2024 AMC 10B 第 19 题

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19.

在下表中,每个问号要替换为“可能”或“不可能”,以表示具有给定斜率的非竖直直线是否可能包含给定数量的格点(两个坐标都是整数的点)。这 1212 个位置中有多少个会填“可能”?

In the following table, each question mark is to be replaced by "Possible" or "Not Possible" to indicate whether a nonvertical line with the given slope can contain the given number of lattice points (points both of whose coordinates are integers). How many of the 1212 entries will be "Possible"?

44

55

66

77

99

答案:C
知识点:格点斜率分类讨论
难度评级:1910
解答:

任意两个格点决定的斜率都是有理数。所以无理斜率的直线至多含一个格点:它可以有 00 个(例如 y=2x+12y = \sqrt2\,x + \tfrac12),也可以恰有 11 个(例如 y=2xy = \sqrt2\,x),但不可能有两个。有理斜率(包括 00)的直线若经过格点 (x0,y0)(x_0, y_0),则对其最简斜率 pq\tfrac{p}{q},也经过 (x0+q,y0+p)(x_0 + q, y_0 + p),所以会经过无穷多个格点;这样的直线要么没有格点(用无理截距平移即可),要么多于两个,不可能恰有一个或两个。因此每一行正好有两个“可能”。对零斜率和非零有理斜率,是“零个”和“多于两个”两列;对无理斜率,是“零个”和“恰好一个”两列。总数为 66。因此正确答案是 C

Any two lattice points give a rational slope. So a line with irrational slope holds at most one lattice point: it can have 00 (say y=2x+12y = \sqrt2\,x + \tfrac12) or exactly 11 (say y=2xy = \sqrt2\,x), never two. A line with rational slope (zero included) through a lattice point (x0,y0)(x_0, y_0) also passes through (x0+q,y0+p)(x_0 + q, y_0 + p) for its reduced slope pq,\tfrac{p}{q}, so it hits infinitely many; such a line has either 00 lattice points (shift it by an irrational intercept) or more than two, never exactly one or two. So each row gives exactly two "Possible" entries. For zero and nonzero rational slope those are the "zero" and "more than two" columns; for irrational slope, the "zero" and "exactly one" columns. That's 66 in all. Thus, C is the correct answer.

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