2024 AMC 10B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
在一长队人中,从左边数第 个人同时也是从右边数第 个人。队伍中共有多少人?
In a long line of people arranged left to right, the th person from the left is also the th person from the right. How many people are in the line?
小提示:
这个人左边有 个人,右边有 个人。
There are people to the left of this person and to the right
大提示:
把左右两边的人数相加,但不要把这个人重复计算。
Add the two counts, but do not count this one person twice
解答:
这个位置左边有 个人,右边有 个人。再加上这个人自己,总人数为 。也可以看作两个位置计数在这个人处重合一次,所以 。因此正确答案是 B。
There are people to the left of this spot and to the right. Add those two groups plus the person themselves: Or, just as fast, the two positions overlap on one person, so Thus, B is the correct answer.
2.
的值是多少?
What is
小提示:
写成 。
Write
大提示:
注意 正好等于 。
Notice that equals
解答:
有 。而 ,所以 。两项相同,因此 。正确答案是 B。
Write But too, so The two terms are the same. That makes Therefore, the answer is B.
3.
对多少个整数 ,有 ?
For how many integer values of is
4.
编号为 、、、 的球按下面的过程放入标号为 、、、 和 的 个箱子。球 放入箱子 ,球 和 放入箱子 。接下来的 个球放入箱子 ,再接下来的 个放入箱子 ,依此类推;把球放入箱子 之后再循环回到箱子 。(例如,在这个过程的第 步,编号为 、、、 的球放入箱子 。)球 放入哪个箱子?
Balls numbered are deposited in bins, labeled and using the following procedure. Ball is deposited in bin and balls and are deposited in bin The next balls are deposited in bin the next in bin and so on, cycling back to bin after balls are deposited in bin (For example, balls numbered are deposited in bin at step of this process.) In which bin is ball deposited?
小提示:
第 组有 个球,所以第 组到第 组共用掉 个球。
Group has balls, so groups through use balls
大提示:
先找出球 所在的组,再用 判断箱子,并规定第 组对应 。
Find the group containing ball then read its bin from with group corresponding to
解答:
第 组含有 个球,因此前 组一共用掉 个球。现在 ,而 ,所以球 在第 组中(球 到 )。箱子按 循环,所以第 组进入编号为 的箱子。对 ,有 ,即箱子 。因此正确答案是 D。
Group holds balls, so the first groups swallow of them. Now and which puts ball in group (balls through ). The bins cycle so group lands in bin number For that’s bin Therefore, the answer is D.
5.
在下面的式子中,Melanie 把一些加号改成了减号:
新式子计算后的值是负数。她最少要把多少个加号改成减号?
In the following expression, Melanie changed some of the plus signs to minus signs:
When the new expression was evaluated, it was negative. What is the least number of plus signs that Melanie could have changed to minus signs?
小提示:
完整和为 ;把一项 变号会使总和减少 。
The full sum is flipping a term lowers the sum by
大提示:
若想用最少的变号使总和小于 ,应优先变号最大的项;这些项的两倍总和必须超过 。
To go below with the fewest flips, flip the largest terms; their doubled total must exceed
解答:
完整和为 。把一项 从加号改为减号,会使总和减少 ,所以被变号的项之和必须大于 。为了使用最少项,应选择最大的奇数。最大的 个奇数之和为 。需要 。当 时只有 ,当 时为 。所以 次变号可以做到。因此正确答案是 B。
The full sum is Flipping a term drops the total by so to go negative the flipped terms have to add up to more than The greedy move is to flip the biggest odd numbers: flipping the top gives We want At it’s only but at it jumps to So flips do it. Thus, B is the correct answer.
6.
一个长方形的边长都是整数,面积为 。它的周长最小可能是多少?
A rectangle has integer side lengths and an area of What is the least possible perimeter of the rectangle?
小提示:
对固定面积,周长在两条边尽量接近时最小。
For a fixed area, the perimeter is smallest when the two sides are as close to equal as possible
大提示:
;寻找接近 的因数对。
look for a factor pair near
解答:
若长和宽为 和 ,周长为 ,在 且两边尽量接近时最小。分解 。最接近 的因数对是 ,周长为 。因此正确答案是 B。
The perimeter with is smallest when and are as close together as possible. Factor The divisor pair nearest is which gives perimeter Therefore, the answer is B.
7.
除以 的余数是多少?
What is the remainder when is divided by
8.
令 为 的所有正整数因数的乘积。 的个位数字是多少?
Let be the product of all the positive integer divisors of What is the units digit of
小提示:
一个有 个因数的数,其所有因数的乘积等于这个数的 次方。
A number with divisors has divisor product equal to itself raised to the power
大提示:
有 个因数,所以 ;只需跟踪个位数字。
has divisors, so track only the units digit
解答:
因为 有 个因数,可以把每个因数和它的互补因数配对,所以 。只看个位数字, 的个位是 ,所以 也是如此。因此正确答案是 D。
Since has divisors, we can pair each divisor with its complement, so Only the units digit matters, and ends in so does too. Therefore, the answer is D.
9.
实数 , 和 的算术平均数为 。, 和 的算术平均数为 。, 和 的算术平均数是多少?
Real numbers and have arithmetic mean The arithmetic mean of and is What is the arithmetic mean of and
10.
四边形 是平行四边形, 是边 的中点。令 为直线 和 的交点。四边形 的面积与三角形 的面积之比是多少?
Quadrilateral is a parallelogram, and is the midpoint of the side Let be the intersection of lines and What is the ratio of the area of quadrilateral to the area of triangle
小提示:
面积比在仿射变换下不变,所以可用 、、、 来计算。
Area ratios are unchanged by an affine map, so compute with
大提示:
求出直线 和 的交点 ,再使用鞋带公式。
Find as the intersection of line with line then use the shoelace formula
解答:
面积比在仿射变换下不变,所以取方便坐标:、、、,此时 。直线 为 ,直线 从 到 ,它们相交于 。用鞋带公式可得四边形 的面积为 ,三角形 的面积为 。所以比值为 。因此正确答案是 A。
Area ratios don’t change under an affine map, so drop in convenient coordinates: which makes Line is and line runs from to they cross at The shoelace formula gives quadrilateral area and triangle area So the ratio is Therefore, the answer is A.
11.
下图中, 是长方形,且 、。点 在 上,点 在 上,且 是直角。 与 的面积相等。求 的面积。
In the figure below is a rectangle with and Point lies on point lies on and is a right angle. The areas of and are equal. What is the area of
小提示:
设 、、、,并设 、。
Set with and
大提示:
垂直条件给出 ;面积相等给出 。
Perpendicularity gives equal areas give
解答:
设 、、、,于是 、。直角条件表示 ,给出 ,即 。面积相等 和 迫使 ,所以 。代回得 。取 ,得到 、。于是 。因此正确答案是 C。
Set so and The right angle means which gives that is Equal areas and force so Substitute back and Taking leaves and Then Thus, C is the correct answer.
12.
来自不同国家的 名学生在一次数学竞赛中相遇。每名学生会说相同数量的语言,并且对任意两名学生 和 ,学生 会说某种学生 不会说的语言,同时学生 也会说某种学生 不会说的语言。所有学生会说的语言种类总数最少可能是多少?
A group of students from different countries meet at a mathematics competition. Each student speaks the same number of languages, and, for every pair of students and student speaks some language that student does not speak, and student speaks some language that student does not speak. What is the least possible total number of languages spoken by all the students?
小提示:
把每名学生会说的语言看作一个集合;题设表示没有一个集合包含另一个集合。
Give each student the set of languages they speak; the condition means no set contains another
大提示:
大小相同且不同的集合不会互相包含,所以需要某个 使 。
Equal-size distinct sets never contain one another, so you need for some
解答:
把每名学生会说的语言看作一个集合。条件表示没有人的集合包含另一个人的集合。每个人会说同样数量 种语言,而两个不同的 元集合不可能互相包含,所以只需要有 个不同的 元子集。设语言总数为 ,需要 。当 时最多为 ,不足 。但 。因此 种语言既足够也必要。正确答案是 A。
Give each student the set of languages they speak. The condition says no one’s set sits inside another’s. Everyone speaks the same number of languages, and two distinct -element sets can never contain each other, so all we need is different -subsets of the languages, i.e. With the best we can manage is short of But So languages are both enough and necessary. Therefore, the answer is A.
13.
正整数 和 满足方程 。 的最小可能值是多少?
Positive integers and satisfy the equation What is the minimum possible value of
小提示:
,所以 。
so
大提示:
于是 、,且 ;最小化 。
Then and with minimize
解答:
因为 ,所以 。把所给等式两边平方,可知 是有理数。因此 与 有相同的无平方因子部分:记 和 ,其中 无平方因子,而 为正整数。于是 ,所以 ,。因此 ,它在 与 尽量接近时取到最小值。取 和 ,得 。因此正确答案是 B。
Since we have Squaring the given equation shows that is rational. Thus and have the same squarefree part: write and where is squarefree and are positive integers. Then so and Therefore which is smallest when and are as close as possible. Taking and gives Thus, B is the correct answer.
14.
飞镖盘是坐标平面中的区域 ,由满足 的点 组成。目标区域 满足 。一支飞镖随机落在 中。它落在 中的概率可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
A dartboard is the region in the coordinate plane consisting of points such that A target is the region where A dart is thrown and lands at a random point in The probability that the dart lands in can be expressed as where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is
小提示:
是对角线长为 的正方形,而 是圆环 。
is a square of diagonal and is the annulus
大提示:
外半径 等于原点到 每条边的距离,所以 完全在 内。
The outer radius equals the distance from the origin to each edge of so sits entirely inside
解答:
是正方形 ,面积为 。目标条件 等价于 ,也就是 ,这是面积为 的圆环。它是否在 中?原点到边 的距离是 ,正好是外半径,所以圆环在正方形内。概率为 ,因此 。正确答案是 B。
is the square with area The target condition unpacks to that is an annulus of area Does it fit inside The distance from the origin to an edge is exactly the outer radius, so yes, the annulus sits inside the square. The probability is giving Therefore, the answer is B.
15.
一个由 个实数组成的列表包括 、、、、、,以及 ,,,其中 。这个列表的极差为 ,平均数和中位数都是正整数。有多少个有序三元组 可能?
A list of real numbers consists of as well as with The range of the list is and the mean and median are both positive integers. How many ordered triples are possible?
无限多个
infinitely many
小提示:
六个给定数的和为 ,所以 必须使总和成为 的倍数。
The six given numbers sum to so must make the total a multiple of
大提示:
极差 固定了最小值和最大值;再要求第 小的数是正整数。
Range fixes the smallest and largest values; then require the th smallest number to be a positive integer
解答:
六个固定数之和为 。若平均数是整数 ,则 。因为固定数已经从 延伸到 ,极差条件给出三种情况。
若 ,则 。对 的范围限制迫使 或 。当 时,中位数为 ;当 时,,所以 ,而中位数为整数仅当 ,得到 。
若 ,则 。此时 给出中位数 。当 时,;中位数为整数仅当 ,得到 。
剩余情况满足 且 。总和介于 与 之间,所以 ,且 。中位数为整数仅当 ,得到 。因此恰有 个有序三元组符合条件。所以正确答案是 C。
The six fixed numbers total If the mean is the integer then Because the fixed entries already run from to the range condition gives three cases.
If then The bounds on force or For the median is for we have so and the median is integral only when giving
If then Here gives median For we have the median is integral only when giving
The remaining case has and The total lies between and so and The median can be an integer only when giving Hence exactly ordered triples work. Thus, C is the correct answer.
16.
Jerry 喜欢玩数字。有一天,他把从 到 的所有整数都写在白板上。然后他反复选择白板上的四个数,擦掉它们,并用它们的和或积替代。(例如,Jerry 的第一步可能擦掉 ,, 和 ,然后在白板上写下它们的和 ,或它们的积 。)反复进行这个操作后,Jerry 注意到白板上剩下的所有数都是奇数。此时白板上最多可能还剩多少个整数?
Jerry likes to play with numbers. One day, he wrote all the integers from to on the whiteboard. Then he repeatedly chose four numbers on the whiteboard, erased them, and replaced them by either their sum or their product. (For example, Jerry’s first step might have been to erase and and then write either their sum, or their product, on the whiteboard.) After repeatedly performing this operation, Jerry noticed that all the remaining numbers on the whiteboard were odd. What is the maximum possible number of integers on the whiteboard at that time?
小提示:
每次操作把 个数变成 个数,所以数量减少 ;要最大化剩余数量,就要最小化操作次数。
Each move turns numbers into so the count drops by maximizing the count means minimizing the moves
大提示:
共有 个偶数,而每次操作至多使偶数的个数减少 个。
There are even entries, and any move decreases their number by at most
解答:
在 中有 个偶数和 个奇数。每次操作把 个数换成 个数,所以总数减少 。如果某次操作用掉 个偶数,那么它写下的结果要么是奇数,使偶数的个数减少 ;要么是偶数,使偶数的个数减少 。无论哪种情形,偶数的个数至多减少 。因此要消去全部 个偶数,至少需要 次操作。这个次数可以达到:先做 次求和,每次取一个奇数和三个偶数,再做一次求和,取三个奇数和最后一个偶数。这样每次写下的都是奇数。因此白板上最多能剩下 个数。因此正确答案是 A。
Among there are even numbers and odd numbers. Each operation replaces entries by so the total count falls by If a move consumes even entries, its output is either odd, reducing the even count by or even, reducing it by In either case the even count falls by at most Therefore eliminating all even entries takes at least moves. This is achievable: use sums containing one odd and three evens, then one sum containing three odds and the final even. Every output is odd. Thus the maximum remaining count is Therefore, the answer is A.
17.
在 只蜗牛的比赛中,最多只有一次并列,但这次并列可以包含任意数量的蜗牛。例如,比赛结果可能是 Dazzler 第一;Abby、Cyrus 和 Elroy 并列第二;Bruna 第五。共有多少种不同的比赛结果?
In a race among snails, there is at most one tie, but that tie can involve any number of snails. For example, the result of the race might be that Dazzler is first; Abby, Cyrus, and Elroy are tied for second; and Bruna is fifth. How many different results of the race are possible?
小提示:
分别计算没有并列的结果和恰好有一组并列的结果。
Count results with no tie separately from results with exactly one tied group
大提示:
若并列组有 只蜗牛,先用 选出它们,再把剩下的 个块排序,有 种。
For a tied group of snails, choose them in ways and order the resulting blocks in ways
解答:
如果没有并列, 只蜗牛有 种名次顺序。现在允许恰好一组大小为 的并列,其中 。先用 选出这一组,再把它看作一个块,连同其余单个蜗牛一共 个块,排列方式为 。对 求和,得 。加上无并列的 种。因此正确答案是 D。
If nobody ties, the snails finish in orders. Now allow exactly one tied group of size with Choose the group in ways, then treat it as one block, leaving blocks to arrange in ways. Summing over Add the no-tie count: Thus, D is the correct answer.
18.
一个整数的 次方除以 时,可能出现多少种不同的余数?
How many different remainders can result when the th power of an integer is divided by
小提示:
,且 ;把 与 互质和 被 整除两种情况分开。
and split into coprime to and divisible by
大提示:
若 ,则 ;若 是 的倍数,则 是 的倍数。
If then if is divisible by then is divisible by
解答:
这里 ,且 。若 ,欧拉定理给出 。若 是 的倍数,则 含有因子 ,因而含有 ,所以 。因此只可能有 和 两种余数。正确答案是 B。
Here and If Euler’s theorem gives And if is divisible by then carries a factor of hence of so That leaves only two possible remainders, and Therefore, the answer is B.
19.
在下表中,每个问号要替换为“可能”或“不可能”,以表示具有给定斜率的非竖直直线是否可能包含给定数量的格点(两个坐标都是整数的点)。这 个位置中有多少个会填“可能”?
In the following table, each question mark is to be replaced by “Possible” or “Not Possible” to indicate whether a nonvertical line with the given slope can contain the given number of lattice points (points both of whose coordinates are integers). How many of the entries will be “Possible”?
小提示:
一条直线上的两个格点会迫使它的斜率为有理数;因此无理斜率的直线至多含一个格点。
Two lattice points on a line force its slope to be rational; so an irrational slope allows at most one lattice point
大提示:
一条有理斜率且经过一个格点的直线会经过无穷多个格点,所以它要么有 个,要么有无穷多个。
A rational-slope line through one lattice point passes through infinitely many, so it has either or infinitely many
解答:
任意两个格点决定的斜率都是有理数。所以无理斜率的直线至多含一个格点:它可以有 个(例如 ),也可以恰有 个(例如 ),但不可能有两个。有理斜率(包括 )的直线若经过格点 ,则对其最简斜率 ,也经过 ,所以会经过无穷多个格点;这样的直线要么没有格点(用无理截距平移即可),要么多于两个,不可能恰有一个或两个。因此每一行正好有两个“可能”。对零斜率和非零有理斜率,是“零个”和“多于两个”两列;对无理斜率,是“零个”和“恰好一个”两列。总数为 。因此正确答案是 C。
Any two lattice points give a rational slope. So a line with irrational slope holds at most one lattice point: it can have (say ) or exactly (say ), never two. A line with rational slope (zero included) through a lattice point also passes through for its reduced slope so it hits infinitely many; such a line has either lattice points (shift it by an irrational intercept) or more than two, never exactly one or two. So each row gives exactly two “Possible” entries. For zero and nonzero rational slope those are the “zero” and “more than two” columns; for irrational slope, the “zero” and “exactly one” columns. That’s in all. Thus, C is the correct answer.
20.
三双不同的鞋被排成一行,要求没有一只左脚鞋与来自不同双的右脚鞋相邻。这六只鞋共有多少种排法?
Three different pairs of shoes are placed in a row so that no left shoe is next to a right shoe from a different pair. In how many ways can these six shoes be lined up?
小提示:
规则表示:只要一只左脚鞋挨着一只右脚鞋,它们必须来自同一双。
The rule says: wherever a left shoe touches a right shoe, they must be mates from the same pair
大提示:
按六个位置的左右脚模式分类;每个左右脚切换的位置都会确定一双鞋。
Case on the left/right pattern of the six spots; each place where the side switches pins down one pair
解答:
只要左右脚模式中一个 与一个 相邻,这两只鞋就必须是一双。因此内部连续段的长度不能为 :其中唯一一只鞋会被迫同时成为两侧鞋子的配对。三只 和三只 的唯一可能模式是 ,,,,,,,和 。对任意一种只切换一次的模式,选择切换处的一双并排列剩余鞋子,得到 种排列。其他六种模式各有 种把三双鞋分配到切换处的方法。因此总数为 。所以答案是 A。
Wherever an meets an in the side pattern, those two shoes must be mates. Thus an interior run cannot have length its lone shoe would have to be the mate of both neighbors. With three ’s and three ’s, the only possible patterns are and For either one-switch pattern, choose the pair at the switch and order the remaining shoes, giving arrangements. Each of the other six patterns has assignments of the three pairs to its switches. Hence the total is Therefore, the answer is A.
21.
两根直管(圆柱体)的半径分别为 和 ,它们平行放置并在平坦地面上相切。下图是正面视图。第三根平行管也放在同一地面上,并且同时与前两根相切。它的可能半径之和是多少?
Two straight pipes (circular cylinders), with radii and lie parallel and in contact on a flat floor. The figure below shows a head-on view. What is the sum of the possible radii of a third parallel pipe lying on the same floor and in contact with both?
小提示:
两个半径为 和 的圆放在同一直线上并相切时,它们与地面接触点的水平距离为 。
For two circles of radii and resting on a line and touching each other, their floor contact points are apart
大提示:
新管的接触点到大管接触点距离为 ,到小管接触点距离为 ;它可以在两者之间或外侧。
The new pipe’s contact point is from the big pipe’s and from the small pipe’s; it can sit between them or outside
解答:
两个半径为 和 的圆靠在地面上并互相相切时,它们与地面的接触点水平距离为 。所以半径 和 的两根管接触地面的点相距 。设第三根管半径为 。它到大管接触点的距离为 ,到小管接触点的距离为 。若夹在两者之间,,所以 ,。若在小管外侧,,所以 。(在大管外侧不可能。)半径之和为 。因此正确答案是 C。
Two circles of radii and resting on the floor and touching each other have contact points a horizontal distance apart. So the radius- and radius- pipes touch the floor apart. A third pipe of radius sits from the big pipe’s contact point and from the small pipe’s. Nestled between them, so and Sitting past the small pipe, so (Past the big pipe can’t happen.) The sum is Thus, C is the correct answer.
22.
个人将被分成 个不可区分的 人委员会。每个委员会有一名主席和一名秘书。这些安排方式的数量可写成 ,其中 和 是正整数,且 不被 整除。求 。
A group of people will be partitioned into indistinguishable -person committees. Each committee will have one chairperson and one secretary. The number of different ways to make these assignments can be written as where and are positive integers and is not divisible by What is
小提示:
方式数为 ,也就是分组数乘以每组选择主席和秘书的方式数。
The number of ways is the partition count times chair/secretary choices per committee
大提示:
用勒让德公式分别数 和 中因子 的个数。
Count factors of in each piece using Legendre’s formula on and
解答:
先把 个人分成 个不可区分的 人组,共有 种方法;每个委员会再选主席和秘书,有 种,因而贡献因子 。现在数因子 。在 中有 ;分母 贡献 ;而 贡献 。指数为 ,所以 。因此正确答案是 A。
Split people into indistinguishable groups of in ways, then each committee picks a chairperson and a secretary in ways, a factor of Now count factors of In there are the denominator contributes and contributes The exponent is so Therefore, the answer is A.
23.
斐波那契数列定义为 、,且当 时 。下式的值是多少?
The Fibonacci numbers are defined by and for What is
小提示:
每一项是 ;使用恒等式 ,其中 是卢卡斯数。
Each term is use the identity where is the Lucas number
大提示:
和式变为 ;卢卡斯数满足 。
The sum becomes sums of Lucas numbers satisfy
解答:
使用 ,于是每一项 ,即第 个卢卡斯数。原和变为 。由于 ,,,,,恒等式 给出 。因此正确答案是 B。
Use so each term the th Lucas number. That collapses the sum to With the identity gives Thus, B is the correct answer.
24.
令
、、 和 中有多少个值是整数?
Let
How many of the values of and are integers?
小提示:
通分到分母 ,得到 。
Over the common denominator
大提示:
分别对偶数和奇数 检查 。
Check separately for even and odd
解答:
通分到 :。若 为偶数,分子每一项都被 整除。若 为奇数,则 且 ,所以分子为 。两种情况下 都是整数,因此 个值全是整数。正确答案是 E。
Put everything over If is even, every term up top is divisible by If is odd, then and so the numerator is Either way is an integer, so all values are integers. Therefore, the answer is E.
25.
块砖(长方体)的尺寸都是 ,其中 , 和 是两两互质的正整数。这些砖被排成一个 的长方体块,如下图左侧所示。再加入第 块同样尺寸的砖,并把这些砖重新排成一个 的长方体块,如右侧所示。新的长方体比旧的高 个单位、宽 个单位、深 个单位。求 。
Each of bricks (right rectangular prisms) has dimensions where and are pairwise relatively prime positive integers. These bricks are arranged to form a block, as shown on the left below. A th brick with the same dimensions is introduced, and these bricks are reconfigured into a block, shown on the right. The new block is unit taller, unit wider, and unit deeper than the old one. What is
小提示:
旧块的边长为 ;新块的边长为 ,其中 是 的某种排列。
The old block has side lengths the new block has side lengths for some assignment of to
大提示:
重新标号,使新块的边长为 ;其中任何一条都不可能等于字母相同的那个 。
Relabel so the new side lengths are no one of these can equal with the same letter
解答:
重新标记砖块的尺寸,使新块的边长为 。这三条边必定就是旧块的三条边长 各增加 之后的结果。新边不可能与字母相同的旧边对应: 没有正整数解,而 和 会给出负的边长。因此这个对应必定是两个三轮换之一。在其中一种排法下,后两个方程给出 和 ,代入第一个方程得 ,所以 。另一个三轮换只是把 和 互换。这三个长度两两互质,且 。因此正确答案是 E。
Relabel the brick dimensions so the new block has sides These must be the three old side lengths each increased by A new side cannot match the old side with the same letter: has no positive integer solution, while and would give negative lengths. Therefore the matching must be one of the two three-cycles. In one orientation, The last two equations give and Substituting into the first gives so The other cycle merely exchanges and These lengths are pairwise relatively prime, and Thus, E is the correct answer.