c)=36 and gcd(c,d)=54=233\gcd(c,d)=54=2\cdot3^3, the number dd is divisible by 2332\cdot3^3 but not by 222^2. Therefore gcd(d,a)=23n\gcd(d,a)=2\cdot3\cdot n, where nn has no factor 22 or 33.

Since 70<6n<100,70<6n<100, the integer nn satisfies 12n16.12\le n\le16. The only value in this range with no factor 22 or 33 is 13,13, so 1313 must divide a.a. Thus, D is the correct answer.

23.

农夫 Pythagoras 有一块直角三角形田地,两条直角边分别长 3344 个单位。他在两条直角边相交的角落留出一个未种植的小正方形 SS,使它从空中看起来像直角符号。田地的其余部分都已种植。SS 到斜边的最短距离为 22 个单位。田地中已种植部分占几分之几?

Farmer Pythagoras has a field in the shape of a right triangle. The right triangle’s legs have lengths 33 and 44 units. In the corner where those sides meet at a right angle, he leaves a small unplanted square SS so that from the air it looks like the right angle symbol. The rest of the field is planted. The shortest distance from SS to the hypotenuse is 22 units. What fraction of the field is planted?

2527\dfrac{25}{27}

2627\dfrac{26}{27}

7375\dfrac{73}{75}

145147\dfrac{145}{147}

7475\dfrac{74}{75}

答案:D
难度评级:2150
小提示:

设未种植正方形的边长为 xx

Let xx be the side length of the unplanted square

大提示:

把大三角形分成正方形、两个直角三角形和一个高为 22 的三角形。

Decompose the triangle into the square, two right triangles, and a triangle of height 22

解答:

SS 的边长为 xx,可将田地分成下图所示的几个部分。

田地的面积可用两种方式表示:342=x2+x(3x)2 \dfrac{3 \cdot 4}{2} = x^2 + \dfrac{x(3 - x)}{2} +x(4x)2+252 + \dfrac{x(4 - x)}{2} + \dfrac{2 \cdot 5}{2}\text{。}

化简得 6=7x2+5 6 = \dfrac{7x}{2} + 5 x=27 x = \dfrac{2}{7}\text{。}

所求比例为 6x26=64496=145147 \dfrac{6 - x^2}{6} = \dfrac{6 - \frac{4}{49}}{6} = \dfrac{145}{147}\text{。}

因此正确答案是 D

Let xx be the side length of S.S. Then we can split the field up into the following shapes.

We can express the area of the field in two ways: 342=x2+x(3x)2 \dfrac{3 \cdot 4}{2} = x^2 + \dfrac{x(3 - x)}{2}+x(4x)2+252. + \dfrac{x(4 - x)}{2} + \dfrac{2 \cdot 5}{2}.

Simplifying yields 6=7x2+5 6 = \dfrac{7x}{2} + 5 x=27. x = \dfrac{2}{7}.

The desired fraction is 6x26=64496=145147. \dfrac{6 - x^2}{6} = \dfrac{6 - \frac{4}{49}}{6} = \dfrac{145}{147}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

24.

三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=50AB=50AC=10AC=10,面积为 120120。设 DDAB\overline{AB} 的中点,EEAC\overline{AC} 的中点。BAC\angle BAC 的角平分线分别与 DE\overline{DE}BC\overline{BC} 交于 FFGG。四边形 FDBGFDBG 的面积是多少?

Triangle ABCABC with AB=50AB=50 and AC=10AC=10 has area 120.120. Let DD be the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, and let EE be the midpoint of AC.\overline{AC}. The angle bisector of BAC\angle BAC intersects DE\overline{DE} and BC\overline{BC} at FF and G,G, respectively. What is the area of quadrilateral FDBG?FDBG?

6060

6565

7070

7575

8080

答案:D
难度评级:2040
小提示:

用角平分线定理确定 GG 的位置。

Use the angle bisector theorem to locate GG

大提示:

中位线 DEDE 使梯形的高等于原三角形高的一半。

The midsegment DEDE makes a similar half-height trapezoid

解答:

BC=a,BG=x,GC=yBC = a, BG = x, GC = y,并设过 AA 的高为 hh

由角平分线定理,BG:GC=AB:AC=5:1BG:GC=AB:AC=5:1,所以 BG=5a6BG=\dfrac{5a}{6}。因为 DEDE 是中位线,DE=a2DE=\dfrac a2。在 ADE\triangle ADE 中再次应用该定理,得 DF:FE=AD:AE=5:1DF:FE=AD:AE=5:1,所以 DF=56DE=5a12DF=\dfrac56DE=\dfrac{5a}{12}

梯形的高为 h2\frac{h}{2},且 ah2=120\frac{ah}{2}=120。它的平均底长为 12(5a12+5a6)=5a8\dfrac12\left(\dfrac{5a}{12}+\dfrac{5a}{6}\right)=\dfrac{5a}{8}。因此面积为 5a8h2=58ah2=75\dfrac{5a}{8}\cdot\dfrac h2=\dfrac58\cdot\dfrac{ah}{2}=75\text{。}所以正确答案是 D

Let BC=a,BG=x,GC=y,BC = a, BG = x, GC = y, and hh be the length of the altitude through A.A.

By the Angle Bisector Theorem, BG:GC=AB:AC=5:1,BG:GC=AB:AC=5:1, so BG=5a6.BG=\dfrac{5a}{6}. Because DEDE is a midsegment, DE=a2.DE=\dfrac a2. Applying the same theorem in ADE\triangle ADE gives DF:FE=AD:AE=5:1,DF:FE=AD:AE=5:1, so DF=56DE=5a12.DF=\dfrac56DE=\dfrac{5a}{12}.

The trapezoid’s height is h2,\frac{h}{2}, and ah2=120.\frac{ah}{2}=120. Its average base length is 12(5a12+5a6)=5a8.\dfrac12\left(\dfrac{5a}{12}+\dfrac{5a}{6}\right)=\dfrac{5a}{8}. Therefore, its area is 5a8h2=58ah2=75.\dfrac{5a}{8}\cdot\dfrac h2=\dfrac58\cdot\dfrac{ah}{2}=75. Thus, D is the correct answer.

25.

对于正整数 nn 和非零数字 aabbcc,令 AnA_n 表示每一位数字都等于 aann 位整数;令 BnB_n 表示每一位数字都等于 bbnn 位整数;令 CnC_n 表示每一位数字都等于 cc2n2n 位(而不是 nn 位)整数。若至少有两个 nn 的取值使下式成立,那么 a+b+ca + b + c 的最大可能值是多少?CnBn=An2C_n - B_n = A_n^2\text{?}

For a positive integer nn and nonzero digits a,a, b,b, and c,c, let AnA_n be the nn-digit integer each of whose digits is equal to aa; let BnB_n be the nn-digit integer each of whose digits is equal to bb; and let CnC_n be the 2n2n-digit (not nn-digit) integer each of whose digits is equal to c.c. What is the greatest possible value of a+b+ca + b + c for which there are at least two values of nn such that CnBn=An2?C_n - B_n = A_n^2?

1212

1414

1616

1818

2020

答案:D
难度评级:2390
小提示:

把各个重复数字组成的整数写成等比数列之和。

Write the repeated-digit numbers as geometric sums

大提示:

存在两个不同的 nn 值,会迫使关于 10n10^n 的线性方程恒成立。

Having two different nn values forces the linear equation in 10n10^n to be identically true

解答:

各位数字相同的数可写成 An=a10n19,Bn=b10n19,Cn=c102n19\begin{aligned} A_n&=a\dfrac{10^n-1}{9},\\ B_n&=b\dfrac{10^n-1}{9},\\ C_n&=c\dfrac{10^{2n}-1}{9} \end{aligned}\text{。}

把这些表达式代入 CnBn=An2C_n-B_n=A_n^2,再除以 10n19\frac{10^n-1}{9},得到 c(10n+1)b=a210n19c(10^n+1)-b=a^2\dfrac{10^n-1}{9}\text{。}

整理可得 (9ca2)10n=9b9ca2(9c-a^2)10^n=9b-9c-a^2\text{。}若它对两个不同的 nn 值都成立,两式相减可知 9ca2=09c-a^2=0。原方程又迫使 9b9ca2=09b-9c-a^2=0

因此 c=a29c=\frac{a^2}{9},且 b=2a29b=\frac{2a^2}{9}。因为 a,b,ca,b,c 都是非零数字,候选三元组为 (a,b,c)=(3,2,1)(a,b,c)=(3,2,1)(6,8,4)(6,8,4)(9,18,9)(9,18,9)。最后一个三元组无效,因为 1818 不是一位数字。最大的有效和为 6+8+4=186+8+4=18。所以正确答案是 D

The repeated-digit numbers can be written as An=a10n19,Bn=b10n19,Cn=c102n19.\begin{aligned} A_n&=a\dfrac{10^n-1}{9},\\ B_n&=b\dfrac{10^n-1}{9},\\ C_n&=c\dfrac{10^{2n}-1}{9}. \end{aligned}

Substituting these expressions into CnBn=An2C_n-B_n=A_n^2 and dividing by 10n19\frac{10^n-1}{9} gives c(10n+1)b=a210n19.c(10^n+1)-b=a^2\dfrac{10^n-1}{9}.

Rearranging yields (9ca2)10n=9b9ca2.(9c-a^2)10^n=9b-9c-a^2. If this holds for two different values of n,n, subtracting the two equations shows that 9ca2=0.9c-a^2=0. The displayed equation then also forces 9b9ca2=0.9b-9c-a^2=0.

Hence c=a29c=\frac{a^2}{9} and b=2a29.b=\frac{2a^2}{9}. Because a,b,ca,b,c are nonzero digits, the candidates are (a,b,c)=(3,2,1),(a,b,c)=(3,2,1), (6,8,4),(6,8,4), and (9,18,9).(9,18,9). The last triple is invalid because 1818 is not a digit. The greatest valid sum is 6+8+4=18.6+8+4=18. Thus, D is the correct answer.